Abstract The concrete structures present several geometric deviations, some of them considered indirectly in the safety factors of the design. However, the imperfections of the element axes, especially columns, should be explicitly considered in the structural analysis because they have great influence over the building stability. The NBR 6118:2014, Brazilian standard code for the design of concrete structures, defines a global geometric inclination to the columns, also called “out-of-plumb columns”, that causes additional forces not presented in the “perfect” structure, which must be considered as a permanent action. The code also sets the design equations, as well as the load combination criteria. Although the expressions for the out-of-plumb angle calculation are used in the designs, they are not well understood by the technical community or even really explained in Brazilian publications. This paper discusses the theoretical basis that supports such expressions and compares what is presented in NBR 6118:2014 to other international codes. Structural analysis results are discussed, considering buildings with different heights and loadings, to evaluate how the global out-of-plumb effect seems to be relevant. The main objective is to contribute to a better understanding of the concrete building design principles and, specifically, fill a gap in national technical literature about this global imperfection.

Abstract The shelf life (SL) of freshly extracted sugarcane juice is limited to a few hours, and the use of hurdle technology is a strategy to ensure its safety and stability. The SL of standardized cane juice (19.4 °Brix, 0.085% acidity and pH 4.35), pasteurized at 95 °C/30 s and stored under refrigeration, was estimated. Ideal (4 °C), commercial (8 °C) and abusive (12 °C) conditions were tested. Microbiological and sensory assays were carried out on the newly processed juice (time zero) and overtime to estimate the SL. Counts of psychrotrophic bacteria and molds and yeasts equivalent to 4 and 3 logCFU mL-1, respectively, were set as acceptable maximum levels to establish the SL. Average scores greater than 5 (in the 9-point hedonic scale) and percentages of approval greater than 60% were both used as threshold values for juice´s appearance and flavor. The juice´s SL stored at 4, 8 and 12 °C were 94, 74 and 26 days, respectively. The combination of multiple technologies applied in this study was effective in obtaining a product with high sensory acceptance and a SL compatible with possible demands of the consumer market.

Abstract This study targeted the commercial sterility and shelf life evaluation of an isotonic beverage formulated with ricotta cheese whey (scotta). The beverage was processed at 95 °C/50 s (B1), 90 °C/40 s (B2) and 85 °C/30 s (B3), all stored at 25 °C in the dark. Commercial sterility tests were carried out to evaluate the microbiological stability of the product. Hedonic scale tests were performed to estimate the beverage´s shelf life. Average scores greater than 5 (in a 9-point hedonic scale) and percentage of approval greater than 60% were both used as threshold values for evaluating the overall acceptance of the product. The pH values, titratable acidity and soluble solids were determined at the beginning and the end of the shelf life study. The pH values ranged from 2.97 to 3.21, titratable acidity from 0.358 to 0.464 g citric acid/100 mL and soluble solids from 6.35 to 6.40 °Brix. All batches achieved the commercial sterility and had their shelf lives limited by the decrease of the sensory acceptability of the beverage, estimated in 100 (B1), 128 (B2) and 153 (B3) days. The milder binomial provided the longer shelf life, compatible with an eventual demand of the consumer market.

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of different Brazilian cultivars (RB867515/C1, SP813250/C2, RB92579/C3 and CTC02/C4) on unprocessed sugarcane juice quality by physicochemical, microbiological and enzymatic analysis. Color parameters were determined during six days at 10 °C. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments (cultivars) and three replicates. Significant differences were observed (p ≤ 0.05) among the juice samples from different cultivars. The pH values ranged from 5.09 to 5.25, soluble solids content from 14.13 to 18.60 ºBrix and titratable acidity from 0.035 to 0.120% of citric acid. Counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs and molds and yeasts varied between 4.8 and 6.2 logCFU mL-1, 3.2 and 4.6 logCFU mL-1 and 3.3 and 4.8 logCFU mL-1 , respectively. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities ranged from 8 to 15 U mL -1 and between 6 and 40 U mL-1, respectively. The initial (t0) lightness varied from 21 to 37 among cultivars, and final values, after six days of storage (t6), between 22 and 41. Principal components analysis showed that the juice of different cultivars is characterized by different parameters. Considering its lighter color and smaller color variation during storage, juice extracted from cultivar RB867515 presented the greatest potential for consumer acceptance.

