RESUMEN El objetivo de este artículo es identificar la prevalencia de deserción en los alumnos de la Licenciatura en Nutrición (LN) de una universidad pública de México, las causas relacionadas con la deserción y agruparlas de acuerdo a sus características. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en dos fases, en la fase 1 se identificaron los datos históricos de deserción del programa educativo. En la fase 2, se aplicó una encuesta de construcción propia con preguntas abiertas y cerradas, de la cual se obtuvo la respuesta de 75 estudiantes desertores. La encuesta incluyó un análisis dicotómico (sí, no) de 18 factores asociados a la deserción escolar, totalizando 22 al incorporar los aspectos cualitativos obtenidos de la opción de respuesta "otros"; estos factores se agruparon en seis categorías. Se encontró una tasa de deserción escolar del 18% para el plan de estudios actual y el intermedio y hasta el 33% en el primer plan de estudios. De los desertores detectados, el 58.6% lo hizo en el primer año de estudios. El 66% de los desertores reprobaron al menos una unidad de aprendizaje y tienen una calificación promedio de 72.71, por debajo de la media general de la LN del centro universitario (91.8). De los desertores, el 49.3% identificó el cambio de carrera como su motivo de abandono, este factor forma parte de la categoría de "causas vocacionales" que ocupó el primer lugar con el 72%, seguido de "aspectos personales" con el 49.3% incluyendo 3 casos de maternidad; y en tercer lugar la categoría de "aspectos económicos" (26.7%). El principal motivo de deserción de los alumnos de la LN son los aspectos vocacionales relacionados con la búsqueda de otra carrera.

ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to identify the prevalence of dropout in students from the bachelor's degree in nutrition (LN) at a public university in Mexico, the causes related to dropout, and group them according to their characteristics. A descriptive study was carried out in two phases; in phase 1, the historical data on attrition from the educational program were identified. In phase 2, we applied a self-constructed survey with open and closed questions and obtained a response from 75 dropout students. The survey included a dichotomous analysis (yes, no) of 18 factors associated with school dropout, totaling 22 when incorporating the qualitative aspects obtained from the "other" response option; these factors were grouped into six categories. A dropout rate of 18 % was found for the current and intermediate curriculum and up to 33 % in the first curriculum. Of the dropouts detected, 58.6 % came to pass in the first year of studies. The 66 % of the dropouts have failed at least one subject; their average grade is 72.71, below the general average from the LN of the university center (91.8). Of the dropouts, 49.3 % identified career change as their reason for dropping out, which is part of the category of "vocational causes" that ranked first with 72 %, followed by "personal aspects" with 49.3 % including 3 cases of maternity; and in third place the category of "economic aspects" (26.7 %). The main reason for dropout among LN students is vocational aspects related to the search for another career.

Abstract This study evaluated factors associated with hospitalization related to the mental health of people undergoing follow-up in Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS, in Portuguese) in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, referred from Primary Health Care (PHC). This was an evaluative study conducted with 297 individuals in 24 adult CAPS. This study analyzed the prevalence ratios (PR) and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), obtained through Poisson Regression with robust variance. A statistically significant association was found with hospitalization during follow-ups in CAPS: having health insurance and/or medical plan; waiting time between the diagnosis and the first consultation with a non-medical professional of more than seven days; not having received medical advice regarding how long to use medication; not having received a psychopharmaceutical prescription at PHC; and having a medical history of the hospitalization due to mental health. The results warn of the need to expand access to the more socially vulnerable population, in addition to a restructuring of the services in order to provide more interactive and inclusive practices geared toward the singularities of the users.

Resumo Avaliaram-se os fatores associados à internação relacionadas à saúde mental de pessoas em acompanhamento nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) do município de São Paulo, encaminhadas pela atenção primária (APS). Pesquisa avaliativa com 297 pessoas em 24 CAPS Adulto. Analisaram-se as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC), obtidas por meio da regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Mostraram associação estatisticamente significativa com a internação durante o acompanhamento no CAPS: ter plano de saúde/convênio médico; tempo de espera entre diagnóstico e primeiro atendimento com profissional não médico maior que sete dias; não ter sido orientado sobre o tempo de uso da medicação; não receber prescrição de psicofármaco na APS; e ter histórico de ocorrência de internação por saúde mental. Os resultados alertam para a necessidade de ampliação do acesso à população com maior vulnerabilidade social, além de uma reestruturação dos serviços para a oferta de prática mais articuladas e inclusivas, voltadas às singularidades dos usuários.

