ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the availability of different promotional strategies applied for UPF sales in Brazilian food retailers. METHODS Information available on food packaging was gathered from all packaged products sold in the five largest food retail chains in Brazil in 2017. UPF were identified using the NOVA food classification system. From this sample, data related to promotional characteristics, nutrition claims and health claims were collected and coded using the INFORMAS methodology. Additional claims referring to the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines were also collected. RESULTS This study evaluated the packaging of 2,238 UPF, of which 59.8% presented at least one promotional strategy. Almost one third denoted a simultaneous use of different promotional strategies in the same packaging. Nutrition claims were the most commonly found promotional strategy, followed by health claims and the use of characters. The food subgroups comprising the highest prevalence of promotional strategies on their labels were: noncaloric sweeteners (100.0%), breakfast cereals and granola bars (96.2%), juices, nectars and fruit-flavoured drinks (92.9%), other unsweetened beverages (92.9%), and other sweetened beverages (92.6%). CONCLUSIONS Considering the poor nutritional quality of UPF, the widespread presence of promotional features on their packaging highlights the need for marketing restrictions on this kind of product.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the use of “whole grains” claims in food products marketed in Brazil and evaluate the nutrient profile of these products. METHODS Data from 775 grain-based packaged foods collected in Brazil from April to July 2017 were analyzed. Based on the INFORMAS protocol for food labeling, the prevalence of packaged foods with “whole grains” claims was estimated. Information on the list of ingredients was analyzed to evaluate the presence and amount of whole or refined grains in six food groups. The nutrient profiles of the products with and without “whole grains” claims were compared using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutrient profile model. RESULTS The packages of about 19% of the evaluated products showed “whole grains” claims in their front panel. Of these, 35% lacked any whole grains among their top three ingredients. Breakfast cereals, granola bars, bread, cakes and other bakery products, cookies, and pasta had higher amounts of refined flour than whole grain ingredients in their compositions.We found 66% of products with “whole grains” claims were high in nutrients of concern according to PAHO’s criteria. CONCLUSION Our results showed that over a third of the products in Brazil with “whole grains” claims lacked whole grains as one of their main ingredients. Most had a high content of nutrients associated with noncommunicable chronic disease risk factors, indicating the overestimation of their health benefits.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the availability of different promotional strategies applied for UPF sales in Brazilian food retailers. METHODS Information available on food packaging was gathered from all packaged products sold in the five largest food retail chains in Brazil in 2017. UPF were identified using the NOVA food classification system. From this sample, data related to promotional characteristics, nutrition claims and health claims were collected and coded using the INFORMAS methodology. Additional claims referring to the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines were also collected. RESULTS This study evaluated the packaging of 2,238 UPF, of which 59.8% presented at least one promotional strategy. Almost one third denoted a simultaneous use of different promotional strategies in the same packaging. Nutrition claims were the most commonly found promotional strategy, followed by health claims and the use of characters. The food subgroups comprising the highest prevalence of promotional strategies on their labels were: noncaloric sweeteners (100.0%), breakfast cereals and granola bars (96.2%), juices, nectars and fruit-flavoured drinks (92.9%), other unsweetened beverages (92.9%), and other sweetened beverages (92.6%). CONCLUSIONS Considering the poor nutritional quality of UPF, the widespread presence of promotional features on their packaging highlights the need for marketing restrictions on this kind of product.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE This study aims to evaluate the use of “whole grains” claims in food products marketed in Brazil and evaluate the nutrient profile of these products. METHODS Data from 775 grain-based packaged foods collected in Brazil from April to July 2017 were analyzed. Based on the INFORMAS protocol for food labeling, the prevalence of packaged foods with “whole grains” claims was estimated. Information on the list of ingredients was analyzed to evaluate the presence and amount of whole or refined grains in six food groups. The nutrient profiles of the products with and without “whole grains” claims were compared using the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutrient profile model. RESULTS The packages of about 19% of the evaluated products showed “whole grains” claims in their front panel. Of these, 35% lacked any whole grains among their top three ingredients. Breakfast cereals, granola bars, bread, cakes and other bakery products, cookies, and pasta had higher amounts of refined flour than whole grain ingredients in their compositions.We found 66% of products with “whole grains” claims were high in nutrients of concern according to PAHO’s criteria. CONCLUSION Our results showed that over a third of the products in Brazil with “whole grains” claims lacked whole grains as one of their main ingredients. Most had a high content of nutrients associated with noncommunicable chronic disease risk factors, indicating the overestimation of their health benefits.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a adesão aos acordos voluntários de redução de sódio firmados entre indústrias de alimentos e o Ministério da Saúde e comparar as metas adotadas com o limite de sódio proposto no modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Utilizaram-se informações de 1.553 alimentos de 32 categorias incluídas nos acordos e comercializados nas maiores redes de supermercados brasileiras em 2017. Foram calculadas as proporções de produtos com quantidade de sódio igual ou abaixo do limite proposto pelos acordos e pela OPAS. A concordância de classificação dos itens segundo os dois critérios foi avaliada com o coeficiente kappa de Cohen (k). Nossos resultados mostraram que 77,7% dos alimentos analisados estavam adequados segundo os acordos de redução de sódio, porém apenas 35,9%, segundo o modelo da OPAS. A concordância entre os dois critérios ao classificar um produto como adequado em relação ao conteúdo de sódio foi fraca (k = 0,199). Conclui-se que os acordos voluntários de redução de sódio são limitados em relação à abrangência e ao rigor das metas estabelecidas. A adoção de medidas voltadas a todos os produtos disponíveis, com metas mais restritivas e obrigatórias, deveria ser considerada no país.

