Resumen La resiliencia es la competencia de afrontamiento y adaptación a las condiciones estresantes que puede experimentar una persona. Se puede expresar a través de varias estrategias como el optimismo, la perseverancia, la creatividad y el crecimiento positivo frente a la adversidad. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala Breve de Estrategias Resilientes (BRCS) en población adulta colombiana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 456 adultos colombianos (41.7 % hombres y 58.3 % mujeres) entre los 18 y los 86 años (M = 46.99). El coeficiente de fiabilidad para el puntaje total de las dos subescalas de la BRCS fue de .77. Se corroboró la validez del constructo a través de la bondad de ajuste del modelo de un factor y la correlación entre los cuatro ítems, por el que se confirmó la estructura del modelo propuesto por Sinclair y Wallston (2004). Se analizó la validez concurrente con medidas de afrontamiento religioso y personalidad Tipo D. Se efectuó un análisis de la discriminación de los reactivos a través del coeficiente de correlación biserial, que indicó que las correlaciones del ítem con la escala total tienen un nivel de discriminación excelente, con valores entre .740 y .807. Los resultados muestran correlaciones significativas entre la resiliencia y el afrontamiento religioso positivo, índices de confiabilidad interna aceptables y consistencia interna, dados los índices del análisis factorial confirmatorio. Se concluye que la evidencia sugiere que la escala BRCS es un instrumento válido y confiable para la evaluación de la capacidad de resiliencia en adultos colombianos.

Abstract Resilience is the ability to cope and adapt to stressful situations that a person may experience. This ability can be expressed through several strategies such as optimism, perseverance, creativity, and positive growth from adversity. Considering the few studies on this subject in the Latin American context and, therefore, the difficulties in evaluating resilient strategies in adults, this research considered to analyze the psychometric characteristics of the Brief Resilient Strategies Scale (BRCS). This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the “Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS)” in the Colombian adult population. The sample consisted of 456 Colombian adults (41.7 % men and 58.3 % women) between 18 and 86 years old (M = 46.99). The reliability coefficient for the total score of the two BRCS subscales was .77. The construct validity was confirmed by goodness of fit results for applying a one-factor model to the scale and the correlation between the four items, confirming the structure of the model proposed by Sinclair y Wallston (2004), the initial solution of a factor was confirmed, with the same items loading the same factor and with factorial weights greater than .3. Likewise, all the values of the goodness of fit indices are within the accepted ranges for a good fit of the model. That is, the data fit the factorial model well. The concurrent validity was analyzed with measures of religious coping and type D personality. Positive correlations of the BRCS scale were found with positive religious coping of the RCOPE, indicating that a greater resilience, more expression of a sense of spirituality. In the same way, the BRCS scale correlates with the DS-14 scale, indicating that a greater resilience, less tendency to experience negative emotions such as dysphoria, tension, worry, irritability, and anger more extensively over time. In addition, the correlations indicated that a higher resilience, lower vulnerability to psychological stress with experiences of strong negative emotions and inhibition of their expression in interaction with other people. The results of the criterion validity suggest that people who use resilient strategies and religious coping are protective factors for the physical and mental health of the adult population, in such a way that people with higher levels of resilience may have a greater expression of a sense spiritual. Likewise, the most resilient subjects use variables such as satisfaction with life, humor, perceived personal competence, optimism, among others, indicative of a heightened sense of internal coherence. Also, the subjects who demonstrated greater resilience capacity were less vulnerable to experiencing negative affect and social inhibition. In general terms, these results suggest that the use of resilient strategies is related to constructs that are theoretically expected from a clinical and mental health perspective. The results show significant correlations between resilience and positive religious coping, acceptable internal reliability indices and internal consistency given the confirmatory factor analysis indices. An item discrimination analysis was performed through the biserial correlation coefficient, the correlations of the item with the total scale have an excellent level of discrimination, with values between .740 and .807. For data analysis, IBM SPSS Software®, Version 25, the R for Statistical Computing program (R Project, 2019) and LISREL 8.80 was used. The evidence suggests that the BRCS scale is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing resilience capacity in Colombian adults. In general, it was found that the BRCS has good psychometric properties in the various countries where it has been evaluated, for all the population groups analyzed, with only significant differences between men and women.

