Abstract This study aimed to describe the effects of social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental health, chronic disease management, and economic situation in adults from a southern Brazilian state. Data from the baseline of the PAMPA (Prospective Study About Mental and Physical Health) cohort, a population-based, longitudinal study is presented. An online-based questionnaire was used to assess the variables pre- and during social distancing. Most of the respondents (N=2,321) were women (76.7%), white (90.6%), had at least university degree (66.7%), and were overweight or obese (53.3%). Nearly 40% were not able to work from home and 45.3% had monthly income reduced during social distancing. Moderate-to-severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased 7.3x and 8.4x from before to during social distancing. Three quarters reported low back pain (74.2%; 95%CI: 71.9%, 76.3%) during the same period while the prevalence of physical inactivity increased 31.2%. Managing chronic conditions was harder during social distancing for 28.5% of the participants. Roughly 40% reported that did not seek medical assistance even when necessary during this period. COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the health of adults from a southern Brazilian state in several aspects.

Abstract Despite the progress observed in recent years, women are still underrepresented in science worldwide, especially at top positions. Many factors contribute to women progressively leaving academia at different stages of their career, including motherhood, harassment and conscious and unconscious discrimination. Implicit bias plays a major negative role in recognition, promotions and career advancement of female scientists. Recently, a rank of the most influential scientists in the world was created based on several metrics, including the number of published papers and citations. Here, we analyzed the representation of Brazilian scientists in this rank, focusing on gender. Female Brazilian scientists are greatly underrepresented in the rank (11% in the Top 100,000; 18% in the Top 2%). Possible reasons for this observed scenario are related to the metrics used to rank scientists, which reproduce and amplify the well-known implicit bias in peer-review and citations. Male scientists have more self-citation than female scientists and positions in the rank varied when self-citations were included, suggesting that self-citation by male scientists increases their visibility. Discussions on the repercussions of such ranks are pivotal to avoid deepening the gender gap in science.

Abstract This article presents the identification of soil use potential for different agropastoral and forest scenarios, using an indicator for erosion susceptibility from the spatialized Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). All USLE factors were spatialized using ArcGis 10.5 software, for the case study of the Cachoeira Cinco Veados Watershed-RS. To determine the R factor, we used the Cassol et al. 2007 equation and a 33-year series of rain data from six climatic stations. For the K factor, published values for the soil classes: Entisol, Ultisol, Oxisol, Molisols were used. From the DEM, the LS factor was obtained, considering six slope classes (0-3, 3-8, 8-20, 20-45, 45-75, >75%). In addition to the actual land use situation in the watershed, nine scenarios were proposed for the C factor. The value of 0.5 was used for the evaluation of conservation practices (P factor). Considering scenarios of current use situation along with the nine other scenarios, the results showed that, by identifying the most susceptible areas in each scenario, it is possible to construct an indicator map of soil compatibilities for each use, considering sustainable limits of soil losses. Therefore, this resulting map has potential use as instrument for land use planning and zoning studies.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the fungitoxic effect of the aqueous extracts of Baccharis trimera on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 89 race, as well as its effect on the accumulation of phaseolin in hypocotyls of different cultivars and common bean varieties. It was obtained 20% aqueous extract from plants collected in municipalities of the Western Region of Paraná. Blocks containing C. lindemuthianum mycelium were transferred to Petri dishes containing medium with the different extracts and incubated at 25 °C. The colonies diameter was measured until the 12th day. Effects of aqueous extracts on phaseolin production was evaluated in hypocotyls of Carioca, Cnpf 8104, Soberana, Tibatã, Uirapurú cultivars, as well as Rosinha and Vermelho varieties. Each one cultivar and variety hypocotyl was transferred separately to test tubes containing 500 μL of 20% aqueous extracts. Sterile water, Bion®, and UV was used as controls. The phaseolin production was measured in spectrophotometer [280 nm]. Results of the evaluation of the antifungal activity of aqueous extracts of Baccharis sp. specimens collected indicate that approximately 50% of the samples presented capacity to reduce between 74 and 92% of C. lindemuthianum growth. Cultivar Tibatã and Vermelho variety showed greater sensitivity over the applied treatments. Results of fungal filtrates and vegetal aqueous extracts presented a low capacity to induce the production of phaseolin in hypocotyls.

