ABSTRACT Hypopituitarism is a disorder characterized by insufficient secretion of one or more pituitary hormones. New etiologies of hypopituitarism have been recently described, including head trauma, cerebral hemorrhage, and drug-induced hypophysitis. The investigation of patients with these new disorders, in addition to advances in diagnosis and treatment of hypopituitarism, has increased the prevalence of this condition. Pituitary hormone deficiencies can induce significant clinical changes with consequent increased morbidity and mortality rates, while hormone replacement based on current guidelines protects these patients. In this review, we will first discuss the different etiologies of hypopituitarism and then address one by one the clinical aspects, diagnostic evaluation, and therapeutic options for deficiencies of TSH, ACTH, gonadotropin, and GH. Finally, we will detail the hormonal interactions that occur during replacement of pituitary hormones.

Abstract Friction and wear are influenced by the surface conditions of the material, since there is deformation, segregation, generation of oxide films, among others. Roughness is an important characteristic in tribological studies, where the parameters of skewness and kurtosis have greater influence than the conventional parameters Ra and Rq. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of the parameters of skewness Rsk and Rku kurtosis on the surface of the USI AR 360 steel machining by the milling and turning processes in the pin-on-disc sliding wear test. Results showed that surfaces with the same Ra and Rq could be distinguished by the skewness parameter. Different behaviors were observed in the analysis of friction curves, where the skewness effect showed a tendency to reduce the friction coefficient. It was also observed that the feed marks orientation in relation to the sliding direction can influence the tribological behavior of the surfaces.

ABSTRACT Hypovitaminosis D is now considered a pandemic, especially among more vulnerable populations and in HIV-infected subjects, with 80% presenting levels below 30 ng/mL. As there is no consensus on the more adequate dosage needed to correct such deficiency, the objective of this study was to evaluate 25 (OH) vitamin D supplementation in HIV-1 patients deficient of vitamin D. A total of 73 HIV-1-infected patients were included, drawn from a cohort of 435 patients; 37 patients were randomized to the active group, supplemented once a week with 50,000 UI vitamin D by mouth (group 1) and 36 to the placebo group (group 2). The study period ranged from June 2016 to September 2017. Variables involved in vitamin D metabolism and risk factors associated with hypovitaminosis were evaluated. The mean age was 45 years and 31.5 % were women. Vitamin D supplementation was effective in normalizing serum levels after six months in group 1 (mean 35 ng/mL compared to 21 ng/mL for the placebo group; p= 0.04). No patient reached blood levels considered toxic (>100 UI). Efavirenz use can negatively influence vitamin D levels and supplementation is necessary as a likely adjunct to improving CD4+ T cells, resulting in greater effectiveness of the treatment. A weekly oral dose of 50,000 IU of vitamin D was sufficient to normalize the vitamin deficiency, safely and with good adherence among persons living with HIV/AIDS in Brazil.

Resumo Objetivo: apresentar sequência metodológica resultante de análise multicritério indicando áreas com distintas prioridades de intervenção contra o Aedes aegypti. Métodos: elaborou-se o Índice de Deslocamento da Fêmea de Aedes (IDFAedes), consolidado por quadra urbana, representando a interação entre densidade habitacional, sítios de oviposição e notificações de casos de dengue; foi desenvolvido um modelo gráfico (Model Builder) com uso do software QGIS, utilizando-se o algoritmo do mapa de Kernel e, como fator de ponderação, o IDFAedes. Resultados: a estratificação para o exemplo avaliado - Anápolis, GO, Brasil - indicou níveis de prioridade de intervenção nas quadras urbanas - 17,5% de prioridade muito baixa; 37,3%, baixa; 33,6%, média; 10,2%, alta; 1,4%, muito alta -; as quadras com prioridade média, alta e muito alta representaram, juntas, 22,53% do território em área. Conclusão: a proposta de recorte espacial deste trabalho pode se inserir em programas de vigilância em saúde, para intensificação direcionada e planejamento das ações de controle.