Abstract The main objective of this paper was investigate the possible conditions and the influence of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (PRONAF) on the rural development of microregions in the state of Minas Gerais, in the years 2006 and 2017. To this end, it was built through from factor analysis, the rural development index (IDR) for the purpose of synthesizing information related to rural development in Minas Gerais. The index was used to analyze possible spatial configurations and rural development conditions according to PRONAF. The main results obtained indicated that, despite the observance of improvements in family establishments, mainly, in economic terms (modernization and income) and the advance of the IDR of some microregions, the state of Minas Gerais was unable to boost its rural development only with the PRONAF. Although the distribution of the Program's resources in poorer regions was significant in 2006, in the year 2017, there was a directing of resources to regions with greater potential and whose agricultural production is turned to the foreign market.

Resumo O objetivo principal do artigo foi investigar as possíveis condições e a influência do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF) sobre o desenvolvimento rural de microrregiões de Minas Gerais, nos anos de 2006 e 2017. Para tanto, foi construído o índice de desenvolvimento rural (IDR), por intermédio da análise fatorial. Em seguida, o IDR foi utilizado para analisar as possíveis condições do desenvolvimento rural de acordo com o PRONAF, a partir da análise qualitativa comparativa (QCA). Os principais resultados obtidos indicam que, apesar da observância de melhorias nos estabelecimentos familiares, principalmente em termos econômicos e o avanço do IDR em algumas microrregiões, Minas Gerais não conseguiu impulsionar o seu desenvolvimento rural somente com o PRONAF. Embora a distribuição dos recursos do programa em regiões mais carentes tenha sido significativa em 2006, no ano de 2017 observou-se o direcionamento dos recursos para regiões de maior potencial e produção agrícola voltada para o mercado externo.

Resumo O artigo visa refletir sobre a representação e a presença de mulheres no humor gráfico da imprensa brasileira no início do século XX. Tomaremos como fontes principais da análise três exemplos distintos: as caricaturas de mulheres feitas pela artista Nair de Teffé (com o pseudônimo Rian) na década de 1910, as ilustrações que a Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino utilizou nas publicações da seção “Feminismo” do jornal O Paiz no final da década de 1920 e, por fim, as tirinhas cômicas “Malakabeça, Fanika e Kabelluda” de Patrícia Galvão (popularmente conhecida como Pagu), publicadas no periódico O Homem do Povo em 1931. Além de analisar as obras dessas mulheres, o artigo propõe uma comparação com os quadrinhos publicados pela revista O Malho, um periódico humorístico massivo do início do século XX. As ilustrações destacadas, de autoria dos caricaturistas J. Carlos e Leônidas, são representativas da produção hegemônica da época, que evocava concepções sexistas das relações de gênero. Nosso objetivo é discutir as particularidades e as similaridades das obras idealizadas pelas mulheres, em que predominaram o olhar crítico e subversivo dessas figuras diante da sociedade de seu tempo. A abordagem histórica e comparativa possibilitará recuperar essas narrativas gráficas pouco conhecidas, bem como lançar luz às relações de gênero e de poder que constituem o universo da imprensa e das publicações humorísticas do período.

Abstract This article addresses the representation and presence of women in the graphic humor of the Brazilian press in the early 20th century. We take three distinct examples as the main sources of the analysis: the caricatures of women made by the artist Nair de Teffé (under the pseudonym Rian) in the 1910s, the illustrations the Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino (Brazilian Federation for Women's Progress) used in the publications of the “Feminismo” (Feminism) section of the newspaper O Paiz in the late 1920s and, finally, the comic strips “Malakabeça, Fanika e Kabelluda” (Malakabeça, Fanika and Kabelluda) by Patrícia Galvão (popularly known as Pagu), published in the periodical O Homem do Povo in 1931. In addition to analyzing the works of these women, the article proposes a comparison with the comics published in the magazine O Malho, a mass humor periodical from the early 20th century. The highlighted illustrations, authored by the caricaturists J. Carlos and Leônidas, are representative of the dominant production of the time, which evoked sexist conceptions of gender relations. Our goal is to discuss the particularities and similarities of the works envisioned by women, in which the critical and subversive gaze of these figures predominated in the face of the society of their time. The historical and comparative approach makes it possible to recover these little-known graphic narratives, and shed light on the gender and power relations that constitute the universe of the press and humorous publications then.