RESUMO Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) é uma fruta exótica, com potencial econômico promissor, especialmente devido ao seu forte aroma e textura cremosa. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir um doce de cupuaçu e avaliar os efeitos da corrosão da embalagem sobre as propriedades sensoriais e vida útil do produto acondicionado em latas de folha de flandres. Após 240 dias de armazenamento, o produto comercialmente estéril teve pontuações médias de aceitação sensorial de 5,89 ± 0,21, 5,39 ± 0,30, 5,45 ± 0,21 e 5,49 ± 0,25, para a aparência, aroma, sabor e impressão global, respectivamente. As aceitações sensoriais não apresentaram alterações durante o armazenamento (p>0,05). Medidas de potencial de corrosão e os baixos níveis de estanho e ferro no produto, que são parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a interação entre embalagem e alimento, demonstraram a segurança do produto ao longo da vida de prateleira. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a folha de flandres é um material de embalagem promissor para o doce de cupuaçu devido às suas propriedades mecânicas e de proteção. O estudo demonstrou ainda que o processamento e acondcionamento em latas estanhadas é uma tecnologia economicamente viável para estender a vida de prateleira de produtos de cupuaçu e expandir seus mercados nacional e internacional.

ABSTRACT Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum Schum.) is an exotic fruit with a promising economic potential, particularly due to its strong aroma and creamy texture. This study aimed to produce sweetened cupuaçu puree and evaluate the effects of packaging corrosion on its sensory properties and shelf-life in tinplated cans. After 240 days of storage, the commercially sterile product had average sensory analysis scores of 5.89 ± 0.21, 5.39 ± 0.30, 5.45 ± 0.21 and 5.49 ± 0.25, for appearance, aroma, flavor and overall appreciation, respectively. Sensory acceptance scores did not change during storage (p>0.05). Corrosion potential and low tin and iron levels in the product, which are parameters used to evaluate food-packaging interaction, demonstrated the product remained food-safe throughout its shelf-life. Tinplate is a promising packaging material for sweetened cupuaçu puree due to its mechanical and protective properties. Furthermore, tin plating is an economically viable food technology to extend the shelf-life of cupuaçu products and expand its domestic and international markets.

O tempo de vida útil do caldo de cana in natura é bastante limitado em virtude das elevadas taxas de reações microbiológicas e enzimáticas que ocorrem na bebida após a sua extração. Visando à avaliação do impacto da temperatura de pasteurização na qualidade e na estabilidade de caldo de cana acidificado, processaram-se nove lotes de caldo adicionados de polpa de maracujá. Os lotes foram pasteurizados a 85, 90 e 95 °C por 30 s, em triplicata, envasados assepticamente em garrafas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e estocados a 7 °C, na ausência de luz. Testes físico-químicos foram realizados para caracterizar a bebida. Determinaram-se as atividades de polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD) antes e após o processamento. Contagens de coliformes e análise de Salmonella foram realizadas para garantir a segurança microbiológica da bebida. Parâmetros de cor foram medidos durante o período de estocagem. Cinquenta provadores avaliaram a aparência, o aroma, o sabor e a aceitação global da bebida por meio de testes de escala hedônica de sete pontos. A estabilidade sensorial foi estimada considerando-se médias de notas acima de quatro e porcentagens de aceitação superiores a 60%. As médias dos valores de pH, de sólidos solúveis e de acidez titulável do produto final variaram entre 3,96 e 4,19;19,7 e 20,1 ºBrix, e 0,163 e 0,175 g/100g de ácido cítrico, respectivamente. Os binômios empregados no processamento foram efetivos na inativação da PPO; entretanto, a completa inativação da POD foi alcançada apenas pelo tratamento a 95 °C/30 s. A estabilidade sensorial da bebida processada a 85, 90 e 95 °C/30 s foi estimada em 30, 40 e 50 dias, respectivamente. O aumento da temperatura de pasteurização impactou positivamente na estabilidade da bebida.

