Abstract Introduction Vestibular recruitment is a sign of hyperexcitability of central vestibular neurons and may be characteristic of peripheral vestibular damage. Objective To define the post-caloric recruitment index and its ability to predict the stage of vestibular compensation and peripheral lesion. Methods First of all, we demonstrated that larger values in the cold post-caloric stimulation compared to warm stimulation were equivalent to vestibular recruitment observed during the sinusoidal harmonic acceleration test. In the next step, patients with vestibular complaints and asymptomatic controls were submitted to the caloric test. We calculated post-caloric recruitment index for the control group. Among the study group, we analyzed the relation between post-caloric recruitment and unilateral weakness as well as the types of vestibular diagnoses. Results Mean post-caloric recruitment was 17.06% and 33.37% among the control and study group, respectively. The ratio between post-caloric recruitment and unilateral weakness was 1.3 in the study group. Among recruiting subjects, no significant difference of unilateral weakness from the lesioned or healthy side was observed. We found no differences in vestibular diagnoses between recruiting and non-recruiting subjects. Conclusion Post-caloric recruitment index identified asymmetric vestibular tonus and central compensation. The normal value was established at 17.06%.

Resumo Introdução O recrutamento vestibular é um sinal de hiperexcitabilidade dos neurônios vestibulares centrais e pode ser característico de lesão vestibular periférica. Objetivo Definir o índice de recrutamento pós‐calórico e sua capacidade de predizer o estágio de compensação vestibular e lesão periférica. Método Em primeiro lugar, demonstramos que valores maiores na estimulação pós‐calórica fria em relação à estimulação quente foram equivalentes ao recrutamento vestibular observado durante o teste de aceleração harmônica sinusoidal. Na etapa seguinte, os pacientes com queixas vestibulares e controles assintomáticos foram submetidos à prova calórica. Calculamos o índice de recrutamento pós calórico para o grupo controle. No grupo de estudo, analisamos a relação entre o recrutamento pós‐calórico e predomínio labiríntico, bem como os tipos de diagnósticos vestibulares. Resultados O recrutamento pós‐calórico médio foi de 17,06% e 33,37% nos grupos controle e estudo, respectivamente. A razão entre o recrutamento pós‐calórico e o predominício labiríntico foi de 1,3 no grupo de estudo. Nos sujeitos com recrutamento, não foi observada diferença significativa de predominício labiríntico do lado lesionado ou saudável. Não encontramos diferenças de diagnóstico vestibular entre sujeitos com recrutamento e sem recrutamento. Conclusão O índice de recrutamento pós‐calórico identificou tônus vestibular assimétrico e compensação central. O valor normal foi estabelecido em 17,06%.

Abstract This work presents the results of the analysis of the turbulent flow inside a Submerged Entry Nozzle and outside the ports of a model using visualization and PIV techniques. The Submerged Entry Nozzle model consists of a vertical, constant diameter tube with two rounded exit ports found at the bottom with a downward angle of 15o each. The visualization method is the first step in analyzing the characteristics of the port’s internal and external flow. To enhance the visualizations, a LED light source is employed to illuminate the Submerged Entry Nozzle, which reduces the reflections in the images. Also, a transparent cell consisting of a cubic volume with reduced dimensions was used to capture images from the high-speed camera and to record the flow pattern. To calculate the fluid velocity within the Submerged Entry Nozzle and close to the exit ports, laser-illuminated Particle Imaging Velocimetry was used. We confirm the previously reported formation of vortical structures closed to the exit ports that interact with each other altering the swirl motion of the exit flow, previously reported. Visualization and Particle Imaging Velocimetry results were compared with the numerical simulations results. Experimental scaled model and Computational Fluid Dynamics results were used to enhance the findings of the Submerged Entry Nozzle internal flow. On the other hand, physical model and Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics results were used to expand the information of the jet flow outside the exit ports. Both physical and numerical results display a high turbulent flow behavior close to and off the exit ports of the Submerged Entry Nozzle. Experimental and numerical methods may be used together to develop a method to design a better Submerged Entry Nozzle and increase the quality of the steel slab.