Resumen El procesamiento de soluciones es un método de bajo costo para preparar una variedad de películas delgadas orgánicas o inorgánicas. Para compuestos de óxidos metálicos, un procesamiento de solución de un compuesto organometálico se usa con frecuencia como solución precursora para ser recubierta por rotación, seguida de un tratamiento térmico para formar el óxido metálico. En este trabajo se obtienen polvos de óxido de vanadio a partir de una simple reacción ácido-base, y luego se dispersan en alcohol isopropílico para formar una solución para spin-coating. También se agregan diferentes cantidades de sal de cobalto junto con VOx en alcohol isopropílico para formar soluciones de VOx:Co2+. Después del tratamiento térmico a 200 °C, se obtienen películas delgadas transparentes. Se analizan las propiedades ópticas, estructurales, morfológicas y químicas. Se encontró que el compuesto VO2:Co2+ es amorfo y se obtiene con una relación atómica V:Co variada de 6.6:1-1.6:1. El material presenta una absorción óptica alrededor de 2.3 eV. Se observa una interesante morfología porosa interconectada cuando la relación atómica de V:Co es ~4.9:1. Se concluye que se pueden obtener películas delgadas amorfas porosas de VO2:Co2+ a partir del spin-coating a una baja temperatura de tratamiento utilizando una solución simple sin agente complejante.

Abstract Solution-processing is a low-cost solution method to prepare a variety of organic or inorganic thin films. For metal oxide compounds, a solution-processing solution of an organometallic compound is frequently used as a precursor to be spin coated, followed by a thermal annealing to form metal oxide. In this work, vanadium oxide powders are obtained from a simple acid-base reaction, and then they are dispersed in isopropyl alcohol to form a solution for spin-coating. Different amount of cobalt salt are also added together with VOx into isopropyl alcohol to form VOx:Co2+ solutions. After thermal annealing at 200 °C, continuous transparent thin films are obtained. Optical, structural, morphological and chemical binding energies of those films are analyzed. It is found that amorphous VO2:Co2+ compound is formed in those films with V:Co atomic ratios between 6.6:1 and 1.6:1. Optical absorption onsets of those films are around 2.3 eV. An interesting interconnected porous morphology is observed when the atomic ratio of V:Co is around 4.9:1. It is concluded that porous amorphous cobalt doped vanadium oxide thin films can be obtained from a spin-coating process at low annealing temperature from a simple solution without any complex agent.

RESUMEN Este trabajo describe los efectos del probiótico Saccharomyces cerevisiae sobre el área, número de criptas de Lieberkühn en duodeno y yeyuno, y producción de moco en ambas secciones intestinales de pollos de engorde. Fueron empleados los tejidos de un total de 27 individuos clasificados en un grupo control GC (n=12) y un grupo suplementado con probióticos GP (n=15). Los resultados revelaron que los grupos suplementados con el S. cerevisiae presentaron una mayor amplitud del área de las criptas en duodeno (p= 0,0119) y yeyuno (p= 0,0355), menor número de criptas por milímetro en duodeno (p= 0,0420) y mayor producción de moco en duodeno respecto al grupo control (p= 0,0185), mientras que en yeyuno no se observaron diferencias significativas. Se concluyó que el uso de Saccharomyces cerevisiae aumentó el tamaño del área de las criptas en ambas secciones intestinales y aumentó la producción de moco en duodeno; lo cual, al aumentar la superficie de absorción intestinal, seguramente podría resultar en mejoras de los parámetros productivos.

ABSTRACT This work describes the effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the area, number of Lieberkühn crypts in the duodenum and jejunum, and mucus production in both intestinal sections. Tissues from a total of 27 individuals were used, classified in control group - GC (n = 12) and group supplemented with probiotics - GP (n = 15). The results revealed that the group supplemented with S. cerevisiae presented a greater area of the crypts in the duodenum (p = 0.0119) and jejunum (p = 0.0355), less number of crypts per millimeter in the duodenum (p = 0.0420) and higher mucus production in the duodenum compared to the control group (p = 0.0185), while in the jejunum no significant differences were observed. It was concluded that the use of Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased the size of the crypt area in both intestinal sections and increased mucus production in the duodenum; which by increasing the intestinal absorption surface could surely result in improvements in the productive parameters.