The shelf life of fresh sugarcane juice is quite limited due to the high rates of microbiological and enzymatic reactions which take place after extraction. In order to evaluate the impact of pasteurization temperature on quality and stability of sugarcane juice with passion fruit pulp, nine batches of sugarcane juice with 4g/100g passion fruit pulp were processed at 85, 90 and 95 °C for 30 s, in triplicate. The pasteurized beverage was aseptically packaged in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and stored at 7 °C in the dark. The beverage was characterized by physicochemical tests. Activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were determined before and after processing. Coliforms and Salmonella tests were carried out to assure the beverage´s microbiological safety. Color parameters were measured in the processed juice throughout the storage period. Fifty panelists evaluated the beverage's appearance, aroma, flavor, and overall impression using seven-point hedonic scale tests. Sensory stability was estimated by considering score averages above four and percentages of acceptance above 60%. The pH, soluble solids and titratable acidity of end product ranged from 3.96 to 4.19, 19.7 to 20.1 ºBrix, and 0.163 to 0.175 g/100g citric acid, respectively. The three processing binomials were effective for PPO inactivation; however, complete POD inactivation was reached at 95 °C/30 s only. The estimated sensory shelf-lives for sugarcane juice with passion fruit pulp processed at 85, 90 and 95 °C/30 s were 30, 40 and 50 days, respectively. Thus, the increase of pasteurization temperature had a positive effect on product's stability.

Sugarcane juice with passion fruit pulp was clarified using microfiltration under different T (temperature), P (pressure), and V (tangential velocity). The effects of these processing parameters were evaluated applying a rotational central composite experimental design (RCCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The tests were performed at a filtration pilot plant using a polyamide hollow-fiber membrane with an average pore diameter of 0.4 µm and filtration area of 0.723 m². In addition, the resistances to the permeate flux during the microfiltration were investigated according to the series resistance. The final permeate flux ranged from 7.05 to 17.84 L·h- 1·m- 2. There was a rapid decline in flux (50%) in the initial stages of microfiltration. T and V were the major variables responsible for the flux increase. The concentration polarization showed the greatest influence on the flux decline, and highest values for the flux decline rate (λ) were found when low pressures were used. In the clarified juice there was a reduction in the contents of total solids, proteins, vitamin C, and acidity, while the soluble solids, pH, and ash contents did not change. Finally, membrane process could produce high quality filtered sugarcane juice with substantial flux and increased luminosity improving organoleptical properties.

A desidratação osmótica tem se tornado uma tecnologia cada vez mais usual no processamento de alimentos desidratados, por apresentar vantagens como a redução nas perdas de cor e sabor durante o tratamento térmico, inibição do escurecimento enzimático, prescindindo da adição de agentes sulfitantes, e principalmente economia no consumo de energia. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito da utilização de xaropes de açúcar invertido e sacarose como agentes osmóticos na desidratação de manga. As condições utilizadas no processo de desidratação foram: relação xarope/fruto de 3:1(v/p); temperatura de 45ºC e agitação constante. Os frutos in natura e osmo-desidratados foram avaliados quanto ao pH, umidade, atividade de água (a a) e sólidos solúveis (ºBrix). Determinou-se a incorporação de sólidos e a perda de massa após o processo de desidratação. A aceitação sensorial dos frutos in natura e osmo-desidratados foi avaliada através de um teste com escala hedônica, para os atributos aroma, sabor, textura e aceitação global. A desidratação osmótica resultou na redução da umidade e da a a, no aumento do Brix e na manutenção do pH da manga. Os tratamentos com xarope de açúcar invertido ocasionaram mais alterações na umidade, na a a, no Brix, na incorporação de sólidos e na perda de massa comparado ao tratamento com xarope de sacarose. As mangas osmo-desidratadas com o xarope de açúcar invertido (55,3% de taxa de inversão) obtiveram uma aceitação semelhante às mangas in natura, tendo sido considerado o tratamento mais adequado para esse fim.

