Resumen: La introducción de animales exóticos en la Puna Austral Argentina fue un punto de inflexión en la economía pastoril andina. Las investigaciones llevadas a cabo han demostrado la presencia de bienes europeos incorporados a la vida cotidiana y la presencia de animales domésticos exóticos como caprinos, suidos y équidos durante los primeros momentos de la Colonia Temprana. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es caracterizar la gestión y explotación de estos animales y su posible integración en la economía pastoril para este sector de la Puna, durante el Período Histórico Colonial. Se ha analizado la fauna del sitio PP3-C (ca. 440-500 AP) ubicado a 3600 msnm, conformado por estructuras residenciales y productivas. Se identificaron en mayor proporción restos de Capra a. hircus (89%) y Sus s. domesticus (6%) con marcas de carnicería y consumo, y restos de Equus sp. (5%). La introducción de los animales exóticos en los sistemas agropastoriles suscitó cambios en la alimentación y, en el caso de los caprinos, una ampliación en las prácticas de cría de rebaños llevadas a cabo en Antofagasta de la Sierra entre el Periodo Precolonial y la Colonia Temprana.

Abstract: The introduction of exotic animals during the settlement of European populations in southern Argentine Puna was a turning point in the Andean pastoral economy. Research has shown that exotic domestic animals such as goats, swine and equidae were present in the initial stages of the early colonial period and that European goods were part of everyday life. This paper aims to characterize the handling and use of exotic domestic animals and the possibility that they were part of colonial-era economic strategies in this part of the Puna. Analysis of the faunal remains from the PP3-C site (ca. 440-500 AP), comprised of residential and productive structures at 3,600 meters above sea level, reveals that the remains of Capra a. hircus (89%) and Sus s. domesticus (6%) show marks of butchery and consumption. Equus sp. (5%) has also been documented. The introduction of exotic animals into agropastoral systems triggered changes in the human diet between the pre-colonial and early colonial periods. The introduction of goats, in particular, expanded herd husbandry practices in Antofagasta de la Sierra during the same period.

Resumen: El aprendizaje de habilidades de la teoría de la mente (ToM) se considera fundamental para garantizar un buen desempeño adaptativo en el contexto social dado que permite a las personas atribuir estados mentales a sí mismas y a otras, y así poder predecir el comportamiento de los demás. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en analizar el desempeño en las tareas de ToM y en la comprensión de verbos mentalistas contextualizados en historias en niños con desarrollo normativo. Se utilizó una muestra de 41 niños con edades comprendidas entre 3 y 5 años con una metodología descriptiva. Los resultados muestran que el nivel 3 de ToM fue el que obtuvo menores niveles de logro. En relación con la prueba que evaluaba la comprensión de verbos mentalistas, los resultados más bajos se obtuvieron en aquella que hacía referencia al verbo saber. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que se aprenden primero verbos mentales referidos a deseos antes que a creencias, así como que los niveles de información defendidos por el modelo de ToM de Howlin et al. (1999) no parecerían estar secuenciados en niveles de complejidad.

Abstract: The learning of theory of mind (ToM) skills is considered essential to guarantee good adaptive performance in the social context since it allows people to attribute mental states to themselves and others, and thus be able to predict the behavior of others. The aim of the present study was to analyze the performance of ToM tasks and the understanding of mental verbs contextualized in stories with typically developing children. A sample of 41 children aged between 3 and 5 years was used with a descriptive methodology. Results show that ToM level 3 was the one with the lowest levels of achievement. In relation to the test that evaluated the understanding of mental verbs, the lowest results were obtained in the one that referred to the verb to know. Results found suggest that mental verbs referring to desires first learned before beliefs, as well as that the levels of information defended by the ToM model of Howlin et al. (1999) are not sequenced in levels of complexity.