Resumo O concreto é um material que apresenta efeitos diferidos no tempo, que estão associados aos fenômenos de fluência e retração. A modelagem numérica da fluência não é trivial, pois depende da idade do concreto no instante de aplicação do carregamento, o que torna necessário armazenar a história de carga para posterior aplicação do princípio da superposição dos efeitos. Contudo, um problema formulado em elementos finitos possui muitos pontos de integração, tornando esse armazenamento impossível. A Teoria da Solidificação, juntamente com o algoritmo incremental desenvolvido por Bazant e Prasannan ([1], [2]), permitem resolver esse problema. Esse artigo apresenta a adaptação desse algoritmo em um programa de elementos finitos (ANSYS), considerando a fluência e, também a retração, conforme formulado pelo Código Modelo CEB-FIP 1990 [3]. Os resultados comprovam que as deformações previstas por esta adaptação estão em conformidade com a solução analítica dada pelo CEB-FIP MC90, incluindo situações em que as cargas são aplicadas ao longo de diferentes idades do concreto.

Abstract Concrete is a material that presents time-delayed effects associated with creep and shrinkage phenomena. The numerical modeling of the creep is not trivial because it depends on the age of the concrete at the time of loading, which makes necessary to store the history of loads to apply the principle of superposition. However, a problem formulated in finite elements has many points of integration, making this storage impossible. The Theory of Solidification, together with incremental algorithm developed by Bazant e Prasannan ([1], [2]), solves this problem. Therefore, this paper presents the adaptation of this algorithm to a finite element commercial software (ANSYS) considering the creep, according to the CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 [3]. The results demonstrate that the deformations provided by this adaptation are in accordance with the analytical solution given by the CEB-FIP MC90, including cases where the loads are applied at different ages of the concrete.

Objective: To evaluate the association between perceived social support and anxiety disorders in pregnant adolescents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 871 pregnant women aged 10 to 19 years who received prenatal care in the national public health care system in the urban area of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We assessed perceived social support and anxiety disorders using the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. A self-report questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic information. Results: The prevalence of any anxiety disorder was 13.6%. Pregnant adolescents with an anxiety disorder reported less perceived social support in all domains (affectionate, emotional, tangible, informational, and positive social interaction). Older teenagers reported lower perceived support in the emotional, informational, and positive social interaction domains, whereas those with low socioeconomic status reported lower perceived social support in the material domain. Women who did not live with a partner had less perceived social support in the affectionate and positive social interaction domains. Conclusion: Perceived social support seems to be a protective factor against anxiety disorders in pregnant adolescents, with a positive effect on mental health.

Resumo O sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento de imagens se constituem em ferramentas fundamentais para a obtenção e manutenção de registros das ações humanas no espaço ao longo do tempo subsidiando diagnósticos no uso do solo, na interferência ambiental e no desenvolvimento local. A microbacia do Arroio Schmidt, localizada na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, no Rio Grande do Sul, apresenta situação ambiental semelhante a da maioria dos pequenos cursos d'agua que drenam áreas rurais e urbanas no sul do Brasil: práticas agrícolas e urbanização que não reconhecem a área ciliar com a remoção da cobertura vegetal original desrespeitando a aptidão do uso dos solos, remoção de áreas úmidas, uso intenso da água para diversas atividades e falta de controle e monitoramento no lançamento de efluentes entre outros, deterioram a qualidade deste importante ambiente. O objetivo deste trabalho é a caracterização física da Microbacia do Arroio Schmidt (Bacia do Rio dos Sinos) identificando elementos como uso e ocupação do solo, pedologia, geologia, climatologia, extensão e localização da Microbacia entre outros, a fim de instrumentalizar uma ferramenta auxiliar de gestão ambiental integrada de bacias hidrográficas. Através da aplicação do geoprocessamento no processo de obtenção dos mapas de uso e ocupação do solo, pedológico e geológico e uso de dados climatológicos da estação climatológica de Campo Bom-RS, visita a campo, revisão bibliográfica e de periódicos, dados públicos disponíveis, foi realizada a caracterização física da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt, visando a gestão ambiental integrada desta microbacia. Da área total da microbacia hidrográfica do Arroio Schmidt (23,92 km2) observou-se quanto à geologia que 23,7% são Colúvios, Fácies Gramado 22,6% e Formação Botucatu 53,7%. Principais tipos de solos da microbacia: Argissolos 97,4% e os Planossolos que ocupam apenas 2,6%. O uso e ocupação do solo é caracterizado por área úmida (0,5%), Mata Nativa (12,83%), Mata Nativa + Antrópico Rural + Vegetação Secundária + Silvicultura (43,81%), Antrópico Urbano/Área Urbana (39,85%) e ainda Antrópico Urbano/Áreas de expansão (3,01%). Precipitação média anual de 1337 mm, temperaturas máximas entre 10,5°C e 41,6°C e as mínimas entre –1,8°C e 26°C, Ventos fracos, eventualmente passam de 5 m/s. A realização da avaliação ambiental nesta microbacia é fundamental na gestão ambiental e territorial. No entanto, estas avaliações não ocorrem em todas as microbacias e, quando ocorrem, não apresentam a frequência adequada para permitir o monitoramento contínuo a fim de modelar e prever cenários objetivando a adoção de medidas de médio e longo prazo para a proteção ambiental.

