ABSTRACT Modeling diameter distribution in natural forests is an important tool for understanding the native woody species dynamics, supporting decision-making for degraded lands management and restoration. Therefore, this work aimed to fit probabilistic density functions to evaluate the diameter structure of three tree species with economic interest, such as Campomansesia xanthocarpa Marl. Ex. O. Berg, Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. and Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl., in a Semideciduous Seasonal Forest fragment at São Paulo State, Brazil. The data came from 83 temporary plots of 10 m x 20 m systematically distributed along 164 ha. Log-normal, Gamma, and Weibull functions were fitted to the three species using the fitdistrplus-package in the R program. Kolmogorov-Smirnov's adherence test was used to evaluate the fits at a 5% probability level. The functions were selected employing Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) and Schwarz's Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC), in addition to a graphical analysis of the fitted functions. The results indicated that the three species diameter structure is positively asymmetric, representing the exponential pattern, representing continuous natural regeneration. AIC and BIC statistics indicated the Log-normal function to describe the diameter distribution of C. xanthocarpa and Z. tuberculosa, while the Gamma function was the most appropriate for P. gonoacantha. For the three species, the graphical analysis showed the Gamma function results in the best fit without tendency for estimating frequency density per diameter class.

RESUMO A modelagem da distribuição diamétrica em florestas naturais é uma ferramenta importante para compreender a dinâmica de espécies nativas lenhosas, auxiliando na tomada de decisão para o manejo e a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi ajustar funções de densidade probabilística para avaliar a estrutura diamétrica de três espécies arbóreas de interesse econômico, como Campomansesia xanthocarpa Marl. Ex. O. Berg, Piptadenia gonoacantha (Mart.) J.F. Macbr. e Zeyheria tuberculosa (Vell.) Bureau ex Verl., em um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados foram provenientes de 83 parcelas temporárias de 10 m x 20 m distribuídas sistematicamente ao longo de 164 ha. As funções Log-normal, Gamma e Weibull foram ajustadas para as três espécies por meio do pacote fitdistrplus no programa R. O teste de aderência de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi aplicado a 5% de probabilidade para avaliar os ajustes. As funções foram .selecionadas por meio do Critério de Informação Akaike (AIC) e do Critério de Informação Bayesiano de Schwaarz (BIC), além da análise gráfica das funções ajustadas. Os resultados indicaram que a estrutura diamétrica das três espécies é assimétrica positiva, as quais apresentam o padrão exponencial, sugerindo uma regeneração natural contínua. As estatísticas de AIC e BIC indicaram a função Log-normal para descrever a distribuição diamétrica de C. xanthocarpa e Z. tuberculosa, enquanto a função Gamma foi a mais adequada para P. gonoacantha. Para as três espécies, a análise gráfica mostrou que a função Gamma resultou no melhor ajuste, não apresentando tendências nas estimativas da densidade de frequências por classe de diâmetro.

The cariogenic processes are mainly caused by the bacterium Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and consist of the demineralization of the tooth that occurs when the acid production overcomes the natural repair or if a problem occurs in the last one. In this work, we performed the synthesis of twenty-one 1,4-naphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles (8a-8k and 9a-9j), antibacterial evaluation against the S. mutans in vitro and the acute toxicity of the better ones in vivo. We observed strong inhibition results in the disc diffusion test ranging, the halos of inhibitions, from 18.66 (± 0.57) to 29 (± 2.64) mm, and good values in the minimum inhibitory concentration (5 to 50 μg), for the compounds 9e, 9h, 9i and 9j: Furthermore, they do not have a cytotoxic effect at the concentrations tested. Besides that, in the in vivo test, they show some slight alteration in the histopathological analyses and the biochemistry. Thus, we found four potential candidates to become instruments for the treatment of cavities.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging disease caused by an alphavirus of the Togaviridae family. Since its first description in 1952, the disease has spread worldwide, affecting populations in both tropical and temperate countries. To date, there is no licensed vaccine or specific pharmacological treatment. Therefore, there is an increasing urgency in developing new antiviral drugs capable of specifically inhibiting viral replication. In the present work, we report the synthesis and antiviral activity evaluation of nineteen naphthoquinone derivatives, containing a sulfonamide or sulfonate group. Cell viability assays indicated a low toxic potential for all tested compounds and inhibitory assays against CHIKV identified five compounds with potent activity. The compounds were also evaluated for their virucidal potential, and the results demonstrated that compound 11a exhibited a virucidal effect higher than 70% in the treatment with 20 µM. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed to predict the antiviral drug targets.

