Abstract Bauhinia forficata Link is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat several pathologies. Commercial and botanically identified samples were evaluated via a gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization detector and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. This procedure allowed the identification of 116 compounds, representing 72% to 96% of the total content of the investigated essential oils. The five samples analyzed showed yields of essential oil ranged from 0.03 to 0.10%, being sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes the major components. Hierarchical Cluster Analysis and Principal Component Analysis were used in order to demonstrate variations in the essential oils’ composition of B. forficata and were able to clusterize these samples in three groups based on relationships and chemical patterns in essential oils. In natura samples showed to be different from commercial samples and CS3 group was the most distinct group of the commercial samples. In spite of differences among samples, it is concluded that essential oils of B. forficata presented a rich composition, presenting 11 compounds in common between them, which could be possible to establish a set of compounds as chemical markers for the species, still non-existent in literature.

ABSTRACT The objective was to determine the optimal dehydrated passion fruit pulp replacing ground corn in diets for goat kids. We used 24 crossbred castrated goat kids with initial body weight of 26.6±0.3 kg. The experimental period was 23 days, with 15 days of adjustment and acclimatization (mostly to the installation and diet). Kids were distributed in a randomized experimental design with four treatments of 0, 80, 160, or 240 g/kg of dehydrated passion fruit residue as a supplementary inclusion in the dry matter (DM) content of the diet. The statistical model considered the fixed effect of the included amount of residue from dehydrated passion fruit. Analysis of variance was conducted using the PROC GLM of SAS. Intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were not affected by residue inclusion. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake increased linearly. The inclusion linearly decreased intake of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Crude protein (CP) intake was quadratically affected, with a greater value under treatment of 160 g/kg passion fruit. Dry matter and NFC digestibility decreased linearly with the amount of passion fruit included in diet. Fecal N and total N excretion values (in g/d and %N intake) increased linearly. Nitrogen balance and N retained values showed a quadratic increase, with greater values under the 160 g/kg inclusion. Time spent ruminating, DM and NDF eating efficiency, and g DM/bolus chewed were affected quadratically by inclusion of passion fruit residue. The replacement of ground corn with dehydrated passion fruit residue at a level of 160 g/kg is recommended for diets of goat kids to improve their NDF and CP intake and their N balance without affecting DM and TDN intakes.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage time and temperature on main characteristics of a juçara (20%), banana (40%) and strawberry (40%) pasteurized smoothie. The pasteurized smoothie was stored at 7 °C and 25 °C for 90 days. At both temperatures there was degradation of the smoothie anthocyanins, which, as expected, was more drastic in storage at room temperature, impacting also the instrumental color of the product. The microbiological quality of the product was assured at both storage temperatures, showing absence of Salmonella spp. and counting for thermotolerant coliforms <3 MPN.g-1, which is in accordance to Brazilian legislation. Under refrigeration, the smoothie had good sensory acceptance with scores higher than 6 even after three months of storage. Taking into account the high preservation of the bioactive compounds, mainly of the anthocyanins, the juçara, banana and strawberry pasteurized smoothie can be stored for 90 days under refrigeration temperature (7 °C).

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma bebida mista do tipo smoothie utilizando o albúmen sólido do coco verde na sua composição. As formulações do smoothie foram elaboradas seguindo um planejamento experimental, fixando-se a concentração do albúmen sólido em 20% e variando-se os teores das polpas de acerola, abacaxi e água de coco, que totalizaram 80% da massa total do produto. Os parâmetros de resposta avaliados foram o teor de vitamina C, a capacidade antioxidante e a aceitação sensorial global. Foi observado que das dez formulações avaliadas, as que continham maiores concentrações de polpa de acerola, apresentaram valores superiores de compostos bioativos, porém não foram as mais aceitas sensorialmente. Por meio da função desejabilidade chegou-se a uma formulação final que consistiu de 52,8% de abacaxi, 27,2% de acerola e 20,0% de albúmen sólido de coco verde. Esta nova formulação teve boa aceitação, com nota igual a 7 (“bom”) e representa um bom aporte nutricional, sendo fonte de vitamina C, podendo contribuir para agregar valor a um coproduto da indústria de bebidas.