Resumen Introducción: Actualmente la obesidad se ha convertido en un problema de salud pública emergente y complejo, cuyo mecanismo es etiopatogénico y multifactorial. Ha sido estudiada desde el enfoque biomolecular, genético y mediante intervenciones para mejorar los estilos de vida; sin embargo, no se han incluido estudios que relacionen la autoeficacia y resiliencia en este problema. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación de autoeficacia para el control de peso con la resiliencia, en mujeres mexicanas. Metodología: Estudio correlacional transversal, en 174 mujeres, con o sin obesidad, inscritas en un centro de capacitación para el trabajo en Puebla y San Luis Potosí, México, se empleó muestreo no probabilistico. Se aplicó el instrumento validado en población mexicana: Inventario de Autoeficacia para el control de peso y Escala de Resiliencia Mexicana; con alfa de Cronbach .945 y .950 respectivamente; estudio realizado con apego a la Ley General de Salud en materia de investigación. El análisis de los resultados fue con estadística descriptiva, pruebas de normalidad y correlación r de Spearman. Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 34.6 ± 14.7, media de IMC 26.4 ± 4.5, un 49.7 % y un 81.7 % obtuvo niveles de autoeficacia y resiliencia altos respectivamente. La relación fue positiva, tamaño de efecto medio y estadísticamente significativo p=.001, con una varianza explicada del 22.6%. Conclusiones: Las mujeres mexicanas mostraron que a mayor resiliencia mayor autoeficacia para el control de peso. Se sugiere integrar la resiliencia en el manejo de la obesidad, que permita el desarrollo de mecanismos para la adquisición de estilos de vida saludables más sustentables.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, obesity has become an emerging and complex public health problem whose mechanism is etiopathogenetic and multifactorial. Obesity has been studied from the biomolecular and genetic approach as well as through interventions to improve lifestyles. However, studies linking the concepts of self-efficacy and resilience have not been included in this issue. Objective: Evaluate the relationship between self-efficacy for weight control and resilience in Mexican women. Methodology: Correlational-cross-sectional study in 174 women, with or without obesity, enrolled in a job-training center of Puebla and San Luis Potosi, Mexico; non-probabilistic sampling was used. These two instruments Self-Efficacy Inventory for Weight Control and Mexican Resilience Scale, validated in the Mexican population were applied: with Cronbach's alpha .945 and .950, respectively. This study carried out in accordance with the General Health Act for Research. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, normality tests, and Spearman's r correlation. Results: The mean age was 34.6±14.7, mean BMI 26.4±4.5, 49.7% and 81.7% were high levels of self-efficacy and resilience, respectively. The relationship was positive, medium effect size and statistically significant p=.001, with an explained variance of 22.6%. Conclusions: The Mexican women shown that the greater the resilience, the greater the self-efficacy for weight control. We suggest integrating resilience in managing obesity, which allows the development of mechanisms for the acquisition of more sustainable healthy lifestyles.

Abstrato Introdução: Atualmente, a obesidade tornou-se um problema de saúde pública emergente e complexo, cujo mecanismo é etiopatogênico e multifatorial. Tem sido estudado a partir da abordagem biomolecular e genética e através de intervenções para melhorar os estilos de vida, no entanto, não foram incluídos estudos que relacionem autoeficácia e resiliência neste problema. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre autoeficácia para controle de peso e resiliência em mulheres mexicanas. Método: Estudo correlacional e transversal, em 174 mulheres, com ou sem obesidade, matriculadas em um centro de treinamento para o trabalho em Puebla e San Luis Potosí, México, amostra de conveniência. Foram aplicados os instrumentos validados na população mexicana: Inventário de Autoeficácia para o controle de peso e Escala de Resiliência Mexicana, com alfa de Cronbach 0,945 e 9,50 respectivamente, o estudo foi realizado de acordo com a lei geral de saúde sobre pesquisa. A análise dos resultados foi realizada com estatística descritiva, testes de normalidade e correlação r de Spearman. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 34,6±14,7, a média de IMC 26,4±4,5, 49.7% e 81.7% obtiveram níveis altos de autoeficácia e resiliência respectivamente. A relação foi positiva, de tamanho médio do efeito e estatisticamente significativo (p=.001), com uma variância explicada de 22,6%. Conclusão: Mulheres mexicanas mostraram que, quanto maior a resiliência, maior a autoeficácia para o controle do peso. Sugere-se integrar a resiliência na gestão da obesidade, o que permite o desenvolvimento de mecanismos para a aquisição de estilos de vida saudáveis mais sustentáveis.

ABSTRACT The black oats (Avena strigosa S.) is an excellent forage plant, besides acting in the system of rotation and succession of cultures. In recent decades, oat genetic improvement programs have worked intensively to select materials that are more responsive to pests and diseases, in addition to seeking greater mass and grain productivity. However, these new materials need to be tested for agronomic performance in different seeding systems. Given the importance of culture, the objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of black oats conducted with two sowing methods. The treatments were arranged in blocks at random in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, that is, two sowing methods (at haul and row) and two cultivars (UPFA 21 - Moreninha and EMBRAPA 139), with five replications, in a useful area of 7.15 m2 per plot. Sixty days after sowing, the cultivars were evaluated for height, total fresh phytomass production (TFF) and total dry phytomass (TDP). The results indicated statistically significant differences in the production of TFF and TDP between cultivars and between sowing methods, being the cultivar UPFA 21 - Moreninha more productive, in addition to presenting better results in the sowing system in line. There were no significant differences in plant height between the treatments evaluated. However, sowing in line allowed greater production of TFF and TDP for the cultivar UPFA 21 - Moreninha.