Abstract Objective: to present a methodological sequence resulting from multicriteria analysis indicating areas with different Aedes aegypti intervention priorities. Methods: a Female Aedes Displacement Index (IDFAedes) was created, consolidated according to urban blocks, representing interaction between population densities, Aedes aegypti oviposition sites and dengue case notifications; a graphical model (Model Builder) was developed with QGIS software using the Kernel mapping algorithm and IDFAedes as the weighting factor. Results: stratification for the evaluated example - Anápolis, GO, Brazil - indicated intervention priority levels for urban blocks - 17.5%, very low priority; 37.3%, low; 33.6%, medium; 10.2%, high; 1.4%, very high -; blocks with medium, high, and very high priority accounted for 22.53,% of the territory in the area. Conclusion: the spatial block method proposed in this article can be included in health surveillance programs for intensified targeting and planning of control actions.

Resumen Objetivo: presentar secuencia metodológica resultante de análisis multicriterio, registrando áreas con diferentes prioridades de intervención contra el Aedes aegypti. Métodos: se elaboró el Índice de Desplazamiento de la Hembra de Aedes (IDH Aedes), consolidado por cuadra urbana, representando la interacción entre densidades de viviendas, locales de oviposición y notificaciones de casos de dengue; fue desarrollado un modelo gráfico (Model Builder) por el software QGIS usando el algoritmo del mapa de Kernel y como factor de ponderación el IDH Aedes. Resultados: una estratificación del ejemplo evaluado - Anápolis, GO, Brasil - indicó niveles de prioridad de intervención para cuadras urbanas - 17.5% de prioridad muy baja; 37.3% baja; 33,6%; mediana; 10,2% alta; 1.4% muy alta; cuadras con prioridad mediana, alta y muy alta representaron el 22.53% del territorio en el área. Conclusión: la propuesta de recorte espacial de este trabajo se puede insertar en programas de vigilancia en salud en tiempo real para dirigir y planificar acciones de control.

Resumo Objetivo: apresentar sequência metodológica resultante de análise multicritério indicando áreas com distintas prioridades de intervenção contra o Aedes aegypti. Métodos: elaborou-se o Índice de Deslocamento da Fêmea de Aedes (IDFAedes), consolidado por quadra urbana, representando a interação entre densidade habitacional, sítios de oviposição e notificações de casos de dengue; foi desenvolvido um modelo gráfico (Model Builder) com uso do software QGIS, utilizando-se o algoritmo do mapa de Kernel e, como fator de ponderação, o IDFAedes. Resultados: a estratificação para o exemplo avaliado - Anápolis, GO, Brasil - indicou níveis de prioridade de intervenção nas quadras urbanas - 17,5% de prioridade muito baixa; 37,3%, baixa; 33,6%, média; 10,2%, alta; 1,4%, muito alta -; as quadras com prioridade média, alta e muito alta representaram, juntas, 22,53% do território em área. Conclusão: a proposta de recorte espacial deste trabalho pode se inserir em programas de vigilância em saúde, para intensificação direcionada e planejamento das ações de controle.

Abstract Objective: to present a methodological sequence resulting from multicriteria analysis indicating areas with different Aedes aegypti intervention priorities. Methods: a Female Aedes Displacement Index (IDFAedes) was created, consolidated according to urban blocks, representing interaction between population densities, Aedes aegypti oviposition sites and dengue case notifications; a graphical model (Model Builder) was developed with QGIS software using the Kernel mapping algorithm and IDFAedes as the weighting factor. Results: stratification for the evaluated example - Anápolis, GO, Brazil - indicated intervention priority levels for urban blocks - 17.5%, very low priority; 37.3%, low; 33.6%, medium; 10.2%, high; 1.4%, very high -; blocks with medium, high, and very high priority accounted for 22.53,% of the territory in the area. Conclusion: the spatial block method proposed in this article can be included in health surveillance programs for intensified targeting and planning of control actions.