Resumo: A aprendizagem das habilidades de teoria da mente (ToM) é considerada fundamental para garantir um bom desempenho adaptativo no contexto social, pois permite às pessoas atribuir estados mentais a si mesmas e aos outros, e assim prever o comportamento das pessoas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o desempenho nas tarefas de ToM e na compreensão de verbos metacognitivos contextualizados em histórias em crianças com desenvolvimento normativo. Uma amostra de 41 crianças de 3 a 5 anos foi utilizada com uma metodologia descritiva. Os resultados mostram que o nível 3 de ToM foi o que teve os menores níveis de acertos. Em relação ao teste que avaliou a compreensão dos verbos metacognitivos, os resultados mais baixos foram obtidos no teste que se referia ao verbo saber. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que os verbos mentais referentes aos desejos são aprendidos primeiro antes das crenças, e que os níveis de informação defendidos pelo modelo ToM de Howlin et al. (1999) não parecem estar em sequência de níveis de complexidade.

Abstract This paper examines the role of Natural Protected Areas (NPAs) as a source of economic spillovers for mass tourism destinations in Mexico. An econometric model was used to explain the number of booked rooms in tourism destinations as a function of proximity to NPAs, controlling for destination characteristics. A conservative estimate suggests that some rooms booked by foreign visitors can be explained by proximity to NPAs. Our results open public policy options, such as a compensating mechanism from conventional tourism to fund NPAs and show that they would be economically efficient and contribute to sustainability.

Resumen En este artículo examinamos el papel de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas (ANPs) como fuente de derrama económica en México atrayendo turistas que no llegarían en ausencia de estas. Para ello, planteamos un modelo econométrico que explica el número de cuartos ocupados de destinos turísticos en función de la proximidad a ANPs, controlado por otras características del sitio. Un estimado conservador indica que 17.7% de los cuartos ocupados por turistas extranjeros estarían explicados por la proximidad a ANPs. Estos resultados plantean posibilidades como un mecanismo de compensación por parte del turismo convencional, propuesta económicamente eficiente y que contribuye al desarrollo sostenible.

Abstract The effects of the pollination service provided by the natural areas adjacent to avocado crop areas in Michoacan, Mexico, were estimated. The effect is estimated by measuring the change in avocado crop productivity as the abundance of pollinators coming from neighboring natural areas changes. Pollinators’ abundance is approximated through an index estimated with the InVEST system whose parameters were adapted for the region under study. The change in productivity is extended to an economic value to provide an economic estimate of the environmental service. The results show that, in an area where the abundance of domesticated and wild pollinators is close to the mean, the harvested volume of avocado is 28% (+/- 23%) greater. Moreover, they show that this effect is only present when both wild and domesticated pollinators are available. Finally, some model limitations and public policy implications are provided.

Resumen En este estudio se estimaron los efectos del servicio de polinización proporcionado por áreas naturales adyacentes a las zonas de cultivo de aguacate en Michoacán, México. El efecto se estima midiendo el cambio en la productividad del cultivo de aguacate a medida que cambia la abundancia de polinizadores de las áreas naturales vecinas. La abundancia es aproximada a través de un indicador estimado con el sistema InVEST, cuyos parámetros fueron adaptados para la región de estudio. El cambio en la productividad se extiende a un valor económico para proporcionar una estimación económica del servicio ambiental. Los resultados muestran que, en un área donde la abundancia de polinizadores está alrededor de la media, el volumen cosechado de aguacate es un 28% (+/- 23%) mayor. Además, sugieren que este efecto solo está presente cuando se dispone de polinizadores tanto silvestres como domesticados. Finalmente, se brindan algunas limitaciones del modelo e implicaciones de política pública de los resultados.