RESUMO A aveia preta (Avena strigosa S.) é uma excelente planta forrageira, além de atuar no sistema de rotação e sucessão de culturas. Nas últimas décadas, os programas de melhoramento genético de aveia tem atuado de forma intensa na seleção de materiais mais responsivos a pragas e doenças, além de buscar maior produtividade de massa e grãos. Contudo, estes novos materiais precisam ser testados com relação ao desempenho agronômico em diferentes sistemas de semeadura. Diante da importância da cultura, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico da aveia preta conduzida com dois métodos de semeadura. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos ao acaso em arranjo fatorial 2x2, com dois métodos de semeadura (a lanço e na linha) e duas cultivares (UPFA 21 Moreninha e EMBRAPA 139), com cinco repetições, em área útil de 7,15 m2 por parcela. Sessenta dias após a semeadura, as cultivares foram avaliadas quanto à altura de planta, produção de Fitomassa Fresca Total (FFT) e Fitomassa Seca Total (FST). Os resultados indicam diferenças estatísticas significativas na produção de FFT e FST entre as cultivares e entre os métodos de semeadura, sendo a cultivar UPFA 21 - Moreninha mais produtiva, além desta apresentar melhores resultados no sistema de semeadura em linha. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na altura de planta entre os tratamentos avaliados. Porém, a semeadura em linha permitiu maior produção de FFT e FST para a cultivar UPFA 21 - Moreninha.

The burden of non-communicable diseases is increasing, with risk factors emerging early in life. Physical activity reduces cardiovascular risk, but limited evidence exists for children from lower-income countries and mostly relies on self-reported methods that might be inaccurate and biased. We aimed to compare self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in relation to cardiovascular risk markers in children from underserved communities in South Africa. We analysed cross-sectional data from 594 children aged 8 to 13. Physical activity was measured via accelerometry and the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Correlation analyses and linear regression models examined the relationship between accelerometer-measured and self-reported physical activity and their association with cardiovascular risk markers (body mass index, blood pressure, blood lipid profile and glycated haemoglobin). Results show a positive but weak correlation between PAQ-C scores and accelerometer-measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA was inversely associated with body mass index, whilst sedentary behaviour correlated positively with lipid levels. PAQ-C scores were inversely associated with systolic blood pressure. The comparison of self-reported and accelerometer-measured physical activity in children from Gqeberha, South Africa, revealed inconsistencies in their correlation and association with cardiovascular risk markers. Accelerometry provided a more accurate cardiovascular risk estimation than PAQ-C, although associations were weak. Further, longitudinal studies should investigate the predictive power of both methodologies. These findings inform researchers and public health practitioners in the choice of method for physical activity appraisal beyond practical considerations, especially when combined with cardiovascular risk and in lower-income settings. SIGNIFICANCE: We explore two widely used methods to assess physical activity levels in children. By comparing both methods, we expose inconsistencies in their correlation and association with cardiovascular risk markers. These data can guide researchers and public health practitioners in the use of one method beyond practical considerations. Whilst this work focuses on children from marginalised areas of South Africa, the issues explored are of relevance to other lower-income settings.

SUMMARY Urbanization without proper planning is the cause of a number of ecological problems, including degradation and loss of vegetation. Analysis of trees’ diversity and structure is relevant due to their relationship with tree health and the trees’ consequent capacity to provide environmental, social and economic benefits. Trees in favorable conditions have a direct impact on urban sustainability, planning and management. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of trees located in green areas of the city of Texcoco de Mora, Mexico and its relationship with the structure, diversity and typology of urban green areas, in order to provide management and planning recommendations. 21 green areas of the city were evaluated and a tree census was carried out. Richness and diversity indices were used to analyze tree vegetation and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) as indicators of tree health. 1,543 trees were registered, including 53 species distributed in 36 genera and 24 families. The evaluation revealed that the urban trees were made up mostly of young individuals, and showed tree density to be higher than other green spaces in Mexico. The use of richness and diversity indices allowed the researchers to evaluate the presence of a greater number of non-native species and denoted the differences between Urban Green Areas (AVU). Evaluation of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) indicated that the trees are under stress conditions (Fv/Fm < 0.780). No correlation was found between the values of Fv/Fm, richness and diversity in the studied areas, however, the shape and surface of the green areas were correlated with the aforementioned indices.