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to develop a mixed smoothie drink using the solid albumen of the green coconut in its composition. Smoothie formulations were prepared following an experimental design, setting the solid albumen concentration at 20% and varying the contents of the acerola (Barbados Cherry), pineapple, and coconut water pulps, which corresponded to 80% of the total mass of the product. Response parameters evaluated were vitamin C content, antioxidant capacity, and overall sensory acceptance. Ten formulations were evaluated. The ones that contained higher concentrations of acerola pulp had higher values of bioactive compounds but were not the most sensorially accepted. By means of the desirability function, a final formulation consisted of 52.8% of pineapple, 27.2% of acerola, and 20.0% of solid albumen of green coconut. This new formulation was well accepted, with a grade (score) 7 (“good”). It represents a good nutritional contribution and a source of vitamin C which can contribute to add value to a co-product of the beverage industry.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição nutricional e compostos bioativos do umbu, incluindo polpa, semente, casca e uma polpa comercial do fruto. Amostras das frações e da polpa comercial foram analisadas para determinação da composição centesimal e mineral, compostos fenólicos totais e capacidade antioxidante. As polpas e casca também foram analisadas quanto aos teores de vitamina C e carotenoides. A polpa comercial apresentou melhor composição nutricional em comparação com a polpa fresca (P<0,05). A casca do fruto apresentou maior teor de compostos fenólicos e capacidade antioxidante que a semente. A casca também se destacou pelos seus teores de vitamina C (79 mg.100 g-1) e carotenoides totais (2.751 µg.100 g-1), mostrando que, como principal barreira do fruto para sua proteção, é uma fração rica em compostos bioativos. Os maiores teores de fibras e ferro foram observados na semente de umbu (P<0,05). Portanto, os subprodutos do despolpamento do fruto podem ser ingredientes adequados para o desenvolvimento de alimentos mais ricos em nutrientes e compostos bioativos.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to evaluate the nutritional composition and bioactive compounds of whole umbu fruit, including pulp, seed and peel, and also of a commercial umbu pulp. Samples of the fractions and of commercial pulp were analyzed for determination of minerals and proximate composition, total phenolic and antioxidant activity. Pulps and peel were also analyzed for vitamin C and carotenoids contents. Commercial pulp presented better nutritional composition than fresh pulp (P<0.05) and the peel presented higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity than seed. Peel also stood out by its vitamin C (79 mg.100 g-1) and total carotenoids (2,751 µg.100 g-1) contents, showing that, as the main barrier of the fruit for its protection, it is a fraction rich in bioactive compounds. The highest dietary fiber and iron contents were observed in umbu seed (P<0.05). Therefore, umbu by-products may be ingredients proper for development of food richer in nutrients and bioactive compounds.

Abstract In the present study a banana, strawberry and juçara smoothie was developed using an experimental mixture design. The juçara proportion was kept constant while the banana:strawberry ratio varied and the main responses were the sensory acceptability and the antioxidant capacity. From five formulations, only the one with the highest percentage of strawberry was rejected, most likely due to its lower sugar content and higher acidity. In general, panelists chose the sweeter formulations, which were those with a higher percentage of banana. Relating to the consistency, the best formulation was the one containing the same proportion of strawberry and banana pulp, which provided a better flow to the product. Additionally, this sample showed intermediate values of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, as well as desirable physicochemical characteristics. In spite of being possible to obtain four formulations with good sensory acceptance, the one with equal amounts of banana and strawberry pulp is highlighted due to its antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristics, statistically corroborated by the desirability function.