RESUMO A conversão de uma área de vegetação natural para uma área de cultivo associada às mudanças na cobertura vegetal podem acarretar modificações em algumas propriedades do solo, interferindo em sua qualidade. Dessa forma, o trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar as alterações ocorridas nas propriedades físicas e químicas de um solo arenoso sob vegetação de campo nativo após a implantação de povoamentos de Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, em diferentes densidades populacionais. O trabalho foi realizado na região da Campanha Gaúcha, município de São Francisco de Assis-RS. Foi instalado um experimento implantado com Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden sobre campo nativo, nos espaçamentos 3,50 m x 3,50 m; 3,50 m x 1,75 m; 1,75 m x 1,75 m e 1,75 m x 0,87 m, em um Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram coletadas, em cada unidade experimental, amostras de solo nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m antes e após 12 meses da implantação. As propriedades físicas do solo avaliadas foram densidade, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade do solo e distribuição do tamanho dos agregados estáveis em água. As propriedades químicas determinadas foram: pH H2O, alumínio (Al), cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg), e potássio (K) trocáveis, fósforo disponível (P), nitrogênio total (N) e carbono orgânico total (C). Ocorreram alterações significativas na macro e microporosidade, na porcentagem dos agregados pertencentes à classe de tamanho de 8,00-4,75 mm e no DMG devido às práticas de preparo do solo e do manejo do povoamento no período inicial. Para as propriedades químicas do solo, houve aumento no pH e nos níveis de Ca no solo após 12 meses devido ao efeito da adubação aplicada.

ABSTRACT The conversion of natural vegetation to cultivated areas as well as changes in vegetation cover can lead to changes in some soil properties, interfering on their quality. Such changes occur in the soil structure and in the chemical properties. Therefore, the study has the objective to evaluate the changes in the physical and chemical properties of an Ultisol after afforestation of Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden planted in different spacing resulting in several plant populations. The study was accomplished in ‘Campanha Gaúcha’ region, in São Francisco de Assis city, Rio Grande do Sul state (RS). It was carried out an experiment planted with Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden planted on Ultisol with native grass. The plant spacings used were: 3,50 m x 3,50 m; 3,50 m x 1,75 m; 1,75 m 1,75 m and 1,75 m x 0,87 m. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four replicates. It was collected soil samples were taken before the Eucalyptus planting and after twelve months, and layers of 0,00-0,10 m; 0,10-0,20 m and 0,20-0,40 m. The soil physical properties measured were: bulk density, total, macro and microporosity and wet aggregate size distribution. The soil chemical measured were: water pH, Al+++, Ca++, Mg++, K+, available P, N and C. There were change in the macro and microporosity, in the percentage of stable aggregates of size class 8,00-4,75 mm and DMG because to soil tillage and forest management. For the chemical properties there were increase in the pH and Ca content in the soil after twelve months by effect to fertilization applied.

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e comparar dois métodos de avaliação de consumo calórico e uma medida de gasto energético aplicados em adolescentes de uma coorte de nascimentos. Em uma subamostra da coorte de 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, acompanhada em 2006-2007, informações sobre consumo calórico foram obtidas através de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e três recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h), enquanto gasto energético foi avaliado por acelerômetro. Gráficos de Bland & Altman foram usados na comparação dos métodos. A diferença média entre QFA e R24h foi 592 ± 929cal/dia. Ao comparar com gasto energético, o consumo foi superestimado se medido pelo QFA (357 ± 968cal/dia) e subestimado pelo R24h (-278 ± 714cal/dia). Apesar da grande diferença no consumo, menores diferenças foram observadas quando os dois métodos foram comparados ao gasto energético.

The study aims to describe and compare two methods of energy intake assessment and one measure of energy expenditure applied in adolescents from a birth cohort. In a sub-sample of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort, followed up in 2006-7, information on intake was obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour-recalls (24hR), while energy expenditure was assessed using an accelerometer. Bland & Altman plots were used in the analyses in order to compare the methods. The mean difference between FFQ and 24hR was 592 ± 929cal/day. Compared to energy expenditure, intake was overestimated when measured by FFQ (357 ± 968cal/day) and underestimated by 24hR (-278 ± 714cal/day). In spite of the great differences between energy intake obtained using the two methods, lower differences were observed when these methods were compared to expenditure.