Abstract: The Mexican free-tailed bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) is an abundant, widely distributed species in Mexico, except for most of the Yucatán peninsula. We studied the helminth fauna of T. b. mexicana at seven localities in the State of Zacatecas in order to advance the knowledge of helminth parasites of wild vertebrates in northern-central Mexico. Eighty-four bat specimens were examined for the presence of helminth parasites following standard procedures; helminths found were identified and infections were characterized. Of the specimens examined, 65.47 % were parasitized. The helminth fauna comprises five taxa: three digeneans (Dicrocoelium rileyi, Ochoterenatrema labda, and Urotrema scabridum); one cestode (Vampirolepis sp.); and one nematode (Tadaridanema delicatus). We present a brief morphological description of Urotrema scabridum. D. rileyi was the most prevalent and abundant helminth species. The intestine was the habitat most parasitized, with four species. Indirect life cycles predominate, and are related to the insectivorous habits of this host. Further studies on this host-parasite system are necessary to contribute to population monitoring and conservation; biogeographic patterns of helminth parasites of bats should also be studied to explore their origins and evolution in the region. U. scabridum is reported for the first time from Zacatecas. All species are new locality records.

Resumen: El murciélago de cola libre mexicano (Tadarida brasiliensis), es una especie abundante y ampliamente distribuida en México, excepto en la mayor parte de la península de Yucatán. Para contribuir al conocimiento de los helmintos parásitos de vertebrados de vida silvestre en el centro-norte de México, la fauna helmíntica de T. b. mexicana se estudió en siete localidades del estado de Zacatecas. Se analizaron ochenta y cuatro especímenes de murciélagos de siete localidades dentro de Zacatecas. Los huéspedes fueron examinados para detectar helmintos parásitos siguiendo los procedimientos estándar de revisión, identificación taxonómica y se carcaterizaron las infecciones. El 65.47 % de los huéspedes examinados fueron parasitados. La fauna de helmintos consistió en cinco taxones: tres digéneos (Dicrocoelium rileyi, Ochoterenatrema labda, y Urotrema scabridum); un céstodo (Vampirolepis sp.) y un nemátodo (Tadaridanema delicatus). Se presenta una breve descripción morfológica de Urotrema scabridum. D. rileyi es la especie de helminto más prevalente y abundante. El intestino es el hábitat más parasitado con cuatro especies. El ciclo de vida indirecto es predominante y está relacionado con los hábitos alimentarios insectívoros de este huésped. Es necesario aumentar el número de estudios sobre este sistema huésped-parásito para contribuir al monitoreo de las poblaciones y la conservación, así como realizar estudios sobre patrones biogeográficos de helmintos parásitos de murciélagos que permitan explorar su origen y evolución en la región. U. scabridum se reporta por primera vez de Zacatecas, México. Todas las especies son registros nuevos de localidad.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive capacity of several of the most relevant cognitive skills in the academic field that were evaluated using Differential and General Skills Battery(BADyG-E2r). Particular attention was focused on the variables that need to be overcome regarding the curricular objectives related to pass/fail grading as evaluated by the teachers in the instrumental disciplines of Mathematics and Language. The psychometric battery was applied to the 3rd year students in primary education (a total of 512 students) at 4 public schools that were randomly selected in the province of Alicante (Spain). A follow-up of their academic evolution was under taken until the end of primary education. The obtained results show that high scores in Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, and Verbal Syllogisms positively and significantly predict academic success at the end of primary education in the subjects of Language and Mathematics.

Contamination with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is considered an important health issue due to the toxicity of these compounds. Photocatalytic degradation of anthracene, a representative molecule of PAHs, using the high quantum yield semiconductor ZnO, has been reported. The solubility of anthracene in water makes necessary to use mixtures with organic solvents in fundamental degradation studies. It is well known that some organic solvents participate in the photochemical transformation of this molecule. In the PAHs photocatalysis, the competition between a semiconductor and solvents has not reported. Therefore, in this work, we decided to study the photocatalytic degradation of anthracene with two common reaction media and nanostructured ZnO. The semiconductor was obtained by a one pot method which consists in an alkaline hydrolysis of Zn(CH3COO)2·2H2O in ethanol. Nanoparticles size in colloidal dispersion was calculated using UV-Vis spectroscopy and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microcopy (HR-TEM). ZnO powder was isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction to be used in photocatalytic experiments. Surface area determination and photocurrent spectroscopic experiments were also carried out. Linear sweep voltammetries under darkness and UV-Vis irradiation indicate a charge separation due to photoexcitation. Photocatalytic experiments in ethanol:water pH 12 (1:1) and acetone:water pH 12 (1:1), with and without ZnO was explored. The results demonstrated that ethanol:water and acetone:water promotes the photo-transformation of anthracene to 9,10-anthraquinone. Meanwhile, ZnO transformed anthracene to benzoic acid and to 9,10-anthraquinone in ethanol:water and acetone:water, respectively. A faster photochemical kinetic is observed when acetone was used as solvent in the presence and in the absence of ZnO.