Resumo Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do armazenamento a 6 °C nas características do suco de umbu pasteurizado. A pasteurização foi realizada a 86 °C por 25 s em um pasteurizador de superfície raspada, sendo o suco de umbu mantido a 6 °C por 90 dias. O suco pasteurizado atendeu ao padrão estabelecido pela legislação brasileira com contagem <3 NMP.g-1 para coliformes a 45 °C e ausência de Salmonella sp. Nesta condição de processo, a pasteurização foi eficiente também para a redução de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas. O teor de compostos fenólicos totais e, em particular, da rutina, assim como a atividade antioxidante do suco, não foram afetados pelo tratamento térmico. Ao longo do armazenamento, apesar de não perceptível visualmente, os parâmetros de cor do suco variaram significativamente (p<0,05). Apesar de pequena, também houve variação significativa (p<0,05) nos teores dos compostos fenólicos e de carotenoides. Por outro lado, o suco de umbu se manteve microbiologicamente estável durante o armazenamento, sendo, portanto, possível sua conservação por um período de 90 dias sem o uso de aditivos, quando submetido à pasteurização e mantido sob refrigeração.

Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the effect of storage at 6 °C on the characteristics of pasteurized umbu juice. Pasteurization was carried out at 86 °C for 25 s in a scraped surface heat exchanger and storage at 6 °C for 90 days. The pasteurized umbu juice conformed to the standards established by Brazilian legislation, presenting <3 MPN.g–1 for coliforms at 45 °C and absence of Salmonella sp. Under these processing conditions, pasteurization was also efficient in reducing the mesophilic aerobic bacteria. The phenolic compounds content, and specifically that of rutin, and the antioxidant activity of the juice were not affected (p<0.05) by the heat treatment. Although not visually perceptible, the colour parameters of the umbu juice were significantly affected by storage (p<0.05). Although small, there was also significant variation (p<0.05) in the phenolic compounds and carotenoid contents. On the other hand, the umbu juice remained microbiologically stable during storage, showing that it is possible to preserve it for a period of 90 days without the use of preservatives when submitted to pasteurization and kept under refrigeration.

O efeito do silício (Si) na produção de matéria seca de arroz, teor e acúmulo de Si foi avaliado sob condições de casa-de-vegetação. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos foram 5 doses de Si (0; 0,25; 0,50; 0,75 e 1,00 g dm-3) e 2 cultivares de arroz (Conai e Curinga). A aplicação de Si não afetou os componentes de crescimento e produção, com exceção da matéria seca de raiz. Houve um acréscimo da matéria seca de raiz sob aplicação de Si com uma produção máxima de 33,57 g vaso-1 na dose ajustada de 0,38 g dm-3 de Si. O acúmulo e os teores de Si variaram entre os cultivares, os quais responderam de forma linear ao aumento das doses de Si. Já para o acúmulo de Si na parte aérea não houve diferenças significativas entre cultivares.

The effect of silicon (Si) application on dry matter production of rice, as well as on the content and accumulation of silicon was evaluated under greenhouse conditions. The experimental design was a completely randomized design arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial structure with four replicates. The treatments consisted of a combination of five Si levels (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 g dm-3) and two rice cultivars (Conai and Curinga). The Si application did not affect the growth and production components except the root dry matter. There was an increase in the root dry matter under Si application with a maximum production of 33.57 g pot-1 in the dose of 0.38 g dm-3 Si. The content and accumulation of Si varied between the cultivars, increasing linearly with the Si levels, except for Si accumulated in the shoot, where no significant differences were observed between the cultivars.

The solubility of Mn in different fertilizers (MnSO4.H2O-p.a., MnO2-p.a.+MnO-Ind., MnO2-Ind.+MnO-Ind., MnO2-p.a., MnO2-Ind. and MnO-Ind.) was determined using different methodologies: total content and soluble contents in water, 10% H2SO4, citric acid at 20 g L-1, diluted neutral ammonium citrate, (1+9) and DTPA at 0.005 mol L-1. The Mn solubilities in the latter three extractors were assessed after agitation of the sample for one hour and after boiling for 5 minutes. The extraction procedure using neutral ammonium citrate (1+9), at 1:100, with agitation for one hour, was shown to be the most adequate to assess the availability of Mn in fertilizers.