ABSTRACT Root-knot nematode infection has a direct and negative impact on the commercial value of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) tubers. The aim of this study was to evaluate induced resistance in beet tuberous roots infected with different population levels of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949. Plants were inoculated with increasing inoculum levels (0, 1500, 5000, and 10 000 eggs + juveniles %#91;J2%#93;) and treated with different products that can potentially induce resistance: mannan- oligosaccharides (MOS), citrus biomass, and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM). Vegetative, nematological, and enzymatic parameters were evaluated after 60 d. In general, when compared to the control (water), inducers did not promote a positive effect on tuber diameter and weight, regardless of the inoculum level. Only the weight of plants inoculated with 5000 eggs + J2 and treated with citrus biomass (40.70 g) increased compared with the control (32.38 g). The treatments did not reduce the number of galls, nematodes per root system, and nematodes per gram of root. Resistance inducers increased catalase activity (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and MOS and ASM were the most effective. The highest CAT activity was for ASM and 5000 eggs + J2, resulting in 42.44% compared with the control. The MOS and ASM exhibited the highest PAL activity (0.22 and 0.15 mg trans-amino acid h-1 mg-1 protein, respectively) compared with the control (0.03 mg trans-amino acid h-1 mg-1 protein) in uninoculated plants. Results led us to conclude that inducers should not be used in isolation to control nematodes in beet. However, deformed tubers can be used in manufacturing, thus preventing food waste. In addition, new rates and application intervals should be evaluated to help control nematodes in beet plants.

RESUMO: Meloidogyne javanica é um nematoide parasita de plantas que infecta uma grande variedade de vegetais. Seus efeitos negativos sobre o rendimento e o valor das culturas estão bem documentados. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram o impacto do parasita no valor nutricional dos vegetais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do parasitismo por M. javanica sobre as características vegetativas, parâmetros nematológicos, composição química e atividade antioxidante de cenouras. As plântulas foram inoculadas com 0 (controle), 1000, 2500 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis (J2) de M. javanica no segundo estágio. Aos 60 dias após a inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As plantas inoculadas com 2500 ovos e J2 de M. javanica apresentaram maior peso fresco das raízes e tubérculos que o controle. O número de galhas aumentou com o aumento da densidade do inóculo. Verificou-se aumento do número de nematoides nas raízes até 3000 espécimes, diminuindo posteriormente. A análise imediata revelou que plantas inoculadas com 1000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica ou mais tinham maior teor de proteína nas raízes. Por outro lado, a inoculação com 1775 nematoides ou mais resultou em diminuição no conteúdo de carotenoides. Não houve efeito da inoculação no conteúdo fenólico total ou na atividade antioxidante. Embora a infecção por M. javanica não tenha impactado significativamente a qualidade nutricional das cenouras, a formação de galhas resultou em raízes deformadas e de baixo valor comercial.

ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne javanica is a plant-parasitic nematode that infects a wide range of vegetables. Its negative effects on crop yield and value are well documented. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the parasite on the nutritional value of vegetables. This study aimed to assess the effect of M. javanica parasitism on the vegetative characteristics, nematological parameters, chemistry composition and antioxidant activity of carrots. Seedlings were inoculated with 0 (control), 1000, 2500, or 5000 eggs and eventual second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, plants were harvested and evaluated. Plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and J2 of M. javanica had higher root and tuber fresh weight than the control. Gall number increased with increasing inoculum density. The number of nematodes in the roots increased until 3000 specimens, decreasing thereafter. Proximate analysis revealed that plants inoculated with 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica or more had higher protein content in roots. In contrast, inoculation with 1775 nematodes or more resulted in a decrease in carotenoid content. There was no effect of inoculation on total phenolic content or antioxidant activity. Although, M. javanica infection did not have a marked impact on the nutritional quality of carrots, gall formation resulted in deformed roots of low commercial value.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da infestação por Meloidogyne javanica sobre o desenvolvimento vegetativo, as características nutricionais e o potencial antioxidante da beterraba (Beta vulgaris). A inoculação foi feita em plântulas de beterraba com 0, 1.000, 2.500, 5.000 e 10.000 ovos e prováveis juvenis de nematoide em segundo estágio (J2). As plantas foram coletadas 60 dias após a inoculação, para a avaliação dos parâmetros nematológicos e vegetativos, da composição físico-química e do teor e da atividade dos compostos antioxidantes. Os níveis populacionais de M. javanica reduziram a massa e o diâmetro do tubérculo, comparando os níveis de inóculo 0 e 10.000 ovos + J2 de nematoide. Houve diferença significativa no número de galhas e nematoides por sistema radicular, com aumento proporcional da densidade populacional de acordo com o nível de inoculação. O fator de reprodução em todos os tratamentos com inoculação foi maior do que um. Embora a infecção por M. javanica tenha reduzido o teor de proteínas, outros compostos como betalaínas, açúcares e fenólicos não foram alterados. A infestação por M. javanica afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento do tubérculo, mas não altera o potencial antioxidante da beterraba.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of infestation by Meloidogyne javanica on the vegetative development, nutritional characteristics, and antioxidant potential of beet (Beta vulgaris). Inoculation in beet seedlings was performed with 0, 1,000, 2,500, 5,000, and 10,000 eggs and with possible second-stage juveniles (J2) of nematodes. Plants were collected 60 days after inoculation for the evaluation of the nematological and vegetative parameters, the physicochemical composition, and the content and activity of antioxidant compounds. The population levels of M. javanica reduced the mass and diameter of the tuber, comparing inoculum levels of 0 and 10,000 eggs + J2 of nematodes. There was a significant difference for the number of galls and nematodes per root system, with a proportional increase of population density according to the inoculation level. The reproduction factor in all infected treatments was above 1. Although the infection by M. javanica reduced the plant protein content, other compounds, such as betalains, sugars, and phenolics, were not affected. The inoculation by M. javanica negatively affects tuber development, but does not alter the antioxidant potential of beet.