Osmotic dehydration is becoming more popular as a complementary treatment in the processing of dehydrated foods, since it presents some advantages such as minimising heat damage to the colour and flavour, inhibiting enzymatic browning and thus dispensing the addition of sulphite and, mainly, reducing energy costs. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of using inverted sugar and sucrose syrups as osmotic agents in the dehydration of mango. The conditions used in the dehydration process were: syrup/fruit ratio of 3:1 (v/w); temperature of 45ºC and constant stirring. The in natura and osmo-dehydrated fruits were evaluated in relation to pH, moisture content, water activity (a w) and soluble solids (ºBrix). Solids incorporation and loss in mass after the dehydration process were also determined. The sensory acceptance of the in natura and osmo-dehydrated fruits was determined for the attributes of aroma, flavour, texture and overall acceptance using a hedonic scale. Osmotic dehydration resulted in a reduction in moisture content and water activity, an increase in Brix and maintenance of the pH. The treatment with inverted sugar syrup resulted in more significant alterations in moisture content, a w, Brix, solids incorporation and loss in mass than the treatment with sucrose syrup. Mangos osmo-dehydrated with inverted sugar (55.3% inversion rate) syrup obtained acceptance similar to in natura mangos, this treatment being considered the most adequate for dehydration purposes.

Processou-se uma mistura isotônica com pH 3,4; objetivando-se a produção de uma bebida microbiologicamente estável, prescindindo de refrigeração. A bebida isotônica foi pasteurizada a 85°C/5s em trocador de calor a placas e acondicionada em garrafas de polietileno tereftalato (PET) sanificadas por aspersão com solução de ácido peracético 0,3% durante 5s, a 30°C. Foram processados 1 lote com 50mg/L de sorbato de potássio, 1 lote com 100mg/L e 1 lote sem sorbato. Os 3 lotes foram mantidos a 25°C durante 26 semanas, sendo realizadas determinações de pH, sólidos solúveis, acidez total titulável, ácido ascórbico, testes de aceitação sensorial e contagens de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios totais, bolores e leveduras durante a estocagem. Verificou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre as médias das determinações de ácido ascórbico, no início e fim do período de estocagem, para os três lotes processados. As contagens de bolores e leveduras e mesófilos aeróbios totais foram <10 UFC/mL e <5,7 UFC/mL, respectivamente, para os três lotes analisados durante as 26 semanas. As médias das notas atribuídas nos testes de aceitação sensorial não diferiram entre si (p<0,05) ao longo da estocagem. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a possibilidade de produção de uma bebida isotônica em garrafa de PET sem adição de conservadores químicos; visto que, o lote processado sem sorbato apresentou resultados microbiológicos confiáveis, aliados a sua satisfatória aceitação sensorial e estabilidade físico-química.

The objective of this work was to obtain an isotonic drink by using pasteurization and packing into aseptic bottles, stable at room temperature, without the addition of chemical preservatives. For the sanitation of the plastic bottles some sanitizers were tested, based on their efficiency to destroy microorganism, maintaining minimum residual hydrogen peroxide, and keeping the drink sensory quality. The isotonic drink (pH 3,40) was thermaly processed in a plate pasteurizer at 85ºC/5s and packed into PET bottles sanitized by spraying peracetic acid at 0.3%/5s at 30ºC. The processed drink contained three different concentrations of potassium sorbate (control, 50 and 100mg/L). The stability of the products were evaluated at 25ºC for 26 weeks by measuring the pH, soluble solids, titrable acidity, ascorbic acid, microbial count, and sensory tests. The sensory evaluation and the count of the total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, moulds and yeast were measured during storage. There was no difference (p<0,05) for the pH, soluble solids and acidity of the processed drinks during the storage period except for the ascorbic acid which reduced to about 30% of the initial value. At 26 weeks the total bacteria and mould and yeast count were <5.7CFU/mL and <10CFU/mL, respectively. There was no sensory evaluation diference (p<0,05) during the storage test. Such results indicated that the formulated isotonic drink can be processed at the above conditions, without the addition of chemical preservatives, and stored at room temperature for at least 6 months in good commercial quality.