Abstract The objective was to assess adherence to voluntary agreements for sodium reduction firmed between the food industries and the Ministry of Health in Brazil and to compare their targets with the limit proposed in the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutritional profile model. We used data from 1.553 foods from 32 categories included in the agreements and sold in the largest Brazilian supermarket chains in 2017. The frequency of products with sodium equal or below the cut-offs proposed by the voluntary agreements and by PAHO was calculated. Classification concordance according to the two was evaluated with Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k). Our results showed that 77.7% of products were adequate according to the voluntary agreements, and only 35.9% of them, according to the PAHO model. We identified a weak degree of concordance between both criteria in classifying a product as adequate about sodium content (k = 0.199). In conclusion, the voluntary agreements for sodium reduction are limited in their scope and rigor. The adoption of measures oriented for all products, with more restrictive and mandatory targets, should be considered in the country.

Resumo O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a adesão aos acordos voluntários de redução de sódio firmados entre indústrias de alimentos e o Ministério da Saúde e comparar as metas adotadas com o limite de sódio proposto no modelo de perfil nutricional da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS). Utilizaram-se informações de 1.553 alimentos de 32 categorias incluídas nos acordos e comercializados nas maiores redes de supermercados brasileiras em 2017. Foram calculadas as proporções de produtos com quantidade de sódio igual ou abaixo do limite proposto pelos acordos e pela OPAS. A concordância de classificação dos itens segundo os dois critérios foi avaliada com o coeficiente kappa de Cohen (k). Nossos resultados mostraram que 77,7% dos alimentos analisados estavam adequados segundo os acordos de redução de sódio, porém apenas 35,9%, segundo o modelo da OPAS. A concordância entre os dois critérios ao classificar um produto como adequado em relação ao conteúdo de sódio foi fraca (k = 0,199). Conclui-se que os acordos voluntários de redução de sódio são limitados em relação à abrangência e ao rigor das metas estabelecidas. A adoção de medidas voltadas a todos os produtos disponíveis, com metas mais restritivas e obrigatórias, deveria ser considerada no país.

