ABSTRACT: The objective was to characterize socioeconomically and environmentally the farms producing native cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) in the province of Bagua. It was carried out in 5 districts of the province of Bagua: La Peca, Copallín, El Parco, Imaza and Aramango. A population of234farms was considered and an unrestricted sample of 70 farms was calculated; A survey was structured with questions about socioeconomic and environmental aspects of the producer and the farm. 51 qualitative and quantitative variables were obtained, being studied by Multiple Correspondence Factor Analysis (AFCM); likewise, a conglomerate analysis was performed to group according to the similarity of the most discriminating variables. As results, the predominant profile of the producers was male with primary education and between 40 and 60 years oíd; all farms had basic services, but with limitations. Farms smaller than 5 ha predominated and with production from 400 to more than 1000 kg. ha- 1 in shaded crops with planting distances of 3 x 3; in the farms there was pest control and the cultivated soil has vegetal cover and there was presence of forest species. The cluster analysis allowed us to establish three groups of farms with similarities to each other, but with differences between the districts. Socioeconomically, the producers were predominantly male with primary education between 40 and 60 years old who own small farms and live from self-consumption; they also have basic services and access roads but with limitations. Environmentally, in general, the soils of the farms did not present erosion and had a slight slope; they managed vegetation cover, and the farms presented forest species that express that there is conservation and are related to sustainability.

RESUMEN: El estudio tuvo como objetivo caracterizar socioeconómica y ambientalmente las fincas productoras de cacao nativo (Theobroma cacao L.) en la provincia de Bagua. Se realizó en 5 distritos de la provincia: La Peca, Copallín, El Parco, Imaza y Aramango. Para recolectar los datos se consideró una población de 234 fincas de las cuales se tomó una muestra irrestricta de 70. Se estructuró una encuesta con preguntas sobre aspectos socioeconómicos y ambientales del productor y de la finca. Se obtuvieron 51 variables cualitativas y cuantitativas, que fueron estudiadas mediante el Análisis Factorial de Correspondencias Múltiples (AFCM). Asimismo, se realizó un análisis de conglomerados para agrupar según la similitud de las variables más discriminantes. Como resultado se obtuvo el perfil predominante de los productores: sexo masculino, con educación primaria y edades entre 40 y 60 años. Además se observó que todas las fincas cuentan con los servicios básicos, pero con limitaciones. En su mayoría tienen menos de 5 ha con una producción de 400 kg ha-1 hasta más de 1000 kg ha-1 en cultivos bajo sombra, con distancias de siembras de 3 x 3. Se constató que en las fincas hubo control de plagas y el suelo de cultivo tiene cobertura vegetal. También se verificó la presencia de especies forestales. El análisis de conglomerados permitió establecer tres grupos de fincas con similitudes entre sí, pero con diferencias entre los distritos. En cuanto a las características socioeconómicas, los productores son mayormente hombres, con educación primaria y edades entre 40 y 60 años, que poseen pequeñas fincas y viven del autoconsumo. Cuentan con servicios básicos y vías de acceso pero con limitaciones. Desde el punto de vista ambiental, en general los suelos de las fincas no presentan erosión y tienen una ligera pendiente. Se observó manejo de cobertura vegetal y presencia de especies forestales, lo cual evidencia interés por la conservación y la sustentabilidad.

Abstract Cocoa and its main derivative, chocolate, are an important source of antioxidant compounds for human nutrition. Polyphenols are the main antioxidants present in chocolate and are affected by the industrialisation processes of cocoa beans. In this regard, the effect of incorporating raw cocoa during the final stage of the refining process on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic content of dark chocolate was studied. For this purpose, dark chocolates (70%) were made with the incorporation of raw cocoa paste (10, 20 and 30% w/w) in the final refining stage. The antioxidant capacity of all the treatments was determined by the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and the total phenolic content by the Folin Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method. It was observed that the incorporation of raw cocoa significantly increases the content of antioxidants and total polyphenols in chocolate. As the dose of raw cocoa increases, the antioxidant activity of the chocolate increases linearly (R2=0.996); on the other hand, the polyphenol content increases exponentially (R2=0.968). Only the lowest dose (10%) doubles the phenolic content and the ratio decreases with higher doses of incorporation. The results suggest that the incorporation of raw cocoa in the formulations makes it possible to obtain chocolates with high phenolic content, improving the technological processes for using cocoa produced in the tropical Andes to develop bioactive chocolates, in line with new consumer demand.

Resumen El cacao y su principal derivado, el chocolate, son fuente importante de compuestos antioxidantes para la nutrición humana. Los polifenoles son los principales antioxidantes presentes en el chocolate y se ven afectados por los procesos de industrialización de las almendras de cacao. En tal sentido, se estudió el efecto de la incorporación de cacao crudo durante la etapa final del proceso de refinado en la capacidad antioxidante y contenido fenólico de chocolate oscuro. Para ello se elaboraron chocolates oscuros (70%) con la incorporación de pasta de cacao crudo (10, 20 y 30% p/p) en la etapa final del conchado. A todos los tratamientos se le determinaron la capacidad antioxidante por el método DPPH (2,2-Difenil-1-picrilhidrazil) y contenido fenólico total mediante el método espectrofotométrico de Folin Ciocalteu. Se observó que la incorporación de cacao crudo incrementa significativamente el contenido de antioxidantes y polifenoles totales en el chocolate. A medida que se incrementa la dosis de cacao crudo, la actividad antioxidante del chocolate se incrementa linealmente (R2=0,996); por otro lado, el contenido de polifenoles se incrementa de manera exponencial (R2=0,968). Con solo la menor dosis (10%) se logra duplicar el contenido fenólico y la razón se reduce con dosis mayores de incorporación. Los resultados sugieren que la incorporación de cacao crudo en las formulaciones permite obtener chocolates con elevado contenido fenólico, mejorando los procesos tecnológicos de aprovechamiento del cacao producido en los Andes tropicales, para el desarrollo de chocolates bioactivos, conforme las nuevas exigencias del mercado.