Despite recent advances in psychopharmacology, some obvious questions regarding the day-to-day practice do not use to draw attention of researchers. Our model tries to explain the variable response of schizophrenic delusions to antipsychotic drugs. It is a model composed of two poles. In one of them the principle of conditioned avoidance response applies, which refers to the ataraxic or neuroleptic effect of antipsychotic drugs. At the other end of the model Husserl's phenomenology is applied to psychopathology in order to organize diverse and distinctive phenomena of schizophrenia. Results of this research are then related to the dopaminergic aberrant salience occurring in the schizophrenic outbreak. Finally, constraints of this work are pointed out, which are the same for the very foundations of psychiatry, a medical specialty compelled to move between fields of knowledge mutually irreducible such as neuroscience and human experience.

Pese al gran avance experimentado por la psicofarmacología, hay preguntas obvias en la práctica cotidiana que no suelen centrar la atención de los investigadores. Se propone un modelo que explique la respuesta variable que se observa en los delirios esquizofrénicos al tratamiento antipsicótico. Se trata de un modelo compuesto por dos polos. En uno de ellos rige el paradigma de la inhibición de la respuesta de evitación condicionada, que remite al efecto ataráxico o neuroléptico de estos fármacos. El otro polo se basa en una aplicación de la fenomenología de Husserl a la psicopatología, que permite la organización de diferentes fenómenos característicos de la esquizofrenia. Las ganancias en este ámbito se ponen en relación con la hipersaliencia dopaminérgica característica del brote esquizofrénico. Por último, se reconocen las limitaciones del modelo propuesto, que no dejan de ser las mismas que las de la psiquiatría, obligada a moverse entre la neurociencia y la persona, ámbitos de conocimiento mutuamente irreductibles.

Arachnoid cysts are benign, congenital malformations formed by an arachnoid membrane containing cerebrospinal fluid inside. We report the case of a 5 year old child with cranial asymmetry with right fronto-parieto-temporal bulging. Occasional vomiting a year of evolution and sometimes headache are refered, which did not wake him at night, accompanied by sonophobia and photophobia for two years. The imaging displays large arachnoid cyst in right middle cranial fossa with midline shift and collapse of adjacent ventricular horns. Because of the size of the cyst and the clinic, endoscopic treatment was selected, communicating arachnoid cyst and basal cisterns.

Los quistes aracnoideos son lesiones benignas, de origen congénito, formadas por una membrana aracnoidea, que contienen líquido cefalorraquídeo en su interior. Presentamos el caso de un niño de cinco años con una asimetría craneal con abombamiento frontoparietotemporal derecho. Refería vómitos ocasionales de un año de evolución y cefalea que no le despertaba por la noche desde hacía dos años, acompañada algunas veces de sonofobia y fotofobia. En las pruebas de imagen se visualizaba un gran quiste aracnoideo en la fosa craneal media derecha con desplazamiento de la línea media y colapso de las astas ventriculares adyacentes. Dado el tamaño del quiste y la clínica, se decidió tratamiento con cistocisternostomía endoscópica comunicando el quiste aracnoideo con las cisternas basales.