Abstract The objective was to assess adherence to voluntary agreements for sodium reduction firmed between the food industries and the Ministry of Health in Brazil and to compare their targets with the limit proposed in the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) nutritional profile model. We used data from 1.553 foods from 32 categories included in the agreements and sold in the largest Brazilian supermarket chains in 2017. The frequency of products with sodium equal or below the cut-offs proposed by the voluntary agreements and by PAHO was calculated. Classification concordance according to the two was evaluated with Cohen’s kappa coefficient (k). Our results showed that 77.7% of products were adequate according to the voluntary agreements, and only 35.9% of them, according to the PAHO model. We identified a weak degree of concordance between both criteria in classifying a product as adequate about sodium content (k = 0.199). In conclusion, the voluntary agreements for sodium reduction are limited in their scope and rigor. The adoption of measures oriented for all products, with more restrictive and mandatory targets, should be considered in the country.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE – National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother’s educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe students protected by laws and exposed to soft drinks sales and assess whether forbidding laws are associated with lower availability of these beverages. METHODS We identified laws forbidding non-government administered cafeterias or sales of soft drinks in schools in the 27 Brazilian state capitals. Data on soft drinks sales were obtained from Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015 (PeNSE – National Survey of School Health 2015), for a representative sample of 9th graders from public and private schools. Students were attributed with the status of their school regarding the law and sale of soft drinks. Co-variables were school status (public or private), school size, geographic regions, mother’s educational level, score of goods and services. We performed multivariate analyses using Poisson regression. RESULTS The total of 23 laws forbidding sales of soft drinks covered 63.0% of capitals, comprising 56.9% of students. Law coverage was higher among students from more developed regions (67.6%) and in public schools (60.6%), compared with those from less developed regions (38.0%) and private schools (45.8%). Soft drinks were available for 33.9% of students. Students attending public schools in less developed regions had the lowest availability of soft drinks, regardless of law coverage (14.8%; 12.0%); while students attending private schools in these regions had a high availability, regardless of law coverage (82.1%; 73.4%). Restrictive laws were associated with lower sales of soft drinks in more developed regions, and restrictions had a greater association with the availability of soft drinks in public schools (PR = 0.25; 95%CI = 0.15-0.41), compared with private schools (PR = 0.48; 95%CI = 0.35-0.66). CONCLUSION Laws restricting soft drinks in schools were associated with fewer sales in more developed regions. Private schools were less compliant with the law than public schools. A broadly enforced national law could reduce the availability of soft drinks in schools.

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a frequência com que os adolescentes brasileiros realizam as refeições com os pais e verificar a associação deste hábito com a qualidade da dieta. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - 2015 (PeNSE). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes matriculados no nono ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas, com idades entre 11 e 19 anos. A exposição de interesse foi realizar refeições com os pais (0-4 e ≥ 5 dias/semana) e os desfechos estudados foram consumo frequente (≥ 5 dias/semana) de alimentos marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável. Escores de alimentação saudável (variação 0-21) e não saudável (variação 0-35) foram elaborados com base no somatório dos dias que o adolescente relatou consumir cada um dos marcadores de alimentação. Foram usados modelos de regressão de Poisson e linear, ajustados por variáveis sociodemográficas. A realização frequente de refeições com os pais (≥ 5 dias/semana) foi observada em 74% (IC95%: 73,4-74,7) dos adolescentes. Aqueles que afirmaram ter esse hábito apresentaram maior probabilidade do consumo frequente de feijão (RP = 1,22; IC95%: 1,19-1,26), frutas (RP = 1,34; IC95%: 1,28-1,39) e hortaliças (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,34-1,44); e menor probabilidade de consumo frequente de guloseimas (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,88-0,94), ultraprocessados salgados (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,87-0,94) e salgados fritos (RP = 0,85; IC95%: 0,80-0,90). Realizar as refeições com os pais foi positivamente associado ao escores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associado ao escores de alimentação não saudável. O hábito de realizar refeições com os pais é frequente entre adolescentes brasileiros e está associado à melhor qualidade da alimentação.