Resumen Objetivo: presentar secuencia metodológica resultante de análisis multicriterio, registrando áreas con diferentes prioridades de intervención contra el Aedes aegypti. Métodos: se elaboró el Índice de Desplazamiento de la Hembra de Aedes (IDH Aedes), consolidado por cuadra urbana, representando la interacción entre densidades de viviendas, locales de oviposición y notificaciones de casos de dengue; fue desarrollado un modelo gráfico (Model Builder) por el software QGIS usando el algoritmo del mapa de Kernel y como factor de ponderación el IDH Aedes. Resultados: una estratificación del ejemplo evaluado - Anápolis, GO, Brasil - indicó niveles de prioridad de intervención para cuadras urbanas - 17.5% de prioridad muy baja; 37.3% baja; 33,6%; mediana; 10,2% alta; 1.4% muy alta; cuadras con prioridad mediana, alta y muy alta representaron el 22.53% del territorio en el área. Conclusión: la propuesta de recorte espacial de este trabajo se puede insertar en programas de vigilancia en salud en tiempo real para dirigir y planificar acciones de control.

ABSTRACT Objective Investigate the therapeutic response of acromegaly patients to pegvisomant (PEGV) in a real-life, Brazilian multicenter study. Subjects and methods Characteristics of acromegaly patients treated with PEGV were reviewed at diagnosis, just before and during treatment. All patients with at least two IGF-I measurements on PEGV were included. Efficacy was defined as any normal IGF-I measurement during treatment. Safety data were reviewed. Predictors of response were determined by comparing controlled versus uncontrolled patients. Results 109 patients [61 women; median age at diagnosis 34 years; 95.3% macroadenomas] from 10 Brazilian centers were studied. Previous treatment included surgery (89%), radiotherapy (34%), somatostatin receptor ligands (99%), and cabergoline (67%). Before PEGV, median levels of GH, IGF-I and IGF-I % of upper limit of normal were 4.3 µg/L, 613 ng/mL, and 209%, respectively. Pre-diabetes/diabetes was present in 48.6% and tumor remnant in 71% of patients. Initial dose was 10 mg/day in all except 4 cases, maximum dose was 30 mg/day, and median exposure time was 30.5 months. PEGV was used as monotherapy in 11% of cases. Normal IGF-I levels was obtained in 74.1% of patients. Glycemic control improved in 56.6% of patients with pre-diabetes/diabetes. Exposure time, pre-treatment GH and IGF-I levels were predictors of response. Tumor enlargement occurred in 6.5% and elevation of liver enzymes in 9.2%. PEGV was discontinued in 6 patients and 3 deaths unrelated to the drug were reported. Conclusions In a real-life scenario, PEGV is a highly effective and safe treatment for acromegaly patients not controlled with other therapies.

ABSTRACT The treatment objectives for a patient with Cushing's disease (CD) are remission of hypercortisolism, adequate management of co-morbidities, restoration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, preservation of fertility and pituitary function, and improvement of visual defects in cases of macroadenomas with suprasellar extension. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery is the main treatment option for the majority of cases, even in macroadenomas with low probability of remission. In cases of surgical failure, another subsequent pituitary surgery might be indicated in cases with persistent tumor imaging at post surgical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or pathology analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormone-positive (ACTH+) positive pituitary adenoma in the first procedure. Medical treatment, radiotherapy and adrenalectomy are the other options when transsphenoidal pituitary surgery fails. There are several options of medical treatment, although cabergoline and ketoconazole are the most commonly used alone or in combination. Novel treatments are also addressed in this review. Different therapeutic approaches are frequently needed on an individual basis, both before and, particularly, after surgery, and they should be individualized. The objective of the present review is to provide the necessary information to achieve a more effective treatment for CD. It is recommended that patients with CD be followed at tertiary care centers with experience in treating this condition.