RESUMO Neste trabalho propomos e analisamos medidas de relaxamento do distanciamento social, e seus impactos no sentido epidemiológico, a partir das simulações de um modelo matemático compartimental do tipo SEIRD (Suscetível-Exposto-Infectado-Recuperado-Morto) generalizado, que implicitamente leva em conta medidas de quarentena, considerando a estimativa da dinâmica de espalhamento da doença do coronavírus (COVID-19) sob perturbações/incertezas. O objetivo principal é avaliar os efeitos nas projeções da epidemia da COVID-19 no Brasil e, em particular, no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Diferentes estratégias de relaxamento das medidas de distanciamento social são investigadas para determinar quais delas são viáveis e menos perigosas para a população. Os resultados destacam a necessidade de manter políticas de distanciamento social para controlar a propagação da doença. Especificamente, o cenário de relaxamento abrupto do distanciamento social, implementado após a ocorrência do pico de casos diagnosticados positivamente, pode prolongar a epidemia, com um aumento significativo do número previsto de casos confirmados e de mortes. Um cenário ainda pior pode ocorrer se a política de relaxamento do distanciamento social é implementada antes da evidência do controle epidêmico, indicando a importância da escolha adequada de quando parar e começar a relaxar as medidas de distanciamento social. A abordagem empregada aqui, e as análises subsequentes aplicadas no Brasil e Rio de Janeiro, pode ser usada para outros locais.

ABSTRACT In this work, we propose and analyze social distancing relaxation measures and their epidemiological impacts through simulations of a compartmental mathematical model. Our generalized SEIRD model implicitly takes into account social distancing measures, considering the estimate of the spreading dynamics of COVID-19 under disturbances/uncertainties. The main objective is to assess the effects on the projections of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil and, in particular, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Different relaxation strategies of social distancing measures are investigated to determine which ones are viable and less dangerous for the population. The results highlight the need to maintain social distancing policies to control the spread of the disease. Specifically, the scenario considered as abrupt relaxation measures, implemented after the peak of positively diagnosed cases has occurred, can prolong the epidemic, with a significant increase in the expected number of confirmed and death cases. An even worse scenario can occur if the relaxation policy is implemented prior to the evidence of epidemiological control, indicating the importance of the proper choice of when to stop and start to relax social distancing measures. The approach employed here, and the subsequent analyzes applied to Brazil and Rio de Janeiro, can be used for other locations.

ABSTRACT This study is dedicated to the development of a methodology based on supervised machine learning for soybean classification and justified as technological innovation to predict whether soybean classification is in the standard or non-standard established by normative instruction No. 11/2007 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA). This study aimed to develop a website using supervised machine learning to classify soybeans, providing an assertive decision-making process in real-time. A technological tool was created to assist the farmer and the storage unit in the classification of soybeans, considering the perceived reality and potential instruments consistent with the reality of the area. Therefore, a website in Python language was created using the Pandas, Pandas Profiling, Seaborn, Matplotlib, NumPy, Scikit-learn, PyCaret, and Streamlit libraries. In the end, the system could predict whether the soybean is in the standard or non-standard established by the soybean classification normative. In this sense, the results showed the robustness and precision of the proposed new methodology.