Abstract: The objective was to investigate how often Brazilian adolescents eat meals with their parents and verify the association between this habit and quality of the diet. Data were from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE-2015). The sample consisted of adolescents enrolled in the ninth grade in public and private schools, ranging in age from 11 to 19 years. The target exposure was eating meals with parents (0-4 and ≥ 5 days/week) and the outcomes were frequent consumption (≥ 5 days/week) of healthy and unhealthy dietary markers. Healthy diet scores (range 0-21) and unhealthy diet scores (range 0-35) were based on total days that the adolescent reported consuming each of the dietary markers. Poisson and linear regression models were used, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Frequent sharing of meals with parents (≥ 5 days/week) was seen in 74% (95%CI: 73.4-74.7) of the adolescents. Those reporting this habit showed higher likelihood of frequent consumption of beans (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.19-1.26), fruits (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.28-1.39), and vegetables (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.34-1.44), and lower likelihood of frequent consumption of sweets (PR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.88-0.94), ultra-processed salty foods (PR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.87-0.94), and fried salty snacks (PR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.80-0.90). Eating meals with parents was positively associated with healthy diet scores and inversely associated with unhealthy diet scores . Eating meals with parents is a common habit in Brazilian adolescents and is associated with better quality of diet.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la frecuencia con la que los adolescentes brasileños comen con los padres y verificar la asociación de este hábito con la calidad de la dieta. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar - 2015 (PeNSE). La muestra estaba compuesta por adolescentes matriculados en el noveno año de enseñanza fundamental de escuelas públicas y privadas, con edades entre 11 y 19 años. La exposición de interés fue realizar comidas con los padres (0-4 y ≥ 5 días/semana) y los resultados estudiados fueron consumo frecuente (≥ 5 días/semana) de alimentos marcadores de alimentación saludable y no saludable. Los marcadores de alimentación saludable (variación 0-21) y no saludable (variación 0-35) se elaboraron basándose en el sumatorio de los días en los que el adolescente informó consumir cada uno de los marcadores de alimentación. Se usaron modelos de regresión de Poisson y lineales, ajustados por variables sociodemográficas. La realización frecuente de comidas con los padres (≥ 5 días/semana) se observó en un 74% (IC95%: 73,4-74,7) de los adolescentes. Aquellos que afirmaron tener ese hábito presentaron una mayor probabilidad de consumo frecuente de frijoles (RP = 1,22; IC95%: 1,19-1,26), frutas (RP = 1,34; IC95%: 1,28-1,39) y hortalizas (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,34-1,44); y menor probabilidad de consumo frecuente de golosinas (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,88-0,94), aperitivos ultraprocesados (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,87-0,94) y aperitivos fritos (RP = 0,85; IC95%: 0,80-0,90). Realizar las comidas con los padres estuvo positivamente asociado al marcadores de alimentación saludable e inversamente asociado al marcadores de alimentación no saludable. El hábito de realizar comidas con los padres es frecuente entre adolescentes brasileños y está asociado a una mejor calidad de la alimentación.

Resumo: O objetivo foi investigar a frequência com que os adolescentes brasileiros realizam as refeições com os pais e verificar a associação deste hábito com a qualidade da dieta. Foram utilizados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar - 2015 (PeNSE). A amostra foi composta por adolescentes matriculados no nono ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas, com idades entre 11 e 19 anos. A exposição de interesse foi realizar refeições com os pais (0-4 e ≥ 5 dias/semana) e os desfechos estudados foram consumo frequente (≥ 5 dias/semana) de alimentos marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável. Escores de alimentação saudável (variação 0-21) e não saudável (variação 0-35) foram elaborados com base no somatório dos dias que o adolescente relatou consumir cada um dos marcadores de alimentação. Foram usados modelos de regressão de Poisson e linear, ajustados por variáveis sociodemográficas. A realização frequente de refeições com os pais (≥ 5 dias/semana) foi observada em 74% (IC95%: 73,4-74,7) dos adolescentes. Aqueles que afirmaram ter esse hábito apresentaram maior probabilidade do consumo frequente de feijão (RP = 1,22; IC95%: 1,19-1,26), frutas (RP = 1,34; IC95%: 1,28-1,39) e hortaliças (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,34-1,44); e menor probabilidade de consumo frequente de guloseimas (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,88-0,94), ultraprocessados salgados (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,87-0,94) e salgados fritos (RP = 0,85; IC95%: 0,80-0,90). Realizar as refeições com os pais foi positivamente associado ao escores de alimentação saudável e inversamente associado ao escores de alimentação não saudável. O hábito de realizar refeições com os pais é frequente entre adolescentes brasileiros e está associado à melhor qualidade da alimentação.

Abstract: The objective was to investigate how often Brazilian adolescents eat meals with their parents and verify the association between this habit and quality of the diet. Data were from the Brazilian National Survey of School Health (PeNSE-2015). The sample consisted of adolescents enrolled in the ninth grade in public and private schools, ranging in age from 11 to 19 years. The target exposure was eating meals with parents (0-4 and ≥ 5 days/week) and the outcomes were frequent consumption (≥ 5 days/week) of healthy and unhealthy dietary markers. Healthy diet scores (range 0-21) and unhealthy diet scores (range 0-35) were based on total days that the adolescent reported consuming each of the dietary markers. Poisson and linear regression models were used, adjusted by sociodemographic variables. Frequent sharing of meals with parents (≥ 5 days/week) was seen in 74% (95%CI: 73.4-74.7) of the adolescents. Those reporting this habit showed higher likelihood of frequent consumption of beans (PR = 1.22; 95%CI: 1.19-1.26), fruits (PR = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.28-1.39), and vegetables (PR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.34-1.44), and lower likelihood of frequent consumption of sweets (PR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.88-0.94), ultra-processed salty foods (PR = 0.91; 95%CI: 0.87-0.94), and fried salty snacks (PR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.80-0.90). Eating meals with parents was positively associated with healthy diet scores and inversely associated with unhealthy diet scores . Eating meals with parents is a common habit in Brazilian adolescents and is associated with better quality of diet.