RESUMEN La urbanización sin la planeación adecuada es causa de un sin número de problemas ecológicos, entre ellos la degradación y pérdida de vegetación. El análisis de la diversidad y estructura del arbolado toma relevancia por la relación con su condición de salud y la consecuente capacidad para proveer beneficios ambientales, sociales y económicos. El arbolado en condiciones favorables repercute de forma directa en temas de sostenibilidad urbana, planeación y manejo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la salud del arbolado ubicado en áreas verdes de la ciudad de Texcoco de Mora, México y su relación con la estructura, diversidad y tipología de áreas verdes urbanas, para proveer recomendaciones de manejo y planeación. Se evaluaron 21 áreas verdes de la ciudad y se realizó un censo del arbolado. Se utilizaron índices de riqueza y diversidad para analizar la vegetación arbórea y la fluorescencia de la clorofila (Fv/Fm) como un indicador de salud de la vegetación arbórea. Se registraron 1.543 árboles, identificando 53 especies distribuidas en 36 géneros y 24 familias. La composición reveló un arbolado conformado mayormente por especies jóvenes, presentando una densidad arbórea superior a otros espacios verdes en México. El uso de índices de riqueza y diversidad permitió evaluar la presencia de un mayor número de especies no nativas y denotó la existencia de diferencias entre Áreas Verdes Urbanas (AVU). La fluorescencia de la clorofila (Fv/Fm) indicó que el arbolado se encuentra en condiciones de estrés (Fv/Fm < 0,780). No se encontró correlación entre los valores de Fv/Fm, riqueza y diversidad en las áreas estudiadas, sin embargo, la forma y superficie de las áreas verdes se correlacionaron con los índices antes mencionados.

Resumen El propósito de este artículo es interpretar antropológicamente los mensajes y las imágenes de los volantes que reparten en las calles para publicitar el consumo de la magia amorosa. En ese sentido, se describe y sistematiza su contenido, se interpreta el papel que desempeñan quienes realizan los rituales y los ideales amorosos que difunden los individuos que comercializan con estos productos culturales. La metodología se centra en el contraste de cien volantes recolectados en algunas ciudades colombianas durante los últimos ocho años. Así, se encontró que la publicidad callejera de la magia amorosa está centrada en el ritual de la liga o el amarre, que no solo es apetecido por sectores populares o por mujeres, sino que este recurso de asistencia amorosa es frecuentado por diversos sectores socioeconómicos, donde cada uno encuentra administradores de lo mágico según sus respectivos capitales culturales. El amor es uno de los ámbitos que merece mayor atención en la vida cotidiana, pues, en términos generales, sostener los vínculos amorosos y sexuales con una pareja en particular es un sofisma de felicidad y de seguridad para muchas personas. El ritual del amarre representa violencias simbólicas relacionadas con la humillación y la dominación. Cabe añadir que este tema es relevante, puesto que innova en el estudio de la magia y de los sincretismos religiosos, pues analiza lo que dicen los volantes que brindan la posibilidad de solucionar el abandono y la infidelidad a través del recurso del amarre en secreto y a distancia.

Abstract The purpose of this essay is to anthropologically interpret the messages and images of the flyers distributed in the streets to advertise the consumption of love magic. Its content is described and systematized, the role played by those who carry out the rituals and the loving ideals spread by those who market these cultural products is interpreted. The methodology focuses on the contrast of one hundred flyers collected in some colombian cities, during the last eight years. It was found that the street advertising of love magic is focused on the ritual of the mooring, which is not only desired by popular sectors, or by women exclusively, and that this resource of love assistance is frequented by various socioeconomic sectors of the population society; since each one finds administrators of the magical according to their respective cultural capitals. Love is one of the areas that deserves more attention in everyday life; in general terms, maintaining loving and sexual ties with a particular partner is a sophism of happiness and security for many people. The ritual of the mooring represents symbolic violence related to humiliation and domination. This topic is relevant since it innovates in the study of magic and religious syncretisms, by studying what the flyers say that offer the possibility of solving abandonment and infidelity through the resource of secret and distance mooring.

SUMMARY: To evaluate the histological adverse effects of alendronate administered systemically and topically in combination with orthodontic movement by intense force. Thirty-six 24-week-old female Wistar rats, ovariectomized, were used and divided into three groups (n = 12/group): control, locally treated with saline (0.07 ml/kg/week) (group 1) and experimental, treated with alendronic acid systemically (0.07 mg/kg/week) (group 2) and locally (7 mg/kg/week) (group 3). At 14 days, an orthodontic anchor was installed in the right first molar, and a force of 144 cN was applied for 28 days. The samples were processed for histological evaluation. Descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction, one-way repeated measures ANOVA and chi-square tests were performed. All tests were statistically significant at p <0.05. The adverse events found in all groups were inflammation and osteoclastic activity. In the bisphosphonate-treated groups, there were statistically significant differences (p = 0.005) in the osteoclastic activity between the two hemiarcates. All rats in group 2 presented paralytic ileus. Compared to local administration, systemic treatment with alendronic acid produces more adverse effects, such as inflammation, fibrinoid necrosis, and osteoclastic activity. During the application of intense forces, it was not possible to show that there is necrosis associated with bisphosphonates.