Remote sensing and geoprocessing are essential tools for obtaining and maintaining records of human actions on space over the course of time; these tools offer the basis for diagnoses of land use, environmental interference and local development. The Schmidt stream watershed, located in the Sinos River basin, in southern Brazil, has an environmental situation similar to that of the majority of small streams draining rural and urban areas in southern Brazil: agricultural and urbanization practices do not recognize the riparian area and there is removal of original vegetation, disregarding the suitability of land use; removal of wetlands; intensive water use for various activities; and lack of control and monitoring in the discharge of wastewater, among other factors, deteriorate the quality of this important environment.This article aims to achieve a physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed (Sinos river basin) identifying elements such as land use and occupation, soil science, geology, climatology, extent and location of watershed, among others, so as to serve as the basis for a tool that helps in the integrated environmental management of watersheds. By applying geographic information system - GIS to the process of obtaining maps of land use and occupation, pedologicaland geological, and using climatological data from the Campo Bom meteorological station, field visit, review of literature and journals, and publicly available data, the physical characterization of the Schmidt stream watershed was performed, with a view to the integrated environmental management of this watershed. Out of the total area of the Schmidt stream watershed (23.92 km2), in terms of geology, it was observed that 23.7% consist of colluvial deposits, 22.6% consist of grass facies, and 53.7% consist of Botucatu formation. Major soil types of the watershed: 97.4% Argisols and only 2.6% Planosols. Land use and occupation is characterized by wetland (0.5%), Native Forest (12.83%), Native Forest + Rural Anthropic + Secondary Vegetation + Forestry (43.81%), Urban Anthropic/Urban Area (39.85%), and also Urban Anthropic/Expansion areas (3.01%). Mean annual rainfall is 1337 mm, maximum temperatures range from 10.5°C to 41.6°C and minimum temperatures range from –1.80°C and 26°C, weak winds, occasionally over 5 m/s. Conducting an environmental assessment in this watershed is essential for environmental and land management. However, these assessments are not conducted in all watersheds and, when they are, their frequency is not sufficiency to allow for continuous monitoring, in order to model and predict scenarios, with a view to adopt medium and long-term measures for environmental protection.

Objective: To evaluate the association between social anxiety disorder (SAD) and perceived maternal bonding styles among young women during pregnancy and 30 months after childbirth. Methods: A cohort of young women from the city of Pelotas, Brazil was followed up from pregnancy to 30 months postpartum. The Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview Plus was used to assess SAD and the Parental Bonding Instrument was administered to measure maternal bonding styles. Poisson regression with robust variance was used for multivariable analysis. Results: After adjusting for potential confounding factors, SAD prevalence was 6.39 times higher among young women who perceived their mothers as neglectful (prevalence ratio [PR] 6.39; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.2-32.0), and 5.57 times higher in women who perceived their mothers as affectionless controlling (PR = 5.57; 95%CI 1.5-19.7) when compared with those who received optimal care. Conclusion: Maternal bonding style may have an influence on the development of SAD. Therefore, support and early prevention strategies should be offered to the family.