ABSTRACT Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent worldwide. Approximately one third of cases originate from the serrated pathway of carcinogenesis, with colonic sessile serrated lesions (SSL) being the main cause of interval CRC. Objective: To evaluate the clinical, endoscopic, histological characteristics and endoscopic management of colonic LSS. Materials and methods: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study from July 2017 to June 2019 in the gastroenterology service of the Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen National Hospital, Lima - Peru. The characteristics of 79 LSS were evaluated, the chi-square statistic was used to analyze the association of clinical and endoscopic variables with the presence of dysplasia; and the size of the lesion with the type of endoscopic resection. Results: In 74 patients, 79 SSL were found, 67 (84.8%) with dysplasia (44 high-grade and 23 low-grade). Average age of 52 years and 44 (59.4%) were males. The location in the right colon (OR=5.09, 95% CI 1.38-18.7, p=0.009), the size >10 mm (OR=6.13, 95% CI 1.50-24,94, p=0.014) and the "blurred edges" (OR=5.08, 95% CI 1.17-21.98, p=0.019), are significantly related to the presence of dysplasia. SSL smaller than 20 mm showed statistical association with bloc resection (OR=69.3, 95% CI 7.35-653.9, p <0.001) with respect to the piecemeal resection. Conclusions: The finding of SSL during colonoscopies is frequent. The location, size and finding of blurred edges are related to the presence of dysplasia. Mucosal endoscopic resection was a safe and effective technique.

RESUMEN El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es uno de los más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Aproximadamente un tercio de los casos se originan por la vía serrada de carcinogénesis, siendo las lesiones serradas sésiles (LSS) de colon, una las principales responsables del CCR de intervalo. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas, endoscópicas, histológicas y el manejo endoscópico de las LSS de colon. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de julio del 2017 a junio del 2019 en el servicio de gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima - Perú. Se evaluó las características de 79 LSS, se utilizó el estadístico chi-cuadrado para analizar la asociación de variables clínicas y endoscópicas con la presencia de displasia; y el tamaño de la lesión con el tipo de resección endoscópica. Resultados: En 74 pacientes se halló 79 LSS, 67 (84,8%) con displasia (44 de alto grado y 23 de bajo grado). Edad media de 52 años y 44 (59,4%) fueron varones. La localización en colon derecho (OR=5,09, IC 95% 1,38-18,7, p= 0,009), el tamaño >10 mm (OR=6,13/IC 95%/1,50-24,94/ p=0,014) y los "bordes borrosos" (OR=5,08, IC 95% 1,17-21,98, p=0,019), se relacionan de manera significativa con la presencia de displasia. Las LSS menores a 20 mm mostraron asociación estadística con la resección en bloque (OR=69,3, IC 95% 7,35-653,9, p<0,001) respecto a la piecemeal. Conclusiones: El hallazgo de LSS durante colonoscopías es frecuente. La localización, el tamaño y el hallazgo de bordes borrosos se relacionan con la presencia de displasia. La resección endoscópica mucosa fue una técnica segura y efectiva.

RESUMO A doença de Parkinson figura como a segunda doença neurodegenerativa mais comum. Sua prevalência é estimada de 41 por 100.000 pessoas entre 40 e 49 anos a 1.900 por 100.000 pessoas com 80 anos ou mais. Baseando-se na essencialidade de averiguar os dispositivos vestíveis que possuem evidências clínicas literárias e com o objetivo de analisar as informações reveladas por tais tecnologias, temos a construção deste artigo científico de revisão integrativa. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa que tem como principal objetivo realizar um sumário do estado da arte de dispositivos vestíveis utilizados em pacientes com doença de Parkinson. Após realizada a revisão, obtiveram-se oito artigos. Pode-se observar que dos artigos selecionados, apenas três não eram revisões sistemáticas, sendo um deles uma série de casos e outros dois, estudos longitudinais prospectivos. A utilização dessas tecnologias possui um campo muito rico para atuar, contudo ainda são necessárias pesquisas para que tais avaliações sejam fidedignas e cruciais para o bem-estar desses pacientes.

