ABSTRACT The routine use of antimicrobials in animal production for the treatment of infections, disease prevention, or as growth promoters is a predisposing factor for the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. In food industries, sanitizers are used for the control of microbial colonization, and their efficacy depends on contact time and on the dilution of the products used. The present study assessed the effect of 12 antimicrobials and four commercial sanitizers on 18 Salmonella spp. strains isolated from poultry processing plants. None of the evaluated antimicrobials was 100% effective against the tested Salmonella spp. strains; however, 94% of the isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 77% to amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and to ampicillin, and 72% to enrofloxacin, whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to penicillin G, 16% to tetracycline, and 11% to sulfonamide. The tested Salmonella spp. strains were 100% inhibited by peracetic acid after five minutes of contact, 0.5% by quaternary ammonium after 15 minutes, and 85.7% by chlorhexidine after 15 minutes. The results indicate the importance of testing of efficacy of antimicrobials used in animal production and in public health to monitor their action and the development of resistance.

Salmonella is traditionally identified by conventional microbiological tests, but the enumeration of this bacterium is not used on a routine basis. Methods such as the most probable number (MPN), which utilize an array of multiple tubes, are time-consuming and expensive, whereas miniaturized most probable number (mMPN) methods, which use microplates, can be adapted for the enumeration of bacteria, saving up time and materials. The aim of the present paper is to assess two mMPN methods for the enumeration of Salmonella sp in artificially-contaminated chicken meat samples. Microplates containing 24 wells (method A) and 96 wells (method B), both with peptone water as pre-enrichment medium and modified semi-solid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) as selective enrichment medium, were used. The meat matrix consisted of 25g of autoclaved ground chicken breast contaminated with dilutions of up to 10(6) of Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) and Escherichia coli (EC). In method A, the dilution 10-5 of Salmonella Typhimurium corresponded to >57 MPN/mL and the dilution 10-6 was equal to 30 MPN/mL. There was a correlation between the counts used for the artificial contamination of the samples and those recovered by mMPN, indicating that the method A was sensitive for the enumeration of different levels of contamination of the meat matrix. In method B, there was no correlation between the inoculated dilutions and the mMPN results.

Indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) relatam como principais sintomas a fadiga e dispnéia aos mínimos esforços envolvidos nas Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD). Baseados nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar indivíduos com DPOC (VEF1<60%) Grupo 1 (G1) e indivíduos saudáveis Grupo 2 (G2), durante a realização de cinco AVD: trocar lâmpada (L), elevar peso (P), varrer (V), subir degrau (D) e caminhar em esteira rolante (C) nos seguintes aspectos: reserva metabólica (RM) e ventilatória (RV), de freqüência cardíaca (RFC), oxigenação e sensação de dispnéia (SD). De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se diminuição significativa da RM para o G1 em relação ao repouso (R) para as 5 AVD (Friedman ANOVA; p<0,05), para o G2 nas AVD P, V, D e C. Entre os grupos observou-se diferença significativa na AVD C (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05). No que se refere à RV para o G1 verificou-se diminuição significativa nas AVD L, P, D, V em relação ao R e para o G2, AVD P, V, D e C, entre G1 e G2 nas situações de R, L, P e D. Em relação à RFC para o G1 e G2 houve diminuição significativa nas 5 AVD em relação ao R; e entre eles, AVD P, L e V. Para oxigenação, entre os grupos houve diferença nas 5 AVD; e SD nas AVD L, P, V, D e C. Conclui-se que os indivíduos com DPOC apresentaram diminuição da RM, RV e RFC durante a realização das AVD, o que pode explicar a fadiga e dispnéia por eles relatada.

Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) report that fatigue and dyspnea are the main symptoms experienced as a result of efforts made during the realization of daily life activities (DLA). Based on this context, this study aimed to analyze and compare individuals with COPD (FEV1<60%), classified as Group 1 (G1) and healthy individuals, classified as Group 2 (G2), during the execution of five DLA. The chosen DLA were: changing a light bulb (L); lifting a weight (LW); sweeping (S); climbing steps (CA) and walking on a treadmill (WT). The following variables were monitored during these activities: metabolic (MR) and ventilatory reserve (VR); heart rate reserve (HRR); oxygenation and sensation of dyspnea (SD). For G1, there was a significant decrease in the MR compared with resting (R) for each of the five DLA (Friedman ANOVA; p<0.05). For G2, differences were found for LW, S, CA and WT. Between the groups, there was a difference for WT (Mann-Whitney; p<0.05). In relation to the VR for G1, there was a significant decrease for L, LW, CA and S when compared with resting (R), against differences in LW, S, CA and WT for G2. Between G1 and G2, differences were found for R, L, LW and CA. In relation to HRR, for G1 and G2, there was a significant decrease for the DLA when compared with R. For oxygenation between groups, there was a difference for the five DLA when compared with resting (R); as to the sensation of dyspnea, differences were found for L, LW, S, CA & WT. Individuals with COPD present a decrease in MR, VR and HRR during the realization of DLA, which can explain the fatigue and dyspnea they report.