A synthetic niobia was modified by treatment with hydrogen peroxide to be used as a catalyst for converting glycerol into petrochemical compounds. The catalytic properties of niobium oxyhydroxide were obtained by generating acidic and oxygenated groups (peroxo groups) on the solid surface. Compounds like ethers and allyl alcohol were obtained. A very active H2O2-modified catalyst showed high activity for the oxidation and dehydration of 91% of glycerol conversion using H2O2 and 46% of allyl alcohol selectivity in volatile phase. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), thermogravimetry-mass spectrometry (TGA-MS) and nuclear magnetic ressonance (NMR). These results strongly suggest that the reactions involve acid and oxidizing species generated after the reaction of niobium with H2O2. 1H and 13C multidimensional NMR spectroscopy confirmed the results obtained with GC-MS and showed the production of several compounds after niobia treatment.

RESUMO Com o conhecimento do equilíbrio higroscópico dos frutos de baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel), pode-se manejar adequadamente o produto visando à manutenção de seu teor de água nos níveis recomendados para o armazenamento seguro. Desta forma, objetivou-se determinar as isotermas de dessorção de água dos frutos de baru nas temperaturas de 20, 25, 30, 35 °C e atividades de água entre 0,14 e 0,80 e obter os valores do calor isostérico de dessorção em função do teor de água de equilíbrio do produto. Para obtenção do teor de água de equilíbrio foi utilizado o método estático-gravimétrico. O modelo de Halsey Modificado foi o melhor modelo recomendado para representar a higroscopicidade dos frutos de baru, cujos teores de água recomendados para o armazenamento seguro dos frutos de baru são de, no máximo, 19,9; 19,3; 18,6 e 18,0 (% b.s), para as respectivas temperaturas de 20, 25, 30 e 35 °C. O calor isostérico integral de dessorção aumenta com a redução do teor de água ocorrendo incremento da energia necessária para a remoção de água do produto.

ABSTRACT With the knowledge on the hygroscopic equilibrium of the baru (Dipteryx alata Vogel) fruit, the product can be adequately handled to maintain the moisture content at the levels recommended for safe storage. Thus, this paper aimed to determine the water desorption isotherms of baru fruits at temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C, and water activity between 0.14 and 0.80, and obtain the values of isosteric heat of desorption as a function of the equilibrium moisture content of the product. The equilibrium moisture content was obtained using the static-gravimetric method. Modified Halsey was the best model recommended to represent the hygroscopicity of baru fruits. The recommended moisture contents for safe storage of baru fruits are not more than 19.9, 19.3, 18.6 and 18.0 (%, d.b.) for the respective temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C. The integral isosteric heat of desorption increases as the water content decreases, leading to an increment in the energy required to remove water from the product.

ABSTRACT Background Reducing rearfoot eversion is a commonly desired effect in clinical practice to prevent or treat musculoskeletal dysfunction. Interventions that pull the lower limb into external rotation may reduce rearfoot eversion. Objective This study investigated whether the use of external rotation elastic bands, of different levels of stiffness, will decrease rearfoot eversion during walking. We hypothesized that the use of elastic bands would decrease rearfoot eversion and that the greater the band stiffness, the greater the eversion reduction. Method Seventeen healthy participants underwent three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the rearfoot and shank. The participants walked on a treadmill with and without high- and low-stiffness bands. Frontal-plane kinematics of the rearfoot-shank joint complex was obtained during the stance phase of walking. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to compare discrete variables that described rearfoot eversion-inversion: mean eversion-inversion; eversion peak; and eversion-inversion range of motion. Results The low-stiffness and high-stiffness bands significantly decreased eversion and increased mean eversion-inversion (p≤0.037) and eversion peak (p≤0.006) compared with the control condition. Both bands also decreased eversion-inversion range of motion (p≤0.047) compared with control by reducing eversion. The high-stiffness band condition was not significantly different from the low-stiffness band condition for any variables (p≥0.479). Conclusion The results indicated that the external rotation bands decreased rearfoot eversion during walking. This constitutes preliminary experimental evidence suggesting that increasing external rotation moments at the lower limb may reduce rearfoot eversion, which needs further testing.