SUMMARY Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, with an estimated prevalence of 41/100,000 individuals affected aged between 40 and 49 years old and 1,900/100,000 aged 80 and over. Based on the essentiality of ascertaining which wearable devices have clinical literary evidence and with the purpose of analyzing the information revealed by such technologies, we conducted this scientific article of integrative review. It is an integrative review, whose main objective is to carry out a summary of the state of the art of wearable devices used in patients with Parkinson's disease. After the review, we retrieved 8 papers. Of the selected articles, only 3 were not systematic reviews; one was a series of cases and two prospective longitudinal studies. These technologies have a very rich field of application; however, research is still necessary to make such evaluations reliable and crucial to the well-being of these patients.

Resumo As características dos parques (disponibilidade, acessibilidade, conservação, qualidade, segurança, etc.) são importantes preditores da sua utilização para a prática de atividades físicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre o nível socioeconômico dos bairros com as características e a qualidade dos parques públicos urbanos para a prática de atividades físicas em Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Estudo transversal, realizado em 2015, no qual foram avaliados 10 parques com estruturas para atividades físicas. O nível socioeconômico da região foi avaliado com base nos bairros próximos aos parques e classificado em “baixo” e “alto”. O número de residentes próximos foi avaliado com o Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG), as características do local e a qualidade foram avaliadas, respectivamente, com o System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) e o Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA). A associação foi analisada com o teste U de Mann Whitney e a correlação de Spearman (rho) no STATA 14 e o nível de significância mantido em 5%. Foi verificada associação positiva entre o nível socioeconômico e a presença de pistas de caminhada (marginal, p=0,056), acessibilidade (rho=0,875; p=0,001) e qualidade geral dos parques (rho=0,657; p=0,039). O baixo nível socioeconômico foi associado à presença de quadras para esportes (p=0,032). Esses resultados podem orientar as ações dos gestores públicos para a modificação do ambiente construído e estruturas dos parques para a atividade física.

Abstract The characteristics of parks (availability, accessibility, conservation, quality, safety, etc.) are important predictors of their use for physical activity practices. The aim of this study was to verify the association among the socioeconomic level of neighborhoods, the characteristics and quality of urban public parks for physical activity in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Cross-sectional study, conducted in 2015, in which 10 parks with structures for physical activity were evaluated. The socioeconomic level of the district was evaluated based on the neighborhoods around the parks and classified in “low” and “high”. The number of residents in the surrounding area of parks were evaluated with Geographic Information System (GIS), site characteristics and quality with the System for Observing Play and Recreation in Communities (SOPARC) and the Physical Activity Resource Assessment (PARA), respectively. The association was analyzed with Mann Whitney U test and Spearman correlation (rho) on STATA 14 and the significance level was maintained at 5%. A positive association was found between the socioeconomic level and the presence of walking paths (marginal, p=0.056), accessibility (rho=0.875; p=0.001) and general quality of parks (rho=0.657; p=0.039). The low socioeconomic level was associated with the presence of sports courts (p=0.032). These results can guide the actions of public managers for the modification of the built environment and structures of the parks for physical activity.

La gravedad de los daños ocasionados en aguacate por la mosca blanca (Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari) y la dificultad para controlarla, han obligado a los investigadores y agricultores a buscar alternativas para su manejo. Se investigó el ciclo biológico de esta mosca blanca y la relación que tienen los factores ambientales con la población de este insecto; además, se hizo un reconocimiento de sus principales enemigos naturales en el cultivo de aguacate. Para ello se realizaron monitoreos bisemanales a 10 árboles de tres cultivares de aguacate: Hass, Lorena y Choquette, en dos fincas productoras de Fresno (Tolima) durante nueve meses, en los cuales se evaluó el porcentaje (%) de área foliar ocupada por la mosca blanca. Se midieron diariamente las variables climáticas: precipitación, humedad relativa y temperatura. La cuantificación e identificación de fauna asociada al cultivo se llevó a cabo durante siete meses. Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari tuvo un ciclo de vida promedio de 27,7 ± 0,19 días. El cultivar Lorena tuvo la mayor presencia de Paraleyrodes; en la finca La Chiripa la humedad relativa mostró un coeficiente de correlación inverso con respecto al porcentaje de área foliar ocupada por la mosca en todos los cultivares. Se identificaron los géneros Encarsia sp., Eretmocerus sp. y Amitus sp. como los principales enemigos naturales potenciales de Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari.