Células tronco mesenquimais (CTMs) são células progenitoras multipotentes que têm a capacidade de se diferenciar em todas as linhagens de origem mesodérmica, como, cartilagem, ossos, e adipócitos. CTMs têm sido identificadas em diferentes fases do desenvolvimento, incluindo a idade adulta e em diferentes tecidos, tais como medula óssea, tecido adipose e cordão umbilical. Estudos recentes têm mostrado que as CTMs possuem a capacidade de migrar para locais de lesões. Nesse sentido, uma característica importante das CTMs são os seus efeitos imunomodulatórios e anti-inflamatórios. Por exemplo, há evidências que as CTMs podem regular o sistema imune por inibição da proliferação de células T e B. O interesse clínico no uso das CTMs tem aumentado consideravelmente nos últimos anos, especialmente devido às características ideais destas células para a medicina regenerativa. Terapias com CTMs têm mostrado resultados promissores em doenças neurodegenerativas, além de regular a inflamação, elas podem promover outros efeitos benéficos, tais como, crescimento neuronal, diminuição de radicais livres e reduzir a apoptose. No entanto, apesar de muitas pesquisas das CTMs em doenças neurodegenerativas, o mecanismo de ação das CTMs ainda não estão completamente esclarecidos, o que dificulta o desenvolvimento de tratamentos eficazes. Por outro lado, estudos em modelos de doenças psiquiátricas são escassos, apesar dos resultados promissores utilizando terapias com CTMs nesta área.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that have the capacity to differentiate into all lineages of mesodermal origin, e.g., cartilage, bone, and adipocytes. MSCs have been identified at different stages of development, including adulthood, and in different tissues, such as bone marrow, adipose tissue and umbilical cord. Recent studies have shown that MSCs have the ability to migrate to injured sites. In this regard, an important characteristic of MSCs is their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. For instance, there is evidence that MSCs can regulate the immune system by inhibiting proliferation of T and B cells. Clinical interest in the use of MSCs has increased considerably over the past few years, especially because of the ideal characteristics of these cells for regenerative medicine. Therapies with MSCs have shown promising results neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to regulating inflammation, they can promote other beneficial effects, such as neuronal growth, decrease free radicals, and reduce apoptosis. Notwithstanding, despite the vast amount of research into MSCs in neurodegenerative diseases, the mechanism of action of MSCs are still not completely clarified, hindering the development of effective treatments. Conversely, studies in models of psychiatric disorders are scarce, despite the promising results of MSCs therapies in this field as well.

Objective: To assess the presence of anxiety disorders and quality of life in patients with insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. Methods: Case-control study of 996 patients with type 2 diabetes and 2,145 individuals without diabetes. The sole inclusion criterion for the case group was insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. We compared the case and control groups for sociodemographic variables, laboratory and clinical data, and presence of anxiety disorders. Quality of life was evaluated using the WHOQOL-BREF instrument, and the prevalence of anxiety disorder was evaluated by the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Results: Patients with diabetes had a higher prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The presence of these disorders in combination with type 2 diabetes was associated with worse quality of life in the physical, social, psychological, and environmental domains. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the importance of diagnosing and treating anxiety disorders in patients with diabetes, so as to prevent more serious complications associated with these comorbidities.

Objective: To evaluate the influence of environmental enrichment (EE) on memory, cytokines, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the brain of adult rats subjected to experimental pneumococcal meningitis during infancy. Methods: On postnatal day 11, the animals received either artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or Streptococcus pneumoniae suspension intracisternally at 1 × 106 CFU/mL and remained with their mothers until age 21 days. Animals were divided into the following groups: control, control + EE, meningitis, and meningitis + EE. EE began at 21 days and continued until 60 days of age (adulthood). EE consisted of a large cage with three floors, ramps, running wheels, and objects of different shapes and textures. At 60 days, animals were randomized and subjected to habituation to the open-field task and the step-down inhibitory avoidance task. After the tasks, the hippocampus and CSF were isolated for analysis. Results: The meningitis group showed no difference in performance between training and test sessions of the open-field task, suggesting habituation memory impairment; in the meningitis + EE group, performance was significantly different, showing preservation of habituation memory. In the step-down inhibitory avoidance task, there were no differences in behavior between training and test sessions in the meningitis group, showing aversive memory impairment; conversely, differences were observed in the meningitis + EE group, demonstrating aversive memory preservation. In the two meningitis groups, IL-4, IL-10, and BDNF levels were increased in the hippocampus, and BDNF levels in the CSF. Conclusions: The data presented suggest that EE, a non-invasive therapy, enables recovery from memory deficits caused by neonatal meningitis.