Abstract The maximum cadmium tolerance standards were established by the European Union in 2014, for the importation of cocoa-based products, causing concern in the countries. Global studies onTheobroma cacaoresearch related to cadmium activity in the atmosphere were analyzed. Bibliometric analyses in R and VOSviewer programs were used to examine 64 documents published in the Scopus database according to keywords. We identified 811 keywords in the co-occurrence of terms, 5 thematic groups in the bibliographic coupling, 20 institutions as most important affiliations, 20 countries of origin of corresponding authors, 112 institutions in co-authorship network of which 5 are in primary documents, and two groups in thematic similarity in co-citation of documents. The United States leads the scientific production with 11 papers, followed by Colombia (8) and Ecuador (7). In 1996, the first scientific article was registered for the network, with increases of up to 11 publications by 2020. In conclusion, the need to strengthen and create more research networks between countries, institutions, authors, and co-authors is evident. It is hoped that the results will allow a comprehensive unraveling of the cadmium-cocoa research trajectory, while at the same time yielding new prospective research.

Resumen En el año 2014, la Unión Europea impuso estándares máximos de tolerancia en cadmio, para la importación de productos a base de cacao, causando preocupación en los países. Se analizó estudios globales referidos a investigaciones en Theobroma cacao, relacionados con la actividad del cadmio en la atmósfera. Se utilizaron análisis bibliométricos en los programas R y VOSviewer, para examinar 64 documentos publicados en la base de datos Scopus según palabras clave. Se identificaron 811 palabras clave en coocurrencias de términos, 5 grupos temáticos en acoplamiento bibliográfico, 20 instituciones como afiliaciones más importantes, 20 países de procedencia de autores corresponsales, 112 instituciones en red de coautoría de los cuales 5 están en documentos primarios, y dos grupos en similaridad temática en co-citación de documentos. Estados Unidos lidera la producción científica con 11 documentos, seguido de Colombia (8) y Ecuador (7). En 1996 se registró el primer artículo científico para la red, con incrementos de hasta 11 publicaciones al 2020. En conclusión, se evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer y crear más redes de investigaciones entre países, instituciones, autores y coautores. Se espera que los resultados permitan desentrañar de manera integral la trayectoria de investigaciones cadmio-cacao, al tiempo que arrojen nuevas investigaciones prospectivas.

Resumo As atividades pelas indústrias, população urbana e rural, são fontes mais frequentes na poluição de água, devido nisso tem se tornado necessário, principalmente a reutilização das águas resíduas como uma estratégia fundamental. Nesse sentido esta pesquisa apresenta uma alternativa simples e econômica para solucionar os problemas causados pela água cinzas das atividades de lavanderia doméstica, com o objetivo de avaliar um sistema misto de tratamento de água cinza. Para isso foi estabelecido um sistema misto com filtração física, compostos de pedra de rio, concreto, areia de rio e carvão, seguido pela Biorremediação com duas plantas aquáticas, agrião (Nasturtium officinale L.) e lentilha d’água (Lemma minor L.). Os resultados tiveram diferenças significativas na redução do pH de 9.56 até 7.50, os sólidos suspensos totais (SST) de 1742.00 mg/L até 298.50 mg/L, os fosfatos de 1,12 mg/L PO4 3¯ até 0,31 mg/L PO4 3¯ e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) de 472,38 mg/L até 8,52 mg/L, por tanto indicam que o sistema é eficiente para o reuso da água cinzas com fim de irrigação. Finalmente, todos os parâmetros, a diferença do oxigênio dissolvido e os sólidos suspensos totais (SST), cumprem com os limites máximos permitidos pelos padrões de qualidade ambiental para a categoria três: água de irrigação para vegetais e bebidas de animais e os padrões para irrigação pela FAO.

Abstract Water contamination comes from many different sources, including, among others, factories, sewage treatment plants, mining activities (heavy metals), food-processing waste, agriculture runoff, animal waste, disposal of personal care products, and household chemicals. Therefore, the reuse of wastewater has become a fundamental strategy for sustainable water management and maintaining environmental quality. In this sense, this research presents a simple and economic alternative to solving the problems caused by greywater, resulting from laundry activities. This paper evaluates a mixed system for the treatment of greywater. The mixed system has physical filters that are composed of river stone, concrete, river sand, and coal. A bioremediation technique is also evaluated, involving two types of aquatic plants, watercress (Nasturtium officinale L.) and duckweed (Lemma minor L.). This study showed significant differences in pH reduction, from 9.56 to 7.50, total suspended solids (TSS), from 1742.00 mg/L to 298.50 mg/L, phosphates, from 1.12 mg/L PO4 3¯ to 0.31 mg/L PO4 3- , and chemical oxygen demand (COD), from 472.38 mg/L to 8.52 mg/L. Thus, the results indicate that this system is efficient for the reuse of grey water for irrigation uses. Moreover, each parameter, with the exception of dissolved oxygen and total suspended solids (TSS), meets the maximum limits set by the Environmental Quality Standards for Category 3: irrigation water for vegetables and animal beverages and the FAO irrigation water standards.