The severity of the damage caused by the avocado whitefly (Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari) and the difficulty to control it, has forced researchers and growers to find alternatives for its management. We investigated the life cycle of the avocado whitefly and the relation of environmental factors with the population of this insect and the presence of its natural enemies in avocado. Biweekly monitoring of ten avocado trees per cultivar (cvs. Hass, Lorena and Choquette) of the percentage of leaf area occupied by whitefly colonies in each of two commercial farms at Fresno (Tolima, Colombia) was conducted during nine months. The climatic variables: rainfall, temperature and relative humidity on each farm were measured on a daily basis. Finally, a quantification and identification of the beneficial fauna associated with the crop was carried out during seven months. The avocado whitefly had a total life cycle of 27.7 ± 0.19 days. Lorena had the highest presence of Paraleyrodes. An inverse correlation between percentage of whitefly incidence in all varieties and relative humidity was observed at La Chiripa farm. Encarsia sp., Eretmocerus sp., and Amitus sp. were identified as the main potential natural enemies of Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari.

La mosca blanca es una importante plaga que afecta el aguacate, y en Colombia no se posee suficiente información sobre este insecto. En este estudio se evaluó la incidencia de mosca blanca Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari en cuatro cultivares de aguacate (Choquette, Hass, Lorena, Santana). Se caracterizó el manejo del cultivo realizado por los agricultores y se analizó su efecto sobre la presencia del insecto en tres cultivares (Choquette, Hass, Lorena). Se encontraron algunos metabolitos secundarios en hojas de los cultivares Hass y Lorena y se evaluó el efecto del extracto de sus hojas sobre la mortalidad y el índice de repelencia de adultos de mosca blanca. Se presentó interacción entre el manejo del cultivo y los cultivares para la presencia del insecto; el manejo moderadamente químico tuvo la menor infestación en todos los cultivares. El incremento de fertilización edáfica y de insecticidas químicos incrementó la población del insecto, y la remoción de una hemiparásita la disminuyó. El cultivar Lorena presentó la mayor preferencia de mosca, aumento de población del insecto cuando hubo interacción entre cultivar y hojas maduras, índice de repelencia neutral, y mayor porcentaje de carbohidratos totales y no reductores. El cultivar Hass presentó mayor cantidad de cumarinas, terpenos y esteroides, y alto índice de repelencia. La atracción de Lorena por el insecto se debe a la presencia de carbohidratos, y la repelencia de Hass, a la de terpenos y/o esteroides. Se debe dirigir el trabajo de investigación sobre mosca blanca en aguacate hacia el cultivar Lorena.

The whitefly is a major pest that affects avocado and there is not enough information about the biolog y and management of this insect in Colombia. In this paper the incidence of the whitefly Paraleyrodes sp. pos. bondari on four avocado cultivars was studied (Choquette, Hass, Lorena, Santana). The crop management carried out by farmers was characterized and its effect on the white fly presence on three cultivars was evaluated (Choquette, Hass, Lorena). Presence of secondary metabolites on leaves from Hass and Lorena was measured and the effect of their leaf extracts on the mortality and repellency index of whitefly adults was established. There were interactions between crop management and cultivar for the presence of the insect; moderately chemical management had the lowest infestation in all cultivars. The increase in soil fertilization and chemical insecticides increased insect population, and removal of the hemiparasite decreased it. Lorena cultivar had the highest fly preference, insect population increase when there was interaction between cultivar and mature leaves, neutral repellency index, and high percentage of total and non-reducing carbohydrates. The Hass cultivar showed higher amount of coumarins, terpenes and steroids, and high rate of repellency. Lorena attracting the insect is due to the presence of carbohydrates; and Hass repellency is due to the terpene and / or steroids. Research works should be done on whitefly in avocado crops toward cultivars Lorena.