Resumen: El objetivo fue investigar la frecuencia con la que los adolescentes brasileños comen con los padres y verificar la asociación de este hábito con la calidad de la dieta. Se utilizaron datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud del Escolar - 2015 (PeNSE). La muestra estaba compuesta por adolescentes matriculados en el noveno año de enseñanza fundamental de escuelas públicas y privadas, con edades entre 11 y 19 años. La exposición de interés fue realizar comidas con los padres (0-4 y ≥ 5 días/semana) y los resultados estudiados fueron consumo frecuente (≥ 5 días/semana) de alimentos marcadores de alimentación saludable y no saludable. Los marcadores de alimentación saludable (variación 0-21) y no saludable (variación 0-35) se elaboraron basándose en el sumatorio de los días en los que el adolescente informó consumir cada uno de los marcadores de alimentación. Se usaron modelos de regresión de Poisson y lineales, ajustados por variables sociodemográficas. La realización frecuente de comidas con los padres (≥ 5 días/semana) se observó en un 74% (IC95%: 73,4-74,7) de los adolescentes. Aquellos que afirmaron tener ese hábito presentaron una mayor probabilidad de consumo frecuente de frijoles (RP = 1,22; IC95%: 1,19-1,26), frutas (RP = 1,34; IC95%: 1,28-1,39) y hortalizas (RP = 1,39; IC95%: 1,34-1,44); y menor probabilidad de consumo frecuente de golosinas (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,88-0,94), aperitivos ultraprocesados (RP = 0,91; IC95%: 0,87-0,94) y aperitivos fritos (RP = 0,85; IC95%: 0,80-0,90). Realizar las comidas con los padres estuvo positivamente asociado al marcadores de alimentación saludable e inversamente asociado al marcadores de alimentación no saludable. El hábito de realizar comidas con los padres es frecuente entre adolescentes brasileños y está asociado a una mejor calidad de la alimentación.

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a relação entre o custo da alimentação e a densidade energética da dieta consumida nos domicílios brasileiros. Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF-2008/2009) para identificação dos alimentos com consumo mais relevante e seus preços. Tais alimentos foram agrupados, resultando em uma cesta de 67 produtos. Empregou-se a programação linear para composição de cestas isoenergéticas, minimizando o afastamento da dieta média encontrada nos domicílios. Foram impostos limites para quantidade de inclusão dos itens e contribuição energética dos grupos de alimentos; e uma redução no custo médio da dieta foi aplicada a intervalos de R$0,15 até o menor custo possível. Identificou-se associação inversa entre densidade energética e preço da dieta (p < 0,05), e, no menor custo possível, obteve-se o valor máximo de densidade energética. Verificou-se que restrições no custo da alimentação resultaram na seleção de dietas com maior densidade energética, indicando que o custo da alimentação pode conduzir à adoção de dietas inadequadas no Brasil.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cost and energy density of diet consumed in Brazilian households. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF 2008/2009) were used to identify the main foods and their prices. Similar items were grouped, resulting in a basket of 67 products. Linear programming was applied for the composition of isoenergetic baskets, minimizing the deviation from the average household diet. Restrictions were imposed on the inclusion of items and the energy contribution of the various food groups. A reduction in average cost of diet was applied at intervals of R$0.15 to the lowest possible cost. We identified an inverse association between energy density and cost of diet (p < 0.05), and at the lowest possible cost we obtained the maximum value of energy density. Restrictions on the diet's cost resulted in the selection of diets with higher energy density, indicating that cost of diet may lead to the adoption of inadequate diets in Brazil.