Abstract Several instruments have been used to measure oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP) questionnaire was based on the concept that sequential events related to oral diseases can cause discomfort, functional limitations and consequently, result in dysfunctions and even disabilities. There are few studies in the literature that structurally analyze the instruments to verify whether they measure the requirements to which they were designed to. The objective of the study was to evaluate the internal structure of the OHIP-Edent questionnaire. The OHIP-Edent was administered to 54 edentulous patients’ wearers of conventional complete dentures. For structural analysis, an exploratory factorial analysis (EFA) was carried out. After determining the internal consistency of the model (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.88), the fit was checked using the root mean square error approach (value 0.04), the comparative fit index (value 0.982) and the Tucker-Lewis index (value 0.976). After analysis of the 19 questions and the seven domains proposed in the OHIP-Edent questionnaire, the hypothetical factorial model showed three dimensions denominated “Physical Impact”, “Psychological Impact” and “Social Impact”. In this sample of conventional complete denture wearers, the OHIP-Edent seems adequate to measure the “Physical Impact”, “Psychological Impact”, and “Social Impact” of the OHRQoL. The confirmatory factorial analysis confirmed the model and, through adjustment indexes, it was verified that the three dimensions have convergence and consistence adequate in order to characterize the OHRQoL construct with validity.

ABSTRACT Although it is a rare condition, the accurate diagnosis and treatment of Cushing’s disease is important due to its higher morbidity and mortality compared to the general population, which is attributed to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and infections. Screening for hypercortisolism is recommended for patients who present multiple and progressive clinical signs and symptoms, especially those who are considered to be more specific to Cushing’s syndrome, abnormal findings relative to age (e.g., spinal osteoporosis and high blood pressure in young patients), weight gain associated with reduced growth rate in the pediatric population and for those with adrenal incidentalomas. Routine screening is not recommended for other groups of patients, such as those with obesity or diabetes mellitus. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary, the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) test and the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test are the main tests for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Bilateral and simultaneous petrosal sinus sampling is the gold standard method and is performed when the triad of initial tests is inconclusive, doubtful or conflicting. The aim of this article is to provide information on the early detection and establishment of a proper diagnosis of Cushing’s disease, recommending follow-up of these patients at experienced referral centers. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(3):267-86

Many of the applications of diamonds expose them to high temperatures and atmospheres containing oxygen. Under these circumstances two important phenomena responsible for the thermal damage of diamonds are: oxidation and graphitization. It is well known that coatings on diamonds provide a better performance, but the amount of information in literature about the protective mechanism of these coatings is very scarce. The present work proposes a study about the thermal damage effect on diamonds with titanium (Ti) coating comparing with diamonds without it. Samples of uncoated diamonds and Ti- coated diamonds were heat treated at 1200 °C during different periods of time and characterized prior to and after the treatments. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was performed to observe the temperatures that transformations in diamonds occur. The analysis of phases present in the samples and the observation of new phases formed were carried out by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). In order to observe the diamond surface and how the chemical elements are distributed in it, the samples were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The results prove the protective capability of the Ti coatings, clarifying the protective mechanism against the thermal damage.

The aim was to describe an outbreak of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in health care professionals. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 17 clients who dined at the same table in a restaurant in Barcelona in July 2012. The frequency, timing and severity of symptoms were analyzed, as were demographic variables and others concerning the food ingested. The attack rate was 58.8%. Six of the 10 clients were positive for group A β-hemolytic streptococcal. Six of the 13 individuals who handled the food involved in the dinner had symptoms. No association was identified with the food consumed. There is epidemiological evidence of foodborne group A β-hemolytic streptococcal transmission, but respiratory transmission could not be ruled out.

El objetivo fue describir un brote de faringo-amigdalitis causado por estreptococos β-hemolíticos del grupo A (EGA) en profesionales de la salud. El estudio que se transmite de persona-persona o por vía alimentaria. El estudio transversal descriptivo se realizó en 17 clientes, localizados en la misma mesa, que participaron de una cena en restaurante de Barcelona, España, en julio de 2012. Se analizaron, la frecuencia de síntomas de los afectados, el tiempo y la severidad de los síntomas, variables demográficas y alimentos ingeridos, entre otros factores. La tasa de ataque (TA) en los comensales fue del 58,8% (10/17). El 60,0% (6/10) de los comensales fueron positivos para EGA. El 46,2% (6/13) de los manipuladores de alimentos suministrados en la cena presentaron síntomas. No se identificó asociación con los alimentos ingeridos. Existen evidencias epidemiológicas de la transmisión alimentaria del EGA, pero no podría descartarse la transmisión respiratoria.