RESUMO A implantação do sistema de sucessão de culturas, possibilitando a inserção de espécies vegetais antagonistas ou não hospedeiras à patógenos da soja no período de entressafra, é uma alternativa sustentável em sistemas de cultivo. Neste contexto, recomenda-se cuidado na seleção de plantas de sucessão que não possibilitem a multiplicação de nematoides, especialmente, os parasitas da soja, Pratylenchus brachyurus e Meloidogyne javanica. Desta forma, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial de redução da população de P. brachyurus e M. javanica, pelo cultivo de espécies utilizadas em sucessão com a soja, comparando-as com o crambe. Sementes de soja cv. 5909RR Nidera foram semeadas em vasos com capacidade para 18 L e após 15 dias foram inoculadas, em experimentos separados, com 1000 espécimes de P. brachyurus e 3000 ovos e eventuais juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. javanica. Aos 60 dias da inoculação, a parte aérea das plantas foi descartada e as culturas de sucessão (milho cv. IPR114, feijão cv. IPR Tangará, nabo forrageiro, aveia-preta cv. IAPAR 61 e crambe cv. MS Brilhante) foram semeadas. As plantas foram cultivadas por 90 dias, quando a parte aérea foi cortada, semeando-se novamente a soja, a qual foi cultivada por mais 60 dias. No final desse período, as plantas foram retiradas dos vasos para determinação de parâmetros vegetativos e nematológicos na soja. A introdução do crambe no sistema de sucessão de culturas reduziu a população de P. brachyurus. A reprodução de M. javanica foi menor na sucessão com o crambe quando comparado com os demais sistemas, entretanto o mesmo apresentou elevado fator de reprodução.

ABSTRACT Crop succession system implementation, which allows the introduction of plant species that are antagonists or non-hosts for soybean pathogens during the intercrop period, is a sustainable alternative in crop systems. Thus, careful selection of succession plants is recommended to ensure that they do not allow the proliferation of nematodes, especially the soybean parasites Pratylenchus brachyurus and Meloidogyne javanica. The aim of this study was to assess P. brachyurus and M. javanica population reduction potential by growing species in succession with soybean, comparing them to crambe. Soybean seeds cv. 5909RR Nidera were sown in 18-L pots, and after fifteen days inoculations were performed in separate experiments, with 1000 specimens of P. brachyurus and 3000 eggs and possible second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, the shoot of soybean plants was discarded, and the succession crops (maize cv. IPR114, bean cv. IPR Tangará, oilseed radish, black oat cv. IAPAR 61 and crambe cv. MS Brilhante) were sown. Plants were cultivated for 90 days, when the shoot was removed, and soybean cultivar was sown again and cultivated for additional 60 days. At the end of this period, plants were removed from the pots for determination of vegetative and nematological parameters for soybean. Crambe introduction in the crop succession system effectively reduced P. brachyurus population. M. javanica reproduction was lower for crambe compared to the remaining systems, but its reproductive factor was high.

RESUMO: Os nematoides das galhas, Meloidogyne spp., estão entre os mais importantes parasitos da cultura da alface. O manejo destes organismos é difícil, pelas limitações que o controle genético (uso de cultivares resistentes) e químico apresenta, sendo necessária a busca por práticas alternativas para redução da reprodução. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a aplicação de diferentes materiais orgânicos no controle de Meloidogyne incognita em alface. Inicialmente o nematoide foi inoculado em tomateiro para o estabelecimento de uma população inicial no solo. Após 60 dias descartou-se a parte aérea, transplantando as plântulas de alface para os vasos. Dois dias após o transplante, aplicaram-se os tratamentos bokashi, torta de crambe, soro de leite, compostado de caroço de algodão e compostado de madeira de poda triturada, usando 20 g ou 20 mL por vaso. A água foi utilizada como testemunha. Após 70 dias observou-se que os tratamentos bokashi e torta de crambe reduziram o número de galhas/g de raiz e de ovos/g de raiz e promoveram o desenvolvimento da planta. Os tratamentos com soro de leite, compostado de caroço de algodão e compostado de madeira de poda triturada não diferiram da testemunha. Pode-se concluir que bokashi e torta de crambe são eficientes para o controle de M. incognita em condições controladas.

ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are among the most important parasites of the lettuce crop. Managing these organisms is difficult due to limitations in genetic (use of resistant cultivars) and chemical control. Thus, new practices should be sought to reduce their reproduction. The present study aimed to evaluate the application of organic amendments in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. At first, tomato plants were inoculated to establish an initial population in the soil. After 60 days, the aerial part was discarded, and the lettuce seedlings were transplanted into pots. Two days after transplanting, the treatments bokashi, crambe cake, whey protein, cottonseed composted and shredded wood chip composted were applied at 20 g or 20 mL per pot. Water was applied as control treatment. After 70 days, bokashi and crambe meal reduced the number of eggs/g of root and promoted plant growth. Results obtained with whey protein, cottonseed meal and composted shredded wood chip did not differ from those obtained with the control treatment. Bokashi and crambe cake are effective in the M. incognita control under controlled conditions.

Bacaba chicha is a beverage prepared by the indigenous Umutina people from the bacaba fruit (Oenocarpus bacaba), a purple berry that is rich in fat and carbohydrates, as well as a source of phenolic compounds. In this study, samples of bacaba chicha beverage were collected, and the microbial community was assessed using culture-dependent and -independent techniques. The nutritional composition and metabolite profiles were analyzed, and species belonging to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were detected. The LAB group detected by culture-dependent analysis included Enterococcus hormaechei and Leuconostoc lactis. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) detected additional Propionibacterium avidum, Acetobacter spp., and uncultured bacteria. Pichia caribbica and Pichia guilliermondii were detected in a culture-dependent method, and Pichia caribbica was confirmed by PCR-DGGE analysis. The pH value of the beverage was 6.2. The nutritional composition was as follows: 16.47 ± 0.73 g 100 mL-1 dry matter, 2.2 ± 0.0 g 100 mL-1 fat, 3.36 ± 0.44 g 100 mL-1 protein, and 10.87 ± 0.26 g 100 mL-1 carbohydrate. The metabolites detected were 2.69 g L-1 succinic acid, 0.9 g L-1 acetic acid, 0.49 g L-1 citric acid, 0.52 g L-1 ethanol, and 0.4 g L-1 glycerol. This is the first study to identify microbial diversity in bacaba chicha spontaneous fermentation. This study is also the starting step in the immaterial record of this Brazilian indigenous beverage prepared from bacaba fruit.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of elicitor, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), in inducing resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in soybean and in enhancing plant development. Plantlets of the soybean susceptible cultivar BRSMT-Pintado and the resistant cultivar MG/BR 46 Conquista were treated with ASM (0.5 g/L) at three different times: seven days before, one day before and seven days after inoculation with 2000 eggs/plant. Untreated inoculated plants and untreated non-inoculated plants were used as controls. Sixty days after inoculation, the number of galls, eggs/g root and vegetative parameters (height, aerial part fresh and dry mass and root fresh mass) were evaluated. The experiments were conducted over two different periods (Experiments 1 and 2). Only in Experiment 2 treatment "seven days before inoculation" reduced the number of eggs/g root, irrespective of the cultivar evaluated, but the number of galls was not affected. Stronger plant development was observed in the susceptible soybean cultivar treated seven days before inoculation in Experiment 2.