RESUMEN: Evaluar los efectos adversos histológicos del alendronato administrado sistémica y tópicamente en combinación con movimientos ortodóncicos de fuerza intensa. Treinta y seis ratas Wistar hembras de 24 semanas de edad, ovariectomizadas, fueron utilizadas y divididas en tres grupos (n = 12/grupo): control, tratado localmente con solución salina (0,07 ml/kg/semana) (grupo 1) y experimental, tratados con ácido alendrónico por vía sistémica (0,07 mg/kg/semana) (grupo 2) y local (7 mg/kg/semana) (grupo 3). A los 14 días se instaló un anclaje de ortodoncia en el primer molar derecho y se aplicó una fuerza de 144 cN durante 28 días. Las muestras fueron procesadas para evaluación histológica. Se realizó estadística descriptiva, pruebas de Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA de una vía con corrección de Bonferroni, ANOVA de medidas repetidas de una vía y pruebas de chi-cuadrado. Todas las pruebas fueron estadísticamente significativas con un p <0,05. Los eventos adversos encontrados en todos los grupos fueron inflamación y actividad osteoclástica. En los grupos tratados con bisfosfonatos hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p = 0,005) en la actividad osteoclástica entre los dos hemiarcados. Todas las ratas del grupo 2 presentaron íleo paralítico. En comparación con la administración local, el tratamiento sistémico con ácido alendrónico produce más efectos adversos, como inflamación, necrosis fibrinoide y actividad osteoclástica. Durante la aplicación de fuerzas intensas, no fue posible demostrar que existe necrosis asociada con los bisfosfonatos.

Abstract Introduction: this research aims to carry out a systematic review of physical activity programs that improve self-efficacy in children and adolescents with obesity, to realize their characteristics and thus design a more comprehensive and effective program for this population. Objective: to analyze the characteristics of physical activity programs that improve self-efficacy in children and adolescents with obesity, through a systematic review. Methodology: systematic review of observational-descriptive design; the search was realized in databases of the health area: PubMed, ERIC, Cochrane, Redalyc, and Google academic. Free access articles in English and Spanish from the last 10 years were selected. The temporality was from March 2012 to May 2022. The descriptors used were; “physical activity program”, “training program”, “self-efficacy”, “children”, “adolescents”, and “obesity”. Results: six studies were included (n = 10). Different types of interventions that improved self-efficacy in the participant were identified, such as recreational activities, traditional games, sports, and structured activities for health care. The methodology implemented and the timing and duration were key variables to show positive changes in childhood overweight and obesity (6 a 19 years). Conclusions: it is crucial to identify the principal health care characteristics included in programs focused on increasing self-efficacy in childhood. These features lay the foundation for designing comprehensive programs.

Resumen Introducción: se pretende realizar una revisión sistemática de los programas de actividad física que incluyan y mejoren la autoeficacia en niños y adolescentes con obesidad con la finalidad de analizar sus características y diseñar un programa integral y efectivo en esta población. Objetivo: analizar las características de los programas de actividad física que mejoran la autoeficacia en niños y adolescentes con obesidad a través de una revisión sistemática. Metodología: revisión sistemática de diseño observacional-descriptiva; se realizó la búsqueda en bases de datos del área de la Salud: PubMed, ERIC, Cochrane, Redalyc y Google académico. Se seleccionaron artículos originales de libre acceso en inglés y español de los últimos 10 años. La temporalidad fue de marzo 2012 a mayo de 2022. Los descriptores utilizados fueron: “physical activity program”, “training program”, “auto efficacy”, “children”, “teenagers” y “obesity”. Resultados: seis estudios fueron incluidos (n = 10). Se identificaron diferentes tipos de intervenciones tales como actividades recreativas, de juegos tradicionales, deportivos y actividades estructuradas para el cuidado de la salud, mismas que mejoraron la autoeficacia en el participante. La metodología implementada y la temporalidad y duración fueron variables clave para evidenciar cambios positivos en el sobrepeso y obesidad infantil (6 a 19 años). Conclusiones: es importante identificar las características de los programas orientados a la mejora de la autoeficacia en la etapa de la infancia y adolescencia. Sus características principales pueden utilizarse para diseñar programas integrales.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the management of care in obstetrics and gynecology: A comprehensive view. Methodology: The research was developed from the quantitative paradigm, also framed from a documentary-bibliographic design, through inquiry, collection and critical documentary analysis and bibliographic reference, based on the methodical, rigorous and deep exploration of various documentary sources such as scientific research, articles and refereed papers, theses, describing the findings found, allowing the development of the theoretical body in relation to the subject of study. Results: It is possible to observe the multiple factors that are considered by the women who come to the health care centers, for this reason they should be oriented in an integral way. In conclusion: The integration of care in obstetrics and gynecology is an action that will contribute to a better performance and development of the pregnant woman, both for her and the child, and her care and consultations should be carried out in an integral manner.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la gestión del cuidado en obstetricia y ginecología: Una mirada integral. Metodología: La investigación se desarrolló desde el paradigma cuantitativo, además se enmarcó desde un diseño documental-bibliográfico, mediante la indagación, recolección y análisis crítico documental y referencial bibliográfico, basándose en la exploración metódica, rigurosa y profunda de diversas fuentes documentales tales como investigaciones científicas, artículos y trabajos arbitrados, tesis, describiendo los hallazgos encontrados y permitiendo desarrollar el cuerpo teórico en relación al tema de estudio. Resultados: Se puede observar los múltiples factores que son considerados por las mujeres que acuden a los centros asistenciales, por ello deben ser orientadas de forma integral. En conclusión: La integración de los cuidados en obstetricia y ginecología, es una acción que contribuirá a un mejor desempeño y desarrollo de la mujer en estado de gestación, tanto de ella como del niño, en tal sentido de forma integral deben ser llevadas a cabo sus cuidados y consultas.