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e comparar dois métodos de avaliação de consumo calórico e uma medida de gasto energético aplicados em adolescentes de uma coorte de nascimentos. Em uma subamostra da coorte de 1993 de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, acompanhada em 2006-2007, informações sobre consumo calórico foram obtidas através de questionário de frequência alimentar (QFA) e três recordatórios de 24 horas (R24h), enquanto gasto energético foi avaliado por acelerômetro. Gráficos de Bland & Altman foram usados na comparação dos métodos. A diferença média entre QFA e R24h foi 592 ± 929cal/dia. Ao comparar com gasto energético, o consumo foi superestimado se medido pelo QFA (357 ± 968cal/dia) e subestimado pelo R24h (-278 ± 714cal/dia). Apesar da grande diferença no consumo, menores diferenças foram observadas quando os dois métodos foram comparados ao gasto energético.

The study aims to describe and compare two methods of energy intake assessment and one measure of energy expenditure applied in adolescents from a birth cohort. In a sub-sample of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort, followed up in 2006-7, information on intake was obtained through a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour-recalls (24hR), while energy expenditure was assessed using an accelerometer. Bland & Altman plots were used in the analyses in order to compare the methods. The mean difference between FFQ and 24hR was 592 ± 929cal/day. Compared to energy expenditure, intake was overestimated when measured by FFQ (357 ± 968cal/day) and underestimated by 24hR (-278 ± 714cal/day). In spite of the great differences between energy intake obtained using the two methods, lower differences were observed when these methods were compared to expenditure.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concordância entre diferentes formas de se estimar o nível de atividade física de adolescentes. Um questionário foi aplicado aos pais e outros dois aos adolescentes. O estudo foi transversal aninhado ao acompanhamento de 2004-2005 da coorte de nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pais ou responsáveis responderam à questão: "Comparando com a maioria das crianças da mesma idade, o(a) Sr(a). diria que o seu filho faz mais exercícios que elas, menos exercícios que elas ou a mesma quantidade que elas?". Questão análoga foi aplicada aos adolescentes. Os adolescentes também responderam a um questionário mais detalhado sobre a prática de atividades físicas. A concordância entre os questionários foi avaliada pelo teste kappa ponderado. Um total de 4.254 adolescentes e responsáveis responderam aos questionários. Os valores de kappa indicaram concordância baixa para quaisquer das comparações (kappa < 0,33 para todas as análises). A mensuração de atividade física em adolescentes é complexa e os instrumentos disponíveis devem ser validados antes do uso.

The aim of this study was to verify the agreement between different approaches for estimating levels of physical activity in adolescents. One questionnaire was administered to parents and two were administered to the adolescents. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the 2004-2005 follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Parents or guardians answered the following question: "Compared to most children the same age, would you say that your child exercises more, less, or the same amount?" A similar question was addressed to adolescents, as was a detailed questionnaire on physical activity. Agreement between the questionnaires was measured by the weighted kappa statistic. A total of 4,254 adolescents and parents/guardians answered the questionnaires. Kappa values indicated low agreement for all comparisons (kappa < 0.33 for all analyses). Measurement of physical activity in adolescents is complex, and available instruments should be validated prior to their use.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a concordância entre diferentes formas de se estimar o nível de atividade física de adolescentes. Um questionário foi aplicado aos pais e outros dois aos adolescentes. O estudo foi transversal aninhado ao acompanhamento de 2004-2005 da coorte de nascimentos de 1993 em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Pais ou responsáveis responderam à questão: "Comparando com a maioria das crianças da mesma idade, o(a) Sr(a). diria que o seu filho faz mais exercícios que elas, menos exercícios que elas ou a mesma quantidade que elas?". Questão análoga foi aplicada aos adolescentes. Os adolescentes também responderam a um questionário mais detalhado sobre a prática de atividades físicas. A concordância entre os questionários foi avaliada pelo teste kappa ponderado. Um total de 4.254 adolescentes e responsáveis responderam aos questionários. Os valores de kappa indicaram concordância baixa para quaisquer das comparações (kappa < 0,33 para todas as análises). A mensuração de atividade física em adolescentes é complexa e os instrumentos disponíveis devem ser validados antes do uso.