The aim was to describe an outbreak of group A β-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis in health care professionals. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study of 17 clients who dined at the same table in a restaurant in Barcelona in July 2012. The frequency, timing and severity of symptoms were analyzed, as were demographic variables and others concerning the food ingested. The attack rate was 58.8%. Six of the 10 clients were positive for group A β-hemolytic streptococcal. Six of the 13 individuals who handled the food involved in the dinner had symptoms. No association was identified with the food consumed. There is epidemiological evidence of foodborne group A β-hemolytic streptococcal transmission, but respiratory transmission could not be ruled out.

El objetivo fue describir un brote de faringo-amigdalitis causado por estreptococos β-hemolíticos del grupo A (EGA) en profesionales de la salud. El estudio que se transmite de persona-persona o por vía alimentaria. El estudio transversal descriptivo se realizó en 17 clientes, localizados en la misma mesa, que participaron de una cena en restaurante de Barcelona, España, en julio de 2012. Se analizaron, la frecuencia de síntomas de los afectados, el tiempo y la severidad de los síntomas, variables demográficas y alimentos ingeridos, entre otros factores. La tasa de ataque (TA) en los comensales fue del 58,8% (10/17). El 60,0% (6/10) de los comensales fueron positivos para EGA. El 46,2% (6/13) de los manipuladores de alimentos suministrados en la cena presentaron síntomas. No se identificó asociación con los alimentos ingeridos. Existen evidencias epidemiológicas de la transmisión alimentaria del EGA, pero no podría descartarse la transmisión respiratoria.

BACKGROUND: Indoor human environments, including homes, offices, schools, workplaces, transport systems and other settings, often harbor potentially unsafe microorganisms. Most previous studies of bioaerosols in indoor environments have addressed contamination with bacteria or fungi. Reports on the presence of viral aerosols in indoor air are scarce, however, despite the fact that viruses are probably the most common cause of infection acquired indoor. OBJECTIVE: This review discusses the most common respiratory (influenza viruses, rhino-viruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses, respiratory syncytial viruses, and enteroviruses) and gastrointestinal (noroviruses) viral pathogens which can be easily transmitted in indoor environments. RESULTS: The vast majority of studies reviewed here concern hospital and other health facilities where viruses are a well-known cause of occupational and nosocomial infections. Studies on other indoor environments, on the other hand, including homes, non-industrial workplaces and public buildings, are scarce. CONCLUSIONS: The lack of regulations, threshold values and standardized detection methods for viruses in indoor environments, make both research and interpretation of results difficult in this field, hampering infection control efforts. Further research will be needed to achieve a better understanding of virus survival in aerosols and on surfaces, and to elucidate the relationship between viruses and indoor environmental characteristics.

Among microorganisms, viruses are best fit to become emerging pathogens since they are able to adapt not only by mutation but also through recombination and reassortment and can thus become able to infect new hosts and to adjust to new environments. Enteric viruses are among the commonest and most hazardous waterborne pathogens, causing both sporadic and outbreak-related illness. The main health effect associated with enteric viruses is gastrointestinal illness, but they can also cause respiratory symptoms, conjunctivitis, hepatitis, central nervous system infections, and chronic diseases. Non-enteric viruses, such as respiratory and epitheliotrophic viruses are not considered waterborne, as they are not readily transmitted to water sources from infected individuals. The present review will focus on viral pathogens shown to be transmitted through water. It will also provide an overview of viruses that had not been a concern for waterborne transmission in the past, but that may represent potentially emerging waterborne pathogens due to their occurrence and persistence in water environments.

I virus sono tra i principali agenti di infezioni emergenti, in quanto sono in grado di acquisire nuove caratteristiche biologiche attraverso fenomeni di mutazione, ricombinazione e riassortimento genico, adattandosi così a nuovi ospiti e nuove nicchie ecologiche. I virus enterici sono tra le principali cause di malattie infettive di origine idrica, che possono manifestarsi come casi sporadici o cluster epidemici. Le manifestazioni cliniche più comuni sono le gastroenteriti; tuttavia i virus enterici sono in grado di causare anche sintomi respiratori, congiuntiviti, epatiti, infezioni del sistema nervoso centrale e malattie croniche. La presente rassegna fornisce una panoramica dei virus enterici tradizionalmente associati alle malattie idrotrasmesse; mostra inoltre dati epidemiologici su alcuni gruppi di virus che non sono stati associati a malattie idrodiffuse in passato (inclusi virus respiratori ed epiteliotropici), ma che possono rappresentare nuovi patogeni emergenti a causa della loro presenza e persistenza in ambienti acquatici.

The prevalence of enteric viruses in wastewater, the efficacy of wastewater treatments in eliminating such viruses, and potential health risks from their release into the environment or by recycling of treated wastewaters, are very important issues in environmental microbiology. In this study we performed a quantitative TaqMan real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses on samples of influents and effluents from 5 wastewater treatment plants in and around Rome. Three epidemiologically important, waterborne enteric viruses were analyzed: adenoviruses, enteroviruses and noroviruses (GI and GII) and compared to classical bacterial indicators of fecal contamination. The concentration of adenoviruses was the highest, in both raw and treated waters. Mean values in influents were ranked as follows: adenovirus > norovirus GI > norovirus GII > enterovirus. In effluents, the ranking was: adenovirus > norovirus GI > enterovirus > norovirus GII. Removal efficiencies ranged from 35% (enterovirus) to 78% (norovirus GI), while removal efficiency for bacterial indicators was up to 99%. Since molecular quantification does not necessarily indicate an actual threat to human health, we proceeded to evaluate the infectivity of enterovirus particles in treated effluents through integrated cell culture and real-time PCR. Infectivity assays detected live virions in treated water, pointing to potential public health risks through the release of these viruses into the environment. A better understanding of viral presence and resistance to sewage purification processes have the potential of contributing to the effective management of risks linked to the recycling of treated wastewater, and its discharge into the environment.

La prevalenza dei virus enterici nei liquami urbani, la loro rimozione durante i trattamenti di depurazione delle acque reflue, e rischi potenziali per la salute legati alla contaminazione degli ambienti idrici o al riutilizzo delle acque depurate, sono argomenti di grande interesse in microbiologia ambientale. In questo studio abbiamo stimato la concentrazione di virus enterici, in campioni di reflui grezzi e depurati di 5 impianti di trattamento di reflui urbani localizzati in Roma e dintorni, utilizzando metodologie quantitative molecolari (TaqMan real-time PCR). Sono stati analizzati tre gruppi di virus enterici responsabili di epidemie di origine idrica (adenovirus, enterovirus e norovirus GI/GII), parallelamente ai classici indicatori batterici di contaminazione fecale. Le concentrazioni virali più elevate sono state rilevate per gli adenovirus, sia nei reflui non depurati sia in quelli trattati. Nei reflui grezzi sono state osservate le seguenti concentrazioni medie: adenovirus > norovirus GI > norovirus GII > enterovirus; negli effluenti depurati: adenovirus > norovirus GI > enterovirus > norovirus GII. L'efficienza di rimozione virale variava dal 35% (enterovirus) al 78% (norovirus GI), mentre per gli indicatori batterici raggiungeva il 99%. Poiché i metodi molecolari non forniscono indicazioni circa l'infettività dei virus rilevati, si è proceduto a valutare la capacità di replicazione delle particelle virali (limitatamente agli enterovirus) nei liquami depurati utilizzando un sistema integrato colture cellulari/real-time PCR. L'analisi ha rilevato particelle virali infettive, indicando potenziali rischi per la salute pubblica legati alla contaminazione dei corpi idrici recettori. Una migliore comprensione della resistenza dei virus ai processi di depurazione è importante per la gestione dei rischi legati al riutilizzo delle acque reflue trattate, o alla loro immissione nell'ambiente.