Animals have neural structures that allow them to anticipate environmental changes and then regulate physiological and behavioral functions in response to these alterations. The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) is the main circadian pacemaker in many mammalian species. This structure synchronizes the biological rhythm based on photic information that is transmitted to the SCN through the retinohypothalamic tract. The aging process changes the structural complexity of the nervous system, from individual nerve cells to global changes, including the atrophy of total gray matter. Aged animals show internal time disruptions caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. The effects of aging on circadian rhythm range from effects on simple physiological functions to effects on complex cognitive performance, including many psychiatric disorders that influence the well-being of the elderly. In this review, we summarize the effects of aging on morphological, neurochemical, and circadian rhythmic functions coordinated by the main circadian pacemaker, the SCN.

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV, genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae) is a whitefly-transmitted crinivirus with a bipartite RNA genome. This virus is emerging as a serious threat to tomato crops worldwide. To date, only three complete genomic sequences of ToCV have been described from North America, Spain, and Greece isolates. In this study, we present the fourth complete nucleotide sequence of the RNA 1 (8594 nt) and RNA 2 (8242 nt) components of a Brazilian ToCV isolate (ToCV-BR). The complete genome sequences of RNA 1 and RNA 2 have been deposited in the GenBank database under the accession numbers JQ952600 and JQ952601, respectively. The sequences of RNA 1 and RNA 2 shares the highest nucleotide identity of 99.6% and 99.5%, respectively, with the Greek isolate sequences. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that both RNA 1 and RNA 2 of the Brazilian isolate are most closely related to the Greek isolate of that virus. These results suggest that ToCV may have been recently introduced to Brazil from Europe.

O novo flavan-3-ol contendo um substituinte fenilpropanoide apocinina E, juntamente com oito substâncias conhecidas, epicatequina, procianidina B2, procianidina B4, procianidina C1, cinchonaína Ia, cinchonaína Ib, cinchonaína IIb e cinchonaína IIa foram isoladas a partir do extrato acetona-H2O das cascas secas de Trichilia catigua. As substâncias cinchonaína Ib e cinchonaína IIb foram reavaliadas em relação à sua estereoquímica. Todas as substâncias foram caracterizadas por análises espectroscópicas incluindo ressonância magnética nuclear (NMR) 1D e 2D e espectrometria de massa (MS) de seus derivados acetilados. A configuração absoluta do substituinte fenilpropanoide foi determinada por espectropolarimetria de dicroísmo circular (CD) e pela análise do efeito anisotrópico empregando modelo de Dreiding, e por experimento de espectroscopia de efeito nuclear Overhauser (NOESY NMR). As nove substâncias mostraram maior atividade sobre o sequestro de radical livre e poder de redução do que o ácido ascórbico e Trolox frente ao radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila e no sistema do teste de redução do ferro (Fe3+-Fe2+).

The new phenylpropanoid substituted flavan-3-ol apocynin E, together with eight known compounds, epicatechin, procyanidin B2, procyanidin B4, procyanidin C1, cinchonain Ia, cinchonain Ib, cinchonain IIb, and cinchonain IIa were isolated from an acetone-H2O extract of the air-dried stem bark of Trichilia catigua. The cinchonain Ia e Ib were reevaluated to its estereochemistry. All the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) of their peracetate derivatives. The absolute configuration of the phenylpropanoid moiety was determined by circular dichroism (CD) spectra and by analyzing the anisotropic effects in the Dreiding model and nuclear Overhauser effect (NOESY NMR) experiments. The nine isolated compounds showed higher radical scavenging activity and reducing power than ascorbic acid and Trolox in the free-radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Fe3+-Fe2+ reduction assay systems.

Várias doenças ameaçam a produção de tomate, especialmente aquelas causadas por vírus dos gêneros Begomovirus, Tospovirus e Potyvirus. Uma análise de amostras foliares de tomateiro para detecção dos vírus de maior importância no Distrito Federal foi realizada utilizando-se as técnicas de PCR e DAS-ELISA. Em um total de 54 amostras avaliadas, o vírus mais prevalente foi o Pepper yellow mosaic virus, um potyvírus responsável por sérias perdas em áreas de produção de pimentão no Brasil. Este resultado reforça a crescente importância deste vírus na produção de tomate. Os sintomas causados por PepYMV são muito similares àqueles causados por begomovírus, portanto é recomendada que uma técnica de detecção apropriada seja utilizada em adição à avaliação visual de sintomas.