Nesse trabalho, o objetivo foi avaliar a reação de oito porta-enxertos de videira aos nematoides das lesões radiculares. As estacas dos porta-enxertos Kober, SO4, 101-14, R99, 420-A, Rupestris du Lot, Riparia do Traviú e Telek 5C, cedidas pelo Centro APTA de Frutas/IAC, foram plantadas em vasos contendo mistura de solo:areia na proporção 2:1 (v:v) e mantidas em casa de vegetação. Após quatro meses, os porta-enxertos foram inoculados com 1.200 espécimes de Pratylenchus brachyurus ou P. zeae, e o milho foi usado para comprovar a viabilidade do inóculo. Aos 180 dias após a inoculação, avaliou-se o número de nematoides por sistema radicular e em 100 cm³ de solo. O milho foi avaliado aos 90 dias após a inoculação e cada vaso recebeu uma nova planta, que foi avaliada juntamente com os porta-enxertos. No milho, as populações finais de P. brachyurus e P. zeae foram respectivamente iguais a 8.040 e 6.940 indivíduos. Todos os porta-enxertos comportaram-se como imunes a P. brachyurus e P. zeae, isto é, a população final dos nematoides e o fator de reprodução foram iguais a zero. Recuperaram-se seis e 11 espécimes de P. zeae nas amostras de solo cultivadas com os porta-enxertos Kober e 420-A, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os porta-enxertos estudados apresentam potencial para serem usados em áreas infestadas com esses nematoides das lesões.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reaction of eight grapevine rootstocks to root-lesion nematodes. Cuttings of the rootstocks Kober, SO4, 101-14, R99, 420-A, Rupestris du Lot, Riparia do Traviú and Telek 5C, provided by the Centro APTA de Frutas/IAC, were planted in 5-L pots containing a 2:1 (v:v) soil and sand mixture, and kept in greenhouse. After four months, they were inoculated with 1,200 specimens of Pratylenchus brachyurus or P. zeae. Maize was used for detecting the inoculum viability. After 180 days of the inoculation, the root systems of the plants were collected along with 100 cm³ soil for evaluating the number of nematodes. Maize plants were evaluated 90 days after inoculation and each pot received a new seedling, which was evaluated along with the rootstocks. All rootstocks exhibited immunity to P. brachyurus and P. zeae, because the final populations in the root systems and the reproduction factor were zero. It was recovered six and 11 specimens of P. zeae in samples from cultivated soil with Kober and 420-A rootstock, respectively. In the maize, the respective average populations of P. brachyurus and P. zeae were 8,040 and 6,940. The rootstocks are potentially valuable for infested areas.

Para avaliar a reação, mudas com 15 dias de idade foram transplantadas para vasos de 2 L de capacidade e inoculadas com 4.000 ovos e eventuais juvenis (J2) dos nematoides. Decorridos 60 dias, os sistemas radiculares foram retirados e avaliados quanto ao número de galhas e ovos, determinando-se o fator de reprodução (FR) dos nematoides nas respectivas plantas. Tomateiro cv. Santa Cruz foi utilizado como testemunha. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Tukey ou Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Nas alfaces tipo Mimosa cv. Salad Bowl; nas cultivares do tipo Lisa, Elizabeth e Elisa; e na cultivar Vera (tipo crespa), o número de galhas e o FR de M. javanica foi superior ao observado para a testemunha; enquanto para as demais oleráceas, os maiores números de galhas e ovos foram para as cultivares de chicória e para o manjericão. Maior suscetibilidade a M. incognita foi observada para a alface tipo Mimosa cv. Salad Bowl, para as cultivares de chicória, salsa cv. Graúda Portuguesa e manjericão. Apenas manjerona apresentou número de galhas de M. incognita igual a zero.

For this research we used 15 day-old seedlings which were transplanted to 2 L pots and inoculated with 4,000 nematode eggs plus juveniles (J2). After 60 days, the root systems were removed and the number of galls and eggs evaluated and used to calculate the nematode reproduction factor (RF). The tomato cv. Santa Cruz was used as a susceptible control. The experimental design was completely randomized, with six replications. Averages were compared using the Tukey or Scott-Knott test at 5%. For lettuce, Salad Bowl (Mimosa type), Elizabeth and Elisa (Lisa) and Vera cultivars (crisphead), the number of galls and the RF for M. javanica were statistically higher than for the control, whereas, for the other vegetable crops, the highest number of galls and eggs were found in chicory and basil. The highest susceptibility to M. incognita was observed in Mimosa lettuce cv. Salad Bowl, chicory cultivars, parsley cv. Graúda Portuguesa and basil. Marjoram exhibited no M. incognita galls.

O leite de búfala foi fermentado por Lactobacillus casei, com diferentes concentrações de açúcar e tempos de fermentação, e estocado durante 30 dias a 5 e 10°C. Avaliaram-se a acidez, o pH e a viabilidade de L. casei nos diferentes tratamentos. O leite fermentado por 18 horas não apresentou os parâmetros requeridos para o produto, enquanto os fermentados por 22 e 24 horas apresentaram acidez e pH adequados. O tempo e a temperatura de estocagem influenciaram esses parâmetros. A viabilidade de L. casei inicial foi maior que 9 log UFC mL-1 e a final, maior que 8 log UFC mL-1, com influência da acidez.

Buffalo milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei was elaborated with different sugar concentrations and fermentation times, and stored during 30 days at 5 and 10°C. Acidity, pH and L. casei viability were evaluated in the different treatments. Milk fermented for 18 hours did not show adequate parameters for this product. Milk fermented for 22 and 24 hours presented adequate acidity and pH. Storage time and temperature influenced these parameters. The L. casei initial viability was greater than 9 log CFU mL-1 and the final was greater than 8 log CFU mL-1, with influence from acidity.