Objective: To analyze the role of smart infusion pumps in reducing errors related with the administration of intravenous medications. Method: Retrospective, observational study analyzing the implementation of a system with smart intravenous infusion pumps (Hospira MedNetTM) and the role of the safety system for the detection of errors during the administration of drugs, sera, and blood. We included infusions administered at the day-care hospitals of hematology, oncology, rheumatology, and oncopediatrics. We analyzed adherence to the safety system, the number of programming errors detected, the commonly implicated drugs in these errors, and improvement actions Results: During the study period, 120 smart pumps were implemented and data on 70,028 infusions were gathered. The rate of adherence to the safety program was 62.30% in hematology (6,887 infusions), 60,30% in oncology (28,127 infusions), 46,50% in rheumatology (1,950 infusions) and 1.8% in oncopediatrics (139 infusions). 3,481 out of the established limits programming alerts were generated by the pumps: 2,716 of relative limit and 765 of absolute limit. En 807 infusions (2.17%), errors that could have had consequences for the patients could be prevented. These findings allowed implementing a series of strategies aimed at minimizing these errors in the future. Conclusions: The Hospira MedNetTM system detects deviations from the established protocols of intravenous infusion, preventing in this way potential adverse events for the patients. It also allows establishing correction measures and implementing the improvement strategies.

Objetivo: Analizar el papel de las bombas de infusión inteligentes en la reducción de errores relacionados con la administración de medicación intravenosa. Método: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo que analiza la implementación de un sistema de bombas inteligentes de infusión intravenosa (Hospira MedNetTM) y el papel de este sistema de seguridad en la detección de errores en la fase de administración de fármacos, sueros y sangre. Se incluyeron infusiones administradas en los hospitales de día de hematología, oncología, reumatología y oncopediatría. Se analizó la adherencia al sistema de seguridad, el número de errores de programación detectados, los fármacos comúnmente implicados en estos errores y las acciones de mejora. Resultados: Durante el periodo de estudio se implementaron 120 bombas inteligentes y se recogieron los datos de 70.028 infusiones. La adherencia al programa de seguridad fue del 62,30% en hematología (6.887 infusiones), del 60,30% en oncología (28.127 infusiones), del 46,50% en reumatología (1.950 infusiones) y del 1,8% en oncopediatría (139 infusiones). Se notificaron 3481 alertas por programación de las bombas fuera de los límites establecidos: 2716 de límite relativo y 765 de límite absoluto. En 807 infusiones (2,17%), se evitaron errores que podrían haber tenido consecuencias para los pacientes. Gracias a estos hallazgos, se implementaron una serie de estrategias con objeto de minimizar dichos errores en el futuro. Conclusiones: El sistema Hospira MedNetTM intercepta desviaciones con respecto a los protocolos establecidos en la infusión intravenosa, evitando potenciales efectos adversos a pacientes. También permite establecer medidas correctoras e implementar estrategias de mejora.

In this study it was investigated whether the effect of administration of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin (bST) (two days before the end of progestin treatment) on synchronizing estrus, estrus, fertility, prolificacy and mode of delivery in Pelibuey sheep. It was an inserted a intravaginal device impregnated with progesterone (P4 CIDR 0.3 g) for nine days on180 sheep with 4 ± 0.32 years of age, the sheep were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: T1= CIDR (n= 60), T2= +250 mg of bST CIDR (n= 60) and T3= CIDR+300 48 IU eCG hours before the end of progestin (n= 60). Results showed no difference (p>0.05) between treatments in estrus synchronization response, fertility and prolificacy. The time to onset of estrus was lower (p<0.05) when applying bST (31.95 ± 2.85 h), with respect to the application of progesterone (43.67 ± 3.55 h). The number of ewes with triplets was higher (p<0.05) when applying bST (32.73 %) and less where it was applied eCG (13.47 %). The administration of 250 mg of bST in Pelibuey sheep, two days before the end of progestin, reduces the time to onset of estrus and increases the proportion of triplets.

Con la finalidad de estudiar si la administración de la Somatotropina Bovina Recombinante (bST) dos días antes del retiro del progestágeno, tiene efecto en la sincronización de estros, inicio del estro, fertilidad, prolificidad y tipo de parto en ovejas Pelibuey, a 180 ovejas de 4,0 ± 0,32 años de edad, se les inserto un dispositivo intravaginal impregnado con progesterona (CIDR P4 0,3 g), por nueve días. Dos días antes del retiro del dispositivo, las ovejas se asignaron aleatoriamente a uno de tres tratamientos: T1 = CIDR(n=60); T2= CIDR+ 250 mg de bST (n= 60) y T3= CIDR+300 UI eCG 48 horas antes del retiro del progestágeno (n= 60). La respuesta en la sincronización de estros, fertilidad y prolificidad no fue diferente (p>0,05) entre tratamientos. el tiempo a inicio del estro fue menor (p<0,05) al aplicar bST (31,95 ± 2,85 h) con respecto a la administración de progesterona (43,67 ± 3,55 h). La cantidad de ovejas con partos triple fue mayor (p<0,05) al aplicar bST (32,73 %) y menor al administrar eCG (13,47 %). La administración de 250 mg de bST en ovejas Pelibuey, dos días antes retirar el progestágeno, reduce el tiempo a la presentación del estro y aumenta la proporción de partos triples.

The last years, ground vibrations have become an important study field due to the increase of the transports needs for society and its amount of running trains associated. The vibrations caused by trains are an important comfort and environmentally problem affecting more people every day. This is an experimental paper which compare the vibrational response of the different sleepers disposed on the line. The section presents different sleepers due to a recent actuation to solve instability phenomena . The vibrations measured on site allow to know better how influent is the different materials on the vibrational behavior of the track.

The anaerobic digestive process is a natural biological process in which an interlaced community of bacteria cooperates to obtain stable and auto-regulated fermentation, transforming the residual organic matter into biogas. In the process four main groups of bacteria coexist, being the most important methanogenics, which have like habitual means the stomach of the ruminant. In this study was used an originating microbial partnership of rumen of cow to investigate the feasibility of its use in the depuration of vinasses originating of a distillery, by means of the degradation of organic matter expressed like COD and with the generation of biogas. The results demonstrate a high capacity of degradation of the substrate, diminishing in more than half the initial organic content (56,7 %). On the other hand, the volume of biogas generated by the system suggests them first hours of reaction are crucial in digestive process. Finally, the relation between biogas and COD indicate that by each gram of diminished COD 971,2 mL of biogas are generated, which represents a very acceptable degradation of the pollution.

El proceso digestivo anaerobio, es un proceso biológico natural en el que una comunidad entrelazada de bacterias cooperan para lograr una fermentación estable y autorregulada, transformando la materia orgánica residual en biogás. En el proceso coexisten cuatro grupos principales de bacterias, siendo las más relevantes las metanogénicas, las cuales tienen como un medio habitual el estómago de los herbívoros. En este estudio se empleó un consorcio microbiano proveniente del fluido ruminal vacuno para investigar la factibilidad de su empleo en la depuración de vinazas provenientes de una destilería, mediante la degradación de la materia orgánica expresada como DQO y la generación de biogás. Los resultados muestran una alta capacidad de degradación del sustrato, disminuyendo en más de la mitad el contenido orgánico inicial (56,7 %). Por otro lado, el volumen de biogás generado por el sistema sugiere que las primeras horas de reacción son cruciales para el proceso digestivo. Finalmente, la relación entre el biogás y la DQO indica que por cada gramo de DQO disminuido se generan 971,2 mL de biogás, lo cual representa una muy aceptable degradación del vertido contaminante.

The doubt about certainty like an absolute value in law and as an ideal full in legal system (argument about impossibility) is a controversial fact in contemporary legal theory. In this text I examine some contemporary doctrines about the classic understanding (in critical sense) of this ideal. Finally, in Conclusions, I analyze if this doubt (argument about impossibility) contaminates (in some sense) to the concept of law or to the characteristics that describe law, and there fore, if this doubt constitutes a bigger thesis: a "conceptual thesis" about contemporary law or, on the contrary, if this doubt constitutes a smaller thesis: a "linguistic thesis" about language in law.

El cuestionamiento de la certeza como un valor absoluto del derecho y, como tal, un ideal realizativo pleno en el sistema jurídico (el argumento de la imposibilidad) es uno de los debates contemporáneos de la teoría jurídica. Examino a lo largo de este texto algunas de las doctrinas de nuestro tiempo que abordan de forma crítica la comprensión clásica de ese ideal. Finalmente, en las conclusiones, planteo si la anterior crítica (el argumento de la imposibilidad) contamina en algún sentido al concepto de derecho o a las características que lo describen, y por lo tanto, si tiene entidad como para constituirse en una tesis "conceptual" definitoria del derecho actual o, por el contrario, se reduce a una tesis menor ("lingüística") sobre el lenguaje en el que el derecho se escribe.