Various diseases threaten tomato production; especially those caused by viruses of the genera Begomovirus, Tospovirus and Potyvirus. A survey on the major viral diseases occurring on tomatoes in the Federal District was carried out using PCR and DAS-ELISA. Out of 54 evaluated samples, the most prevalent virus was Pepper yellow mosaic virus, a potyvirus responsible for heavy losses in sweetpepper production in Brazil. This result highlights the increasing importance of this virus on the tomato crop. Since the symptoms caused by PepYMV infection are similar to those caused by begomoviruses, the use of a proper detection technique is recommended in addition to visual evaluation of symptoms.

Os autores apresentam um caso de intussuscepção jejunogástrica, uma rara complicação da cirurgia do estômago, que costuma ocorrer após cirurgias de derivação do trânsito digestivo que se utilizam de anastomose Gastro-jejunal. No quadro clínico predominam os sintomas de obstrução intestinal alta, dor epigástrica e hemorragia digestiva, em um paciente portador de cirurgia gástrica prévia. O tratamento cirúrgico ou não depende da forma de apresentação da patologia e não impede, definitivamente, sua recorrência.

The authors report a case of jejunogastric intussusception, an unusual complication of stomach surgery when the jejunum is used to reestablish digestive transit. A clinical picture of upper intestinal obstruction, epigastric pain and digestive hemorrhage in a patient who has had previous gastric surgery is the most common finding. The type of treatment depends on the clinical presentation and does not completely guarantee that the condition will not recur.

As libélulas são classificadas comportamentalmente em voadoras e pousadoras com relação a sua capacidade de termoregulação. Libélulas de grande tamanho corporal devem termoregular de forma mais eficiente em locais com elevada irradiação solar, ao passo que libélulas menores dependem da temperatura ambiente. Neste estudo, foram realizadas análises de orçamento temporal de uma assembléia de libélulas para determinar como o tamanho corporal pode restringir a defesa de territórios e outros comportamentos. Baseado no orçamento temporal, foram observados três grupos de espécies. O primeiro e o segundo grupos abrangem espécies que permaneceram pousadas grande parte do tempo de atividade, entretanto espécies do primeiro grupo realizaram vôos de transição mais freqüentemente. O terceiro grupo conteve as espécies que foram observadas freqüentemente patrulhando seus territórios ou executando atividades reprodutivas. As espécies maiores permaneceram mais tempo em atividades de patrulha e defesa de seus territórios enquanto as espécies menores ficaram mais tempo pousadas. Libélulas maiores com maior habilidade de termoregulação puderam gastar mais tempo em atividades reprodutivas. A classificação das libélulas em voadoras e pousadoras é considerada extremamente útil, mas simplifica os padrões comportamentais observados entre espécies que têm grande variação de tamanho corporal. É provável que o contínuo comportamental associado com a variação de tamanho corporal, nos pousadores, possa explicar os padrões de interações entre espécies em comunidades de libélulas.

Odonate species are classified in terms of their thermoregulatory behavior into flier and percher categories. Larger perchers could be more efficient thermoregulators in sunny sites and smaller perchers depend more on air temperature. In this paper, an analysis of the behavioral temporal budget of an odonate neotropical assemblage was performed to determine the role of body size on territorial defense and general behavioral strategies. This analysis revealed three groups based on time budget. The first and second groups contained the species that remained perched for most of the activity time, but species of the first group differ from the second group by the larger proportion of transition flights. The third group contained species which were usually observed patrolling or in reproductive activities. The larger species spent more time in patrol and territorial defense activities, while smaller species remained perched. Larger dragonflies, with better thermoregulatory abilities could spend more time in reproductive activities. The behavioral classification of fliers and perchers is considered extremely useful but could oversimplify the behavioral patterns among species that have a wide body size variation. It is proposed that a behavioral continuum associated with the body size variation in perchers could explain some patterns of species interactions in odonate communities.