Individuos con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) relatan como principales síntomas la fatiga y disnea como resultado de los mínimos esfuerzos realizados para Actividades de Vida Diaria (AVD). Basados en este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar individuos con DPOC - Grupo 1(G1) y individuos sanos - Grupo 2 (G2) durante la realización de cinco AVD: cambiar lámpara (L), elevar peso (P), barrer (B), escalar grada (D) y caminar en cinta mecánica (C) en los siguientes aspectos: reserva metabólica (RM) y ventilatoria (RV), de frecuencia cardiaca (RFC), oxigenación y sensación de disnea (SD). Para el G1, hubo disminución significativa de la RM con relación al reposo (R) en las 5 AVD (Friedman ANOVA; p<0,05). Para el G2, en P, B, G y C. Entre los grupo, hubo diferencia en C (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05). Respecto a la RV, para el G1, hubo disminución significativa en L, P, G, B y G2 P, B, G y C. Entre G1 y G2, en las situaciones R, L, P, y D. En relación a RFC, para G1 y G2, hubo disminución significativa de las AVD en relación a R y, entre ellos, para P, L y B. Para oxigenación, hubo diferencia entre los grupos para las 5 AVD y, para SD, en L, B, G y C. Se concluye que los individuos con DPOC presentaron disminución de RM, RV y RFC durante la realización de las AVD, lo que puede explicar la fatiga y disnea por ellos relatadas.

Individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) report that fatigue and dyspnea are the main symptoms experienced as a result of efforts made during the realization of daily life activities (DLA). Based on this context, this study aimed to analyze and compare individuals with COPD (FEV1<60%), classified as Group 1 (G1) and healthy individuals, classified as Group 2 (G2), during the execution of five DLA. The chosen DLA were: changing a light bulb (L); lifting a weight (LW); sweeping (S); climbing steps (CA) and walking on a treadmill (WT). The following variables were monitored during these activities: metabolic (MR) and ventilatory reserve (VR); heart rate reserve (HRR); oxygenation and sensation of dyspnea (SD). For G1, there was a significant decrease in the MR compared with resting (R) for each of the five DLA (Friedman ANOVA; p<0.05). For G2, differences were found for LW, S, CA and WT. Between the groups, there was a difference for WT (Mann-Whitney; p<0.05). In relation to the VR for G1, there was a significant decrease for L, LW, CA and S when compared with resting (R), against differences in LW, S, CA and WT for G2. Between G1 and G2, differences were found for R, L, LW and CA. In relation to HRR, for G1 and G2, there was a significant decrease for the DLA when compared with R. For oxygenation between groups, there was a difference for the five DLA when compared with resting (R); as to the sensation of dyspnea, differences were found for L, LW, S, CA & WT. Individuals with COPD present a decrease in MR, VR and HRR during the realization of DLA, which can explain the fatigue and dyspnea they report.

Individuos con Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) relatan como principales síntomas la fatiga y disnea como resultado de los mínimos esfuerzos realizados para Actividades de Vida Diaria (AVD). Basados en este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar y comparar individuos con DPOC - Grupo 1(G1) y individuos sanos - Grupo 2 (G2) durante la realización de cinco AVD: cambiar lámpara (L), elevar peso (P), barrer (B), escalar grada (D) y caminar en cinta mecánica (C) en los siguientes aspectos: reserva metabólica (RM) y ventilatoria (RV), de frecuencia cardiaca (RFC), oxigenación y sensación de disnea (SD). Para el G1, hubo disminución significativa de la RM con relación al reposo (R) en las 5 AVD (Friedman ANOVA; p<0,05). Para el G2, en P, B, G y C. Entre los grupo, hubo diferencia en C (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05). Respecto a la RV, para el G1, hubo disminución significativa en L, P, G, B y G2 P, B, G y C. Entre G1 y G2, en las situaciones R, L, P, y D. En relación a RFC, para G1 y G2, hubo disminución significativa de las AVD en relación a R y, entre ellos, para P, L y B. Para oxigenación, hubo diferencia entre los grupos para las 5 AVD y, para SD, en L, B, G y C. Se concluye que los individuos con DPOC presentaron disminución de RM, RV y RFC durante la realización de las AVD, lo que puede explicar la fatiga y disnea por ellos relatadas.

Indivíduos com Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) relatam como principais sintomas a fadiga e dispnéia aos mínimos esforços envolvidos nas Atividades de Vida Diária (AVD). Baseados nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar e comparar indivíduos com DPOC (VEF1<60%) Grupo 1 (G1) e indivíduos saudáveis Grupo 2 (G2), durante a realização de cinco AVD: trocar lâmpada (L), elevar peso (P), varrer (V), subir degrau (D) e caminhar em esteira rolante (C) nos seguintes aspectos: reserva metabólica (RM) e ventilatória (RV), de freqüência cardíaca (RFC), oxigenação e sensação de dispnéia (SD). De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se diminuição significativa da RM para o G1 em relação ao repouso (R) para as 5 AVD (Friedman ANOVA; p<0,05), para o G2 nas AVD P, V, D e C. Entre os grupos observou-se diferença significativa na AVD C (Mann-Whitney; p<0,05). No que se refere à RV para o G1 verificou-se diminuição significativa nas AVD L, P, D, V em relação ao R e para o G2, AVD P, V, D e C, entre G1 e G2 nas situações de R, L, P e D. Em relação à RFC para o G1 e G2 houve diminuição significativa nas 5 AVD em relação ao R; e entre eles, AVD P, L e V. Para oxigenação, entre os grupos houve diferença nas 5 AVD; e SD nas AVD L, P, V, D e C. Conclui-se que os indivíduos com DPOC apresentaram diminuição da RM, RV e RFC durante a realização das AVD, o que pode explicar a fadiga e dispnéia por eles relatada.