Objective: To evaluate behavioral changes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in rats subjected to ketamine administration (25 mg/kg) for 7 days. Method: Behavioral evaluation was undertaken at 1 and 6 hours after the last injection. Results: We observed hyperlocomotion 1 hour after the last injection and a decrease in locomotion after 6 hours. Immobility time was decreased and climbing time was increased 6 hours after the last injection. BDNF levels were decreased in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala when rats were killed 6 hours after the last injection, compared to the saline group and to rats killed 1 hour after the last injection. BDNF levels in the striatum were decreased in rats killed 6 hours after the last ketamine injection, and BDNF levels in the hippocampus were decreased in the groups that were killed 1 and 6 hours after the last injection. Conclusion: These results suggest that the effects of ketamine on behavior and BDNF levels are related to the time at which they were evaluated after administration of the drug.

Isotipos de imunoglobulinas (IgG e IgM) de proteína básica de mielina (PBM), cerebrosídeos (CER), gangliosídeos (GANG) e cardiolipina (CARD) foram investigados em amostras de liqüido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) de 33 pacientes com esclerose múltipla (EM), 18 com síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB), e 30 com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Pacientes com EM revelaram concentrações positivas e significantes para IgG-PBM em 51,5% (p<0,05), IgM-PBM em 18,2%, IgG-CARD em 46,2%; CER e GANG foram detectados em cerca de 20% dos pacientes. A avaliação dos isotipos de imunoglobulinas no soro de pacientes com EM foi positiva em 20,6% para IgG-PBM e. 53,0% para IgM-PBM. No LCR dos pacientes com SGB a análise mostrou-se positiva em 56,3% para IgG-PBM (p<0,05), 53% para IgM-PBM, 38,5% para IgG-CER e 23% para IgM-CER, 50% para IgG-CARD e 31% para IgM-GANG. Os isotipos avaliados no soro de 14 pacientes com SGB foram positivos em 18,8% para IgG-PBM e 56,3% para IgM-PBM (p<0,05). No LCR, 50% dos pacientes com LES revelaram positividade para IgG-CARD e 241% para IgG-PBM. Os autores acreditam que a presença de anticorpos antifosfolipides seja conseqüente a epifenômeno imune, embora sua presença possa manter e perpetuar o evento imune intrínseco a essas doenças.

Immuneglobulins isotypes (IgG and IgM) for myelin basic protein (MBP), cerebrosides (CER), gangliosides (GANG) and cardiolipin (CARD) were detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 33 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 18 with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and 30 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In MS patients occurred positive and significant levels of IgG-MBP in 51,5% (p<0.05) and IgM-MBP in only 18.2%, IgG-CARD in 46.2%, as long as CER and GANG were detected in almost 20%. From serum samples of MS patients 20.6% presented IgG-MBP, while 53% showed positive levels foi IgM-MBP. The CSF analysis of patients with GBS showed that 56.3% revealed IgG-MBP (p<0.05), 53% for IgM-MBP. 3&.5% for IgG-CER and 23% for IgM-CER, while 50% of patients had IgG-CARD, as long -as 31% also had IgG-GANG. The serum evaluation from 14 patients showed that 18.8% had positive concentrations of IgG-MBP and 56.3% presented IgM-MBP (p<0.05) Except for 50% of patients with SLE who presented positive CSF levels of IgG-CARD. only 24.1% had positive levels of IgG-MBP. We believe that the presence of antiphosphohoid antibodies in CSF of the above mentioned diseases occurred as immune epiphenomena, but their appearance would permit the maintenance of and perpetuate the immune event.