Este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a relação entre o custo da alimentação e a densidade energética da dieta consumida nos domicílios brasileiros. Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF-2008/2009) para identificação dos alimentos com consumo mais relevante e seus preços. Tais alimentos foram agrupados, resultando em uma cesta de 67 produtos. Empregou-se a programação linear para composição de cestas isoenergéticas, minimizando o afastamento da dieta média encontrada nos domicílios. Foram impostos limites para quantidade de inclusão dos itens e contribuição energética dos grupos de alimentos; e uma redução no custo médio da dieta foi aplicada a intervalos de R$0,15 até o menor custo possível. Identificou-se associação inversa entre densidade energética e preço da dieta (p < 0,05), e, no menor custo possível, obteve-se o valor máximo de densidade energética. Verificou-se que restrições no custo da alimentação resultaram na seleção de dietas com maior densidade energética, indicando que o custo da alimentação pode conduzir à adoção de dietas inadequadas no Brasil.

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the cost and energy density of diet consumed in Brazilian households. Data from the Brazilian Household Budget Survey (POF 2008/2009) were used to identify the main foods and their prices. Similar items were grouped, resulting in a basket of 67 products. Linear programming was applied for the composition of isoenergetic baskets, minimizing the deviation from the average household diet. Restrictions were imposed on the inclusion of items and the energy contribution of the various food groups. A reduction in average cost of diet was applied at intervals of R$0.15 to the lowest possible cost. We identified an inverse association between energy density and cost of diet (p < 0.05), and at the lowest possible cost we obtained the maximum value of energy density. Restrictions on the diet's cost resulted in the selection of diets with higher energy density, indicating that cost of diet may lead to the adoption of inadequate diets in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To describe individual attitudes, knowledge, and behavior regarding salt intake, its dietary sources, and current food-labeling practices related to salt and sodium in five sentinel countries of the Americas. METHODS: A convenience sample of 1 992 adults (≥ 18 years old) from Argentina, Canada, Chile, Costa Rica, and Ecuador (approximately 400 from each country) was obtained between September 2010 and February 2011. Data collection was conducted in shopping malls or major commercial areas using a questionnaire containing 33 questions. Descriptive estimates are presented for the total sample and stratified by country and sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population. RESULTS: Almost 90% of participants associated excess intake of salt with the occurrence of adverse health conditions, more than 60% indicated they were trying to reduce their current intake of salt, and more than 30% believed reducing dietary salt to be of high importance. Only 26% of participants claimed to know the existence of a recommended maximum value of salt or sodium intake and 47% of them stated they knew the content of salt in food items. More than 80% of participants said that they would like food labeling to indicate high, medium, and low levels of salt or sodium and would like to see a clear warning label on packages of foods high in salt. CONCLUSIONS: Additional effort is required to increase consumers' knowledge about the existence of a maximum limit for intake and to improve their capacity to accurately monitor and reduce their personal salt consumption.

OBJETIVO: Describir las actitudes, los conocimientos y el comportamiento individuales con respecto al consumo de sal, sus fuentes alimentarias, y las prácticas actuales de etiquetado de alimentos en relación con su contenido en sal y sodio en cinco países centinelas de la Región de las Américas. MÉTODOS: De septiembre del 2010 a febrero del 2011, se obtuvo una muestra de conveniencia de 1 992 adultos (de 18 años de edad o mayores) de Argentina, Canadá, Chile, Costa Rica y Ecuador (aproximadamente 400 de cada país). Se llevó a cabo la recopilación de datos en centros o áreas comerciales importantes mediante un cuestionario de 33 preguntas. Se presentan los cálculos descriptivos correspondientes a la muestra total y estratificados por países y según las características sociodemográficas de la población estudiada. RESULTADOS: Casi 90% de los participantes asociaron la ingesta excesiva de sal con la aparición de trastornos de salud, más de 60% señalaron que estaban tratando de reducir su ingesta de sal actual, y más de 30% creían que la reducción de la sal alimentaria era de gran importancia. Solo 26% de los participantes manifestaron que conocían la existencia de un valor máximo recomendado de ingesta de sal o sodio, y 47% de estos afirmaron que conocían el contenido de sal de los productos alimenticios. Más de 80% de los participantes dijeron que les gustaría que el etiquetado de los alimentos indicara si los niveles de sal o sodio eran altos, medios o bajos, y desearían que en los paquetes de los alimentos con alto contenido de sal apareciera una etiqueta de advertencia clara. CONCLUSIONES: Se requieren nuevas iniciativas para incrementar los conocimientos de los consumidores acerca de la existencia de un límite máximo de ingesta y mejorar su capacidad para vigilar estrictamente y reducir el consumo de sal.