ABSTRACT The piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii is a freshwater catfish that is the most abundant fishery resource in the Amazon estuary. Piramutaba trawling is done on industrial fishing scale and is characterized by the presence of many freshwater and marine bycatch species, with and without commercial value. Here we describe the bycatch of the industrial fishery of piramutaba in the Amazon estuary and evaluate the relationship of two important environmental factors, depth and salinity, with the accidental capture of freshwater and marine fishes in the Amazon estuary in the rainy and dry seasons. We identified 21 cartilaginous fish species (19.1% freshwater and 80.9% marine) and 125 bony fish species (25.6% freshwater and 74.4% marine). The bycatch included 64 species without commercial value (43% of all bycatch species), which are always discarded. Freshwater and estuarine fishes exhibited significantly higher abundances in shallower environments, while marine fishes were similarly abundant along the entire depth gradient. On the contrary, the abundance of freshwater fishes significantly decreased, and that of estuarine and marine fishes significantly increased with increasing salinity. Regarding the conservation status of the bycatch species, one is classified as vulnerable (VU), and seven as critically endangered (CR). The information on the bycatch of piramutaba fishery in the Amazon estuary is important to subsidize regional fisheries policies and the management of protected areas.

RESUMO A piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii é um bagre de água doce que representa o recurso pesqueiro mais abundante no estuário amazônico. O arrasto da piramutaba é feito em escala industrial, caracterizado pela presença de muitas espécies de água doce e marinha capturadas de forma incidental, com e sem valor comercial. Aqui descrevemos a captura incidental da pesca industrial de piramutaba no estuário amazônico e avaliamos a relação de dois fatores ambientais, profundidade e salinidade, com a captura incidental de espécies de água doce e marinhas nas estações chuvosa e seca. Identificamos 21 espécies de peixes cartilaginosos (19,1% de água doce e 80,9% marinhos) e 125 espécies de peixes ósseos (25,6% de água doce e 74,4% marinhos). A captura incidental incluiu 64 espécies sem valor comercial (43% de todas as espécies capturadas) que sempre são descartadas. Os peixes de água doce e estuarinos exibiram abundâncias significativamente maiores em ambientes mais rasos, enquanto os peixes marinhos foram igualmente abundantes ao longo de todo o gradiente de profundidade. Inversamente, a abundância de peixes de água doce diminuiu significativamente, e a de peixes estuarinos e marinhos aumentou significativamente em salinidades maiores. Em relação ao estado de conservação das espécies capturadas, uma é reconhecida como vulnerável (VU) e sete como criticamente ameaçadas (CR). As informações sobre a captura incidental da pesca da piramutaba no estuário amazônico são fundaentais para subsidiar políticas pesqueiras regionais e gestão de áreas protegidas.

Abstract The increase in the population of older adults and their more significant demand for health care in Paraguay requires a multidimensional evaluation to identify risks or deteriorating conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the health and nutrition status of a sample of older adults who attended the Geriatric Hospital of the Social Security for outpatient consultation. The research had a cross-sectional descriptive observational design, which included 108 older adults who underwent the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) and whose nutritional parameters were evaluated. Their average age was 71 years, with a predominance of females. According to their BMI, 64% were overweight or obese. As for the CGA, 18% presented a nutritional risk, 43% had mild dependence on activities of daily living and 12% on instrumental activities, 18% had a cognitive deficit, 6% had depression, and 30% had social risk. The population was characterized by a high prevalence of overweight and hypertension and a low frequency of risk of malnutrition. The most significant limitations were in the basic activities of daily life and social risk. Being female and being overweight were significantly associated with basic functional limitations. This work was one of the first in the country on ambulatory older adults, allowing the establishment of a baseline for areas where health is compromised or at risk of decline and the development of preventive strategies and actions to promote healthy aging.

