Hypertension is one of the primary modifiable risk factors for morbidity and mortality worldwide, being a major risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Furthermore, it is highly prevalent, affecting more than one-third of the global population. Blood pressure measurement is a MANDATORY procedure in any medical care setting and is carried out by various healthcare professionals. However, it is still commonly performed without the necessary technical care. Since the diagnosis relies on blood pressure measurement, it is clear how important it is to handle the techniques, methods, and equipment used in its execution with care. It should be emphasized that once the diagnosis is made, all short-term, medium-term, and long-term investigations and treatments are based on the results of blood pressure measurement. Therefore, improper techniques and/or equipment can lead to incorrect diagnoses, either underestimating or overestimating values, resulting in inappropriate actions and significant health and economic losses for individuals and nations. Once the correct diagnosis is made, as knowledge of the importance of proper treatment advances, with the adoption of more detailed normal values and careful treatment objectives towards achieving stricter blood pressure goals, the importance of precision in blood pressure measurement is also reinforced. Blood pressure measurement (described below) is usually performed using the traditional method, the so-called casual or office measurement. Over time, alternatives have been added to it, through the use of semi-automatic or automatic devices by the patients themselves, in waiting rooms or outside the office, in their own homes, or in public spaces. A step further was taken with the use of semi-automatic devices equipped with memory that allow sequential measurements outside the office (ABPM; or HBPM) and other automatic devices that allow programmed measurements over longer periods (HBPM). Some aspects of blood pressure measurement can interfere with obtaining reliable results and, consequently, cause harm in decision-making. These include the importance of using average values, the variation in blood pressure during the day, and short-term variability. These aspects have encouraged the performance of a greater number of measurements in various situations, and different guidelines have advocated the use of equipment that promotes these actions. Devices that perform HBPM or ABPM, which, in addition to allowing greater precision, when used together, detect white coat hypertension (WCH), masked hypertension (MH), sleep blood pressure alterations, and resistant hypertension (RHT) (defined in Chapter 2 of this guideline), are gaining more and more importance. Taking these details into account, we must emphasize that information related to diagnosis, classification, and goal setting is still based on office blood pressure measurement, and for this reason, all attention must be given to the proper execution of this procedure.

La hipertensión arterial (HTA) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo modificables para la morbilidad y mortalidad en todo el mundo, siendo uno de los mayores factores de riesgo para la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, el accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) y la insuficiencia renal. Además, es altamente prevalente y afecta a más de un tercio de la población mundial. La medición de la presión arterial (PA) es un procedimiento OBLIGATORIO en cualquier atención médica o realizado por diferentes profesionales de la salud. Sin embargo, todavía se realiza comúnmente sin los cuidados técnicos necesarios. Dado que el diagnóstico se basa en la medición de la PA, es claro el cuidado que debe haber con las técnicas, los métodos y los equipos utilizados en su realización. Debemos enfatizar que una vez realizado el diagnóstico, todas las investigaciones y tratamientos a corto, mediano y largo plazo se basan en los resultados de la medición de la PA. Por lo tanto, las técnicas y/o equipos inadecuados pueden llevar a diagnósticos incorrectos, subestimando o sobreestimando valores y resultando en conductas inadecuadas y pérdidas significativas para la salud y la economía de las personas y las naciones. Una vez realizado el diagnóstico correcto, a medida que avanza el conocimiento sobre la importancia del tratamiento adecuado, con la adopción de valores de normalidad más detallados y objetivos de tratamiento más cuidadosos hacia metas de PA más estrictas, también se refuerza la importancia de la precisión en la medición de la PA. La medición de la PA (descrita a continuación) generalmente se realiza mediante el método tradicional, la llamada medición casual o de consultorio. Con el tiempo, se han agregado alternativas a través del uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos o automáticos por parte del propio paciente, en salas de espera o fuera del consultorio, en su propia residencia o en espacios públicos. Se dio un paso más con el uso de dispositivos semiautomáticos equipados con memoria que permiten mediciones secuenciales fuera del consultorio (AMPA; o MRPA) y otros automáticos que permiten mediciones programadas durante períodos más largos (MAPA). Algunos aspectos en la medición de la PA pueden interferir en la obtención de resultados confiables y, en consecuencia, causar daños en las decisiones a tomar. Estos incluyen la importancia de usar valores promedio, la variación de la PA durante el día y la variabilidad a corto plazo. Estos aspectos han alentado la realización de un mayor número de mediciones en diversas situaciones, y diferentes pautas han abogado por el uso de equipos que promuevan estas acciones. Los dispositivos que realizan MRPA o MAPA, que además de permitir una mayor precisión, cuando se usan juntos, detectan la hipertensión de bata blanca (HBB), la hipertensión enmascarada (HM), las alteraciones de la PA durante el sueño y la hipertensión resistente (HR) (definida en el Capítulo 2 de esta guía), están ganando cada vez más importancia. Teniendo en cