ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of pelleted citrus pulp (PCP) added to orange peel on fermentative parameters and aerobic stability of orange peel silages. The treatments were based on different levels of PCP: 0 (control), 10% PCP, 20% PCP, and 30% PCP calculated according to the weight of orange peel (w/w), with five experimental silos per treatment stored for 60 days. Chemical composition, fermentative parameters, microbial population, and dry matter (DM) losses were performed in silages after opening the experimental silos. Furthermore, aerobic stability was evaluated for 12 days. Silages with 10 and 20% PCP presented suitable levels of DM, 226 and 302 g kg−1, respectively, and probably adequate water activity that benefited the lactic acid fermentation, but it jeopardized their aerobic stabilities. The inclusion of 10% PCP did not reduce the effluent loss compared with the control silages. Yet, 30% PCP silage showed the lowest effluent loss (93%), in contrast to the low lactic acid content (35 g kg−1) and short aerobic stability (49 h). Control silages remained stable for a longer period (115 h), but showed greater loss of N as NH3, and higher losses of DM through gas (354 g kg−1) and effluents (114 g kg−1). In short, we highlighted 20% PCP silage because of its high lactic acid bacteria (6.3 cfu g−1), high lactic acid:acetic acid ratio (1.41), low nitrogen degradation as NH3, and reduced gas (67%) and effluent (80%) productions. With the highest lactic acid (66.42 g kg−1), these well-preserved silages showed a more intense aerobic degradation, starting after 42h. The inclusion of PCP to orange peel improves the fermentation process probably due to the decrease of water activity, but decreases the aerobic stability of the silage as well.

ABSTRACT Study of the mechanical characteristics of agricultural products is crucial to the development of equipment that can achieve the maximum efficiency without compromising the final product quality. Seeds crack and break when exposed to stresses that exceed their resistance to rupture. In this study, we aim to assess the mechanical properties of saccharine sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) seeds at different moisture contents. The seeds were harvested in the municipality of Santa Helena - GO, Brazil and indicated an initial moisture content of 0.307 (d.b.). For each moisture content obtained (0.307, 0.258, 0.212, 0.170, 0.130, and 0.093 d.b.), samples were homogenized and subsequently analyzed. Compressive tests were performed through uniaxial tests in a sample of 15 seeds for each moisture content. In these tests, the "TA Hdi Texture Analyzer" universal testing machine was used, with a 250-N compression load cell. Our results indicated that the compressive force required to deform saccharine sorghum seeds decreased with increasing moisture content, whereas values of proportional modulus of deformity increased with both reduced moisture content and deformation. In addition, the reduction in moisture content caused an increase in the force required to rupture the seeds.

RESUMEN El estudio de las características mecánicas de los productos agrícolas es importante para que los equipos puedan desarrollarse y lograr la máxima eficiencia sin comprometer la calidad final de los alimentos. Las grietas y roturas de las semillas se producen cuando están expuestas a tensiones que exceden la resistencia del material. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar algunas pro piedades mecánicas de las semillas de sorgo de sacarina (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) con diferentes contenidos de humedad. Las semillas se cosecharon en el municipio de Santa Helena - GO, Brasil, y presentaron un contenido de humedad inicial de 0.307 base seca (b.s.). Para cada contenido de humedad obtenido (0,307; 0,258; 0,212; 0,170; 0,130 y 0,093 b.s.), las muestras fueron homogeneizadas y luego analizadas. Las pruebas de compresión uniaxial se realizaron en una muestra de 15 semillas para cada contenido de humedad. Para esta determinación se utilizó la máquina de prueba universal Analizador de textura TA Hdi, con una celda de carga de compresión de 250 N. Nuestros resultados evidenciaron que la fuerza de compresión necesaria para deformar las semillas de sorgo disminuyó con el aumento del contenido de humedad, mientras que los valores del módulo de deformidad proporcional se incrementaron con la reducción tanto del contenido de humedad como de la deformación. Además, la reducción del contenido de humedad aumentó la fuerza requerida para romper las semillas.

Resumo Este estudo buscou analisar as relações verticais e horizontais e o impacto delas no processo de inovação e aprendizagem interativa, mediante um estudo de caso realizado em um aglomerado produtivo atuante no Brasil. Em termos de procedimento metodológico, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, contemplando um universo de 36 empresas que atuam no setor madeireiro. Os resultados da pesquisa ajudaram a identificar os fatores que limitam as empresas de um aglomerado a aderirem a relacionamentos de cooperação mais sólidos, capazes de incrementarem a competitividade. Constatou-se que no ambiente das empresas do aglomerado produtivo prevalecem os mecanismos do tipo learning by doing, obtidos pelas experiências acumuladas e habilidades adquiridas localmente, possibilitando a definição de adaptações e melhorias tecnológicas. Foi possível constatar a necessidade da construção de espaços que permitam a aprendizagem interativa no ambiente interno das empresas, com o desenvolvimento de novas habilidades e competências necessárias à inovação.

Abstract This study sought to examine the vertical and horizontal relationships and the impact of these relationships on the process of innovation and learning by interacting, using a case study in an active industry cluster in Brazil. The methodology procedure was field research with a universe of 36 companies of the lumber industry. The research results helped identify the factors that prevent companies of a cluster from establishing more solid collaboration relationships capable of enhancing competitiveness. It was found that the prevailing mechanism in the business environment of the cluster was learning by doing, obtained from accumulated experiences and skills acquired locally, which allow the definition of adaptations and technological improvements. These findings reveal the need to create spaces inside the companies for learning by interacting and the development of new skills and competencies required for innovation.

OBJECTIVE: The face-hand test is a simple, practical, and rapid test to detect neurological syndromes. However, it has not previously been assessed in a Brazilian sample; therefore, the objective of the present study was to standardize the face-hand test for use in the multi-cultural population of Brazil and identify the sociodemographic factors affecting the results. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study of 150 individuals. The sociodemographic variables that were collected included age, gender, race, body mass index and years of education. Standardization of the face-hand test occurred in 2 rounds of 10 sensory stimuli, with the participant seated to support the trunk and their vision obstructed in a sound-controlled environment. The face-hand test was conducted by applying 2 rounds of 10 sensory stimuli that were applied to the face and hand simultaneously. The associations between the face-hand test and sociodemographic variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney tests and Spearman correlations. Binomial models were adjusted for the number of face-hand test variations, and ROC curves evaluated sensitivity and specificity of sensory extinction. RESULTS: There was no significant relationship between the sociodemographic variables and the number of stimuli perceived for the face-hand test. There was a high relative frequency of detection, 8 out of 10 stimuli, in this population. Sensory extinction was 25.3%, which increased with increasing age (OR=1.4[1:01–1:07]; p=0.006) and decreased significantly with increasing education (OR=0.82[0.71-0.94]; p=0.005). CONCLUSION: In the Brazilian population, a normal face-hand test score ranges between 8–10 stimuli, and the results indicate that sensory extinction is associated with increased age and lower levels of education.

A major obstacle in corn (Zea mays L.) breeding programs is how to obtain strains which, when combined, ensure increased productivity in all crop characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the prediction efficiency of hybrid maize using diallel analysis and the best linear unbiased predictor (BLUP). Eight synthetic varieties were sown in a diallel scheme and the hybrid and their parents were then evaluated in three separate environments; both combining ability and predicted breeding values (BLUPs) were estimated. Correlations between the BLUP and combining abilities were also obtained. Combining ability analysis revealed that both additive and non-additive types of gene action were important in the studied traits. There was a moderate to high correlation between the mean square of the combining ability and the predicted breeding values. This shows that BLUP can be used to select the best parents for different traits, especially for ear height and ear position, which had the highest correlations. The parent VAR-01 had significant general combining ability (GCA) values, and it can be used in crosses to reduce plant height, ear height, and ear position while the parent VAR-06 can participate in crosses to increase ear height, plant height, and ear position. The result obtained for combining ability was moderately to highly consistent with BLUP results, but selection must be carefully undertaken.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar, quanto a imagem corporal, humor e qualidade de vida, mulheres pós-menopáusicas que buscam atendimento de fisioterapia dermatofuncional, dermatologia e medicina estética. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 46 mulheres que buscaram atendimento estético em três locais na cidade de Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos e de saúde. Foram aplicados os instrumentos: Escala de Depressão Geriátrica GDS-15, questionário de qualidade de vida WHOQOL-bref e Escala de Silhuetas de Stunkard. Para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis, os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson ou Spearman foram utilizados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5% p≤0,05. As análises foram realizadas no programa SPSS versão 18.0. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se que a maioria das participantes estava insatisfeita com sua imagem corporal, tinha alto nível de satisfação com sua qualidade de vida e não apresentava sintomatologia depressiva. CONCLUSÃO: Para as participantes do estudo, a satisfação com a imagem corporal está relacionada a melhor qualidade de vida, menor probabilidade de apresentar sintomas depressivos, menor índice de massa corporal e maior renda pessoal e familiar.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize body image, mood and quality of life in postmenopausal women who seek dermatological physiotherapy, dermatology and aesthetic medicine care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 46 women who sought aesthetic care in three locations in the city of Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil. Sociodemographic and health data were collected. The following tools were used: Geriatric Depression Scale GDS-15, Quality of life questionnaire WHOQOL-bref and Scale of Stunkard silhouettes. In order to evaluate the association between the variables, the correlation coefficients Pearson or Spearman were used. The level of significance was 5% p≤0.05. Analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0. RESULTS: It was found that most participants are dissatisfied with their body image, have a high level of satisfaction with their quality of life and have no depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: In this study the participants' satisfaction with body image is associated with better quality of life, less likely to have depressive symptoms, lower body mass index and increased personal and family income.

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance and daytime ingestive behavior of 84 Nellore young bulls in the post-weaning phase kept on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the dry season. Treatments were protein mineral supplementation (1 g/kg body weight) and protein+energy mineral supplementation (3 g/kg body weight). The experimental area comprised 12 paddocks in a total area of 27.36 ha, divided in two blocks of six paddocks each, having three replications per treatment in each block, with 42 animals/treatment. The data were subjected to variance analysis with repeated measures over time via procedure PROCMIXED of SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.0) and means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The initial average weight of animals was 204.8 kg; final weights were 260.9 and 276.9 kg for animals that received protein and protein+energy supplement, respectively. The forage availability, sward height and stocking rate values did not differ with supplementation, but they showed difference between the experimental periods. The average time spent grazing during daylight of animals fed protein+energy supplement was shorter as compared with those which consumed protein supplement. Animals kept under the same pasture conditions during the dry season show better performance when they receive protein+energy supplement than protein supplement.

O número de idosos nos últimos anos tem apresentado incremento em todo o mundo, o que acaba gerando inúmeras preocupações com a saúde dessa população, já que nessa fase da vida as alterações fisiológicas os tornam mais propensos a doenças, principalmente as crônicas não-transmissíveis. A osteoporose, uma doença osteometabólica frequente nos idosos, torna-se alvo de importantes estudos, uma vez que suas consequências afetam tanto a saúde física quanto a psicossocial. Contudo, são diversos os fatores que predispõem à osteoporose, entre os quais a deficiência de vitamina B12, vitamina B9 (folato) e vitamina B6 (piridoxina). A carência dessas vitaminas eleva os níveis de homocisteína, que age interferindo nas ligações cruzadas do colágeno, resultando em diminuição da resistência óssea e, consequentemente, na osteoporose e fraturas ósseas tanto em homens quanto em mulheres. Nesse contexto, este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura nas bases de dados LILACS e PubMed, sobre a relação dos níveis séricos de vitamina B12, folato, vitamina B6 e homocisteína com a diminuição da massa óssea em idosos.

The number of elderly in recent years has increased worldwide, which ends up causing numerous health concerns of this population, since in this stage of life the physiological changes make them more prone to disease, especially chronic non-communicable diseases. Osteoporosis, an osteometabolic disease common in the elderly, becomes the subject of important studies, since its consequences affect both the physical and psychosocial health. However, there are various factors that predispose to osteoporosis, including the deficiency of vitamin B12, vitamin B9 (folate) and vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). The lack of these vitamins increases homocysteine levels, which acts interfering with collagen cross-links, resulting in decreased bone strength and hence in osteoporosis and bone fractures in both men and women. In this context, this paper aims to conduct a literature review in the databases PubMed and LILACS, on the relationship of serum vitamin B12, folate, vitamin B6 and homocysteine with decreased bone mass in the elderly.

INTRODUÇÃO: a sarcopenia é caracterizada pela perda de massa e funcionalidade muscular e está associada a uma série de disfunções e doenças sistêmicas que acometem os idosos. Também é um dos parâmetros utilizados para definição da síndrome de fragilidade, que é altamente prevalente em idosos, conferindo maior risco para quedas, fraturas, incapacidade, dependência, hospitalização recorrente e mortalidade. Recentemente, a literatura tem reportado que a etiopatogenia da sarcopenia está intimamente relacionada com um aumento na taxa de produção de espécie reativa de oxigênio (ERO), o que pode ocasionar a denervação, perda e atrofia de fibras musculares e consequente perda da força muscular. OBJETIVO: realizar uma revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o papel do estresse oxidativo na gênese da sarcopenia. MÉTODO: revisão narrativa. Foram consultadas as bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e SciElo. As buscas foram feitas através das expressões: sarcopenia e envelhecimento, perda de massa muscular em idosos, estresse oxidativo, inflamação e sarcopenia e epidemiologia da sarcopenia. Resultados: a etiologia da sarcopenia é multifatorial e envolve a interação de diversos fatores, incluindo aspectos genéticos, metabólicos, estilo de vida, como os hábitos alimentares (ingestão protéica) e de gasto energético (atividade física), e as EROs desempenham papel-chave na mediação do processo de perda de massa e função muscular associado ao envelhecimento. CONCLUSÃO: ao longo do processo de envelhecimento, o estresse oxidativo torna-se mais perigoso, uma vez que, associado ao declínio dos hormônios sexuais, que exercem efeitos anabólicos sobre o tecido músculo-esquelético, pode acelerar a perda e atrofia desse tecido.

INTRODUCTION: sarcopenia is characterized by loss of muscle mass and its function and is associated with a number of systemic diseases and disorders that affect the elderly. It is also one of the parameters used to define the frailty syndrome, which is highly prevalent among the elderly, conferring upon them greater risk for falls, fractures, disability, dependency, recurrent hospitalization and mortality. Recently there have been reports in the literature showing that the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is closely related to the breakdown of oxidative metabolism's homeostasis, leading to an increased rate of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing mitochondrial damage, altering the immune and inflammatory system, resulting in muscle fibers' denervation, loss and atrophy and ensuing loss of muscle strength. OBJECTIVE: to perform a narrative review on the role of oxidative stress in the etiology of sarcopenia. METHOD: narrative review. Were searched databases like MEDLINE, LILACS and Scielo. The searches were made through the expressions: sarcopenia and ageing, elderly muscular mass loss, oxidative stress, inflammation and sarcopenia and epidemiology and sarcopenia. Results: the etiology of sarcopenia is multifactorial and involves interaction of several factors, including genetic, metabolic and life style factors, such as eating habits (protein intake) and energy expenditure (physical activity), and the EROs play a key role in mediating the process of mass and muscle function loss associated with ageing. CONCLUSION: over the course of the ageing process the oxidative stress becomes more dangerous, since, associated with the decline of sexual hormones and life style which exert anabolic effects on the musculoskeletal tissue, may accelerate it the loss and atrophy.

Os autores descrevem o caso de uma paciente jovem com amenorreia primária e caracteres sexuais secundários normais. A investigação diagnóstica constatou a ocorrência da síndrome de Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser.

The authors describe the case of a young female patient with primary amenorrhea and normal secondary sexual characteristics. The diagnostic investigation demonstrated the occurrence of Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser's syndrome.

Avaliou-se o fornecimento de concentrado para bezerros mantidos em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu durante a época seca do ano. Utilizaram-se 16 machos não-castrados da raça Canchim, com 7 meses de idade e 250 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 × 2, no qual os fatores foram suplementos balanceados para dois potenciais de fermentação microbiana - 9,5 e 11,0 g de proteína bruta microbiana/MJ energia metabolizável fermentável e para ganhos de peso corporal (GPC) de 0,5 e 1,0 kg/dia. Os animais receberam suplementação individual diária por 168 dias, após 21 dias de adaptação. A ingestão diária de forragem foi estimada em 5,91 kg matéria seca/animal. A suplementação para ganho de peso corporal de 0,5 kg/dia proporcionou ganhos de peso e conversão alimentar de 0,94 kg/dia e 2,08 kg suplemento/kg ganho, respectivamente, resultados inferiores aos obtidos para ganho de peso corporal de 1 kg/dia (1,09 kg/dia e 3,18 kg suplemento/kg ganho, respectivamente). Não houve efeito do potencial de fermentação sobre o ganho de peso corporal, a conversão alimentar e a área de olho-de-lombo, no entanto, a espessura final de gordura de cobertura foi maior com o potencial de fermentação mais elevado. A suplementação para ganho de peso corporal de 0,5 kg/dia mostrou melhor resultado econômico, mas não permitiu obter peso apropriado para abate. A suplementação com concentrado formulado para aumentar a eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana no rúmen, porém reduziu a rentabilidade do sistema.

The supplementation of concentrate to young bulls kept in pastures of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu during the dry season of the year was evaluated. A total of 16 young bulls from Canchim breed, with 7 mo old and 250 kg, was allotted to a completely randomized design in 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The factors consisted of balanced supplements for two potential of microbial fermentation - 9.5 and 11.0 g microbial crude protein/MJ fermentable metabolizable energy and for weight gain of 0.5 and 1.0 kg/day. The animals were daily individually supplemented by 168 days, after 21 days of adaptation. The daily intake of forage was estimated in 5.91 kg dry matter/animal. The supplementation for 0.5 kg/day of weight gain provided gains and feed conversion of 0.94 kg/day and 2.08 kg supplement/kg of gain, respectively, lower than the results obtained to weight gain of 1.0 kg/day (1.09 kg/day and 3.18 kg supplement/kg gain, respectively). There was no effect of the fermentation potential on weight gain, feed conversion and ribeye area, but the final backfat thickness increased with the higher potential fermentation. The supplementation for 0.5 kg/day weight gain showed better economic outcome, but did not allow to obtain appropriate slaughter weight. The supplementation with concentrate formulated to increase the efficiency of rumen microbial protein synthesis, however, reduced the profitability of the system.

Avaliaram-se os indicadores fibra detergente ácido indigestível (FDAi) e óxido crômico (Cr2O3) na estimativa das digestililidades parciais e total das frações nutritivas da dieta. Foram utilizados quatro tourinhos Santa Gertrudes canulados no rúmen e no duodeno, distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 × 4 (animais <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> período) para estimativa da digestibilidade de quatro dietas compostas de feno de capim-marandu e concentrados, ajustadas para proporcionar ganho de peso corporal diário de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal e potencial de fermentação microbiana de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ EM fermentável. Os suplementos foram formulados com mistura mineral, milho, soja e farelos de soja e algodão. Não houve interação significativa dietas <FONT FACE=Symbol>´</FONT> indicadores. À exceção dos coeficientes de digestibilidade intestinal da MS e da FDN, todos os outros coeficientes de digestibilidade (MS, PB e CT) diferiram significativamente entre os indicadores avaliados. Quando utilizado o indicador FDAi, foram registrados maiores valores de digestibilidade ruminal e total e menores coeficientes de digestibilidade intestinal. A FDAi possibilitou melhor estimativa dos coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas, quando compostas na sua maior parte de volumosos (57 a 70% da MS).

Four Santa Gertrudis young bulls fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannula were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square to compare ruminal, intestinal, and total tract digestibility of nutrients estimated by the internal marker indigestible acid detergent fiber (IADF) or by the external marker chromic oxide (Cr2O3). Animals were fed palisadegrass hay (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) and concentrates formulated to allow daily body weight gain of 0.5 and 1 kg and potential of microbial fermentation of 9.5 and 11 g of microbial crude protein/MJ of fermentable metabolizable energy. Concentrates contained mineral mixture, ground corn, ground soybean, soybean and cottonseed meals. There was no significant interaction between diets and markers. Except for the apparent intestinal digestibility coefficients of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber, all remaining (OM, CP, and TC) digestibility coefficients differed significantly comparing IADF with Cr2O3. When IADF was used, ruminal and total tract digestibility of nutrients were greater while intestinal digestibility was lower compared to Cr2O3. Indigestible ADF yielded the best estimates of nutrient digestibility coefficients in diets with high proportion of forage (57 to 70% of total DM).

The solution of the mining association rules problem in customer transactions was introduced by Agrawal, Imielinski and Swami in 1993. Their approach was extended in several directions such as adding or replacing the confidence and support by other measures, or how to also account for quantitative attributes. In this paper we present an algorithm that can be used in the context of several of the extensions provided in the literature while preserving its performance, as illustrated by a case study. Our approach is targeted at two of the most computationally demanding phases in the process of generating association rules: the enumeration of the candidate sets and the verification of which of them are frequent. The minimization of the cost of these phases is achieved by pruning early candidate sets based on additional quantitative information about the transactions. In summary, we explore certain multidimensional properties of the data allowing us to combine this additional information as a pruning criterion. Based on synthetically generated data, our strategy reduced the number of candidate sets examined by the algorithm up to 15%. Furthermore, it also reduced the execution time significantly, in the order of 23%.