Resumen El aumento de la población de adultos mayores y su mayor demanda de atención en salud en Paraguay, requiere de una evaluación multidimensional que identifique sus condiciones de riesgo o deterioro. El objetivo de esta investigación, fue evaluar el estado de salud y nutrición de una muestra de adultos mayores que acudieron a la consulta ambulatoria del Hospital Geriátrico de la Previsional, en la Asunción, Paraguay. La investigación tuvo un diseño observacional, descriptivo y de corte transverso, de 108 adultos mayores a quienes se les realizó la Valoración Geriátrica Integral (VGI) y se evaluaron parámetros nutricionales. La edad promedio fue de 71 años con predominio del sexo femenino. De acuerdo al IMC, el 64% presentó sobrepeso u obesidad. De acuerdo a la VGI, 18% presentó riesgo nutricional, 43% dependencia leve para las actividades de la vida diaria y 12% para las actividades instrumentales. El 18% mostró déficit cognitivo, el 6% depresión y el 30% riesgo social. La población se caracterizó por presentar altas frecuencias de exceso de peso e hipertensión, con una baja frecuencia de riesgo de desnutrición, las mayores limitaciones se dieron en las actividades básicas de la vida diaria y en el riesgo social. El ser mujer y el exceso de peso se asociaron significativamente con las limitaciones básicas funcionales. Este trabajo constituyó uno de los primeros en el país sobre adultos mayores ambulatorios, permitiendo configurar una línea de base de las áreas comprometidas o en riesgo de declinación y desarrollar estrategias y acciones preventivas para promover un envejecimiento saludable.

Abstract Introduction: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with an inexorably progressive course which leads to a progressive neuromuscular weakness. Weight loss is one of the major bad prognostic factors in ALS. The placement of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is of paramount importance in patients with dysphagia to improve the disease outcomes, although some fear exists regarding the possible ventilatory complications during the procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of PEG tube insertion under non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with ALS and severe ventilatory impairment. Methods: A retrospective study of all consecutive PEGs placed in our department from May 2011 to January 2018 in patients with ALS was performed. The procedure was performed under non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation for ventilatory support. Results: We included 59 patients with ALS with severe ventilatory impairment, 58% were female, with a mean age of 67.2 ± 10.1 years and a median follow-up of 6 [2-15] months. The main indication for PEG placement was dysphagia (98%). The median time for PEG tube insertion since the established diagnosis of ALS was 12 [6-25] months and 4 [2-18] months since the beginning of bulbar symptoms. The majority of the patients had placed a 20-Fr PEG (63%) and under mild sedation with midazolam (80%), all under NIV. There were no immediate complications during and after the procedure (no episodes of aspiration or orotracheal intubation) and mortality. Conclusion: The placement of PEG is a very important procedure in patients with ALS and severe ventilatory impairment. The interdisciplinary department collaboration permitted the placement of PEG under NIV, in a safe and effective procedure in this special population.

Resumo Introdução: A esclerose lateral amiotrófica (ELA) é uma doença neurodegenerativa com um curso inexorável que leva a fraqueza neuromuscular progressiva. A perda de peso é um dos principais fatores de mau prognóstico na ELA. Apesar do receio de complicações ventilatórias durante o procedimento, a colocação de gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica em doentes com disfagia é extremamente importante para melhorar o prognóstico. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a segurança e eficácia da colocação de gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica (GEP) sob ventilação não invasiva (VNI) em doentes com ELA e disfunção ventilatória grave. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo de todas as gastrostomias percutâneas endoscópicas colocadas em doentes com ELA no nosso departamento entre Maio 2011 e Janeiro 2018. O procedimento foi realizado sob VNI para suporte ventilatório. Resultados: Foram incluídos 59 doentes com ELA e disfunção ventilatória grave, 58% do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 67.2 ± 10.1 anos e um follow-up mediano de 6 [2-15] meses. A principal indicação para colocação de gastrostomia percutânea endoscópica foi disfagia (98%). O tempo mediano para a colocação de GEP desde o diagnóstico de ELA foi 12 [6-25] meses e 4 [2-18] meses desde o início dos sintomas bulbares. A maioria dos doentes colocaram uma GEP de 20 Fr (63%) e sob sedação com midazolam (80%), todos sob VNI. Não se verificaram complicações imediatas durante e após o procedimento (sem episódios de aspiração ou entubação orotraqueal) e mortalidade. Conclusão: A colocação de GEP é um procedimento muito importante em doentes com ELA e disfunção ventilatória grave. A colaboração interdisciplinar permitiu a colocação de GEP sob ventilação não invasiva, tornando-o um procedimento seguro e eficaz nesta população especial.