The aim of this study was to verify the agreement between different approaches for estimating levels of physical activity in adolescents. One questionnaire was administered to parents and two were administered to the adolescents. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in the 2004-2005 follow-up of the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohort study. Parents or guardians answered the following question: "Compared to most children the same age, would you say that your child exercises more, less, or the same amount?" A similar question was addressed to adolescents, as was a detailed questionnaire on physical activity. Agreement between the questionnaires was measured by the weighted kappa statistic. A total of 4,254 adolescents and parents/guardians answered the questionnaires. Kappa values indicated low agreement for all comparisons (kappa < 0.33 for all analyses). Measurement of physical activity in adolescents is complex, and available instruments should be validated prior to their use.

O objetivo foi avaliar como adultos brasileiros ordenam sete fatores relacionados à saúde em termos de importância para a saúde. Estudo de base populacional realizado em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (N = 3.100; taxa de resposta: 96,5%). Com base nos fatores listados, os indivíduos ordenaram três que, de acordo com sua opinião, fossem os mais importantes para a saúde. Os fatores investigados foram: "controlar o estresse", "praticar atividade física regularmente", "evitar beber em excesso", "evitar fumar", "consultar um médico regularmente", "manter o peso ideal" e "ter uma dieta saudável". Dieta saudável (73,9%), atividade física (59,9%) e visitar um médico (45,7%) foram os mais citados. Indivíduos jovens e aqueles de melhor nível econômico relataram atividade física e estresse como fatores importantes para a saúde mais freqüentemente que seus pares. A importância atribuída para fatores relacionados à saúde altera-se drasticamente entre subgrupos populacionais.

We aimed to evaluate how Brazilian adults rank seven well-known health-related factors in terms of importance for health. A population-based study was undertaken in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (N = 3,100; response rate: 96.5%). Individuals ranked three out of seven factors that, in their opinion, were the most important for health. The factors investigated were: "controlling stress", "practicing physical activity regularly", "avoiding drinking in excess", "avoiding smoking", "visiting a doctor regularly", "keeping the ideal weight", and "having a healthy diet". Healthy diet (73.9%), physical activity (59.9%), and visiting a doctor regularly (45.7%) were the most frequently reported factors. Younger subjects and those with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to report physical activity and stress as important factors for health than their counterparts. The importance attributed to health-related factors changes markedly among population subgroups.

O objetivo foi avaliar como adultos brasileiros ordenam sete fatores relacionados à saúde em termos de importância para a saúde. Estudo de base populacional realizado em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (N = 3.100; taxa de resposta: 96,5%). Com base nos fatores listados, os indivíduos ordenaram três que, de acordo com sua opinião, fossem os mais importantes para a saúde. Os fatores investigados foram: "controlar o estresse", "praticar atividade física regularmente", "evitar beber em excesso", "evitar fumar", "consultar um médico regularmente", "manter o peso ideal" e "ter uma dieta saudável". Dieta saudável (73,9%), atividade física (59,9%) e visitar um médico (45,7%) foram os mais citados. Indivíduos jovens e aqueles de melhor nível econômico relataram atividade física e estresse como fatores importantes para a saúde mais freqüentemente que seus pares. A importância atribuída para fatores relacionados à saúde altera-se drasticamente entre subgrupos populacionais.

We aimed to evaluate how Brazilian adults rank seven well-known health-related factors in terms of importance for health. A population-based study was undertaken in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (N = 3,100; response rate: 96.5%). Individuals ranked three out of seven factors that, in their opinion, were the most important for health. The factors investigated were: "controlling stress", "practicing physical activity regularly", "avoiding drinking in excess", "avoiding smoking", "visiting a doctor regularly", "keeping the ideal weight", and "having a healthy diet". Healthy diet (73.9%), physical activity (59.9%), and visiting a doctor regularly (45.7%) were the most frequently reported factors. Younger subjects and those with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to report physical activity and stress as important factors for health than their counterparts. The importance attributed to health-related factors changes markedly among population subgroups.

The cultivation of photosynthetic microorganisms such as the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis has been studied by researchers in many countries because these organisms can produce products with industrial potential. We studied the specific growth rate (µx, day-1) and productivity (Px, in mg/L/day of Spirulina platensis biomass, dry weight basis) of two S. platensis strains (LEB-52 and Paracas) growing in aerated semicontinuous culture in two-liter Erlenmeyer flasks for 90 days (2160 h) at 30°C under 2500 lux of illumination in a 12 h photoperiod. Independent of the S. platensis strain used we found that low biomass concentrations (0.50 g/L) and high renewal rates (50% v/v) resulted in a high specific growth rate (µx = 0.111 day-1) and high productivity (Px = 42.3 mg/L/day). These values are two to four times higher than those obtained in simple batch cultivation and indicate that the semicontinuous cultivation of S. platensis is viable.

Em solos sob plantio direto, o tráfego de máquinas pode imprimir ao solo estado de compactação restritivo ao rendimento de culturas. Este trabalho foi realizado na Universidade de Cruz Alta, no município de Cruz Alta (RS). O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos de sistemas de manejo e estados de compactação do solo sob sistema plantio direto nas propriedades físicas e no rendimento de grãos de seis cultivares de soja. O experimento foi realizado em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, com 427 g kg-1 de argila. Os tratamentos, estabelecidos em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, constaram de sistemas de manejo e estados de compactação criados por um rolo compactador de 2 Mg, foram: plantio direto (PD) contínuo sem compactação adicional (PD-C0), PD com uma passada do rolo compactador (PD-C1), PD com três passadas do rolo compactador (PD-C2), PD com cinco passadas do rolo compactador (PD-C3) e PD escarificado sem preparo secundário (ESCAR). As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram resistência à penetração do solo (RP), densidade do solo (Ds), porosidade total (Pt), macroporosidade (Macro) e microporosidade (Micro). A compactação do solo causou menores valores de Ds, espaço poroso e RP do solo na camada de 0-0,10 m de profundidade. Houve relação direta entre a Ds, volume de Micro e a RP do solo e relação inversa entre a Ds e o volume de Macro, com o aumento do estado de compactação. Os cultivares de soja apresentaram comportamento semelhante para os diferentes estados de compactação do solo. A escarificação do solo em área manejada por oito anos sob sistema plantio direto não propiciou incremento no rendimento de grãos de soja. Quando os valores de RP foram de até 2,6 MPa, os de Ds de até 1,51 Mg m-3 e volume de Macro superiores a 0,10 dm³ dm-3, em condições de lavoura, não houve comprometimento do rendimento de grãos de soja.

Agricultural machinery traffic may lead to a restrictive state of soil compaction for crop yields in no-tillage systems. This study was conducted at the University of Cruz Alta, in Cruz Alta, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective was to evaluate the effects of soil management systems and compaction states on selected soil physical properties and on yield of six soybean cultivars. The experiment was conducted on an Oxisol with 427 g kg-1 of clay, prior under no-tillage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of management systems and compaction stages: continuous no-tillage (NT0) without additional soil compaction, NT with one pass of a compacting-wheel 2.0 Mg weight (NT1), NT with three passes of the compacting-wheel (NT2), NT with five passes of the compacting-wheel (NT3), and NT chisel-plowed without secondary tillage (Chisel). Soil physical properties were determined during the cropping season including soil penetration resistance (PR), bulk density (Bd), and porosity (total-Tp, macro-Mac, and micro-Mic). Soil compaction states induced by the compacting wheel increased Bd and PR and decreased soil porosity at 0 to 0.10 m-depth. There were direct relationships between Bd, Mic and PR, and an inverse relationship between bulk density and Mac as the state of compaction increased. The soybean cultivars behaved similarly in all states of soil compaction. The chiseling of soil under eight year no-tillage did not result in an increased soybean yield. When PR values were under 2.6 MPa, Bd values under 1.51 Mg m-3, and Mac values over 0.10 dm³ dm-3, there were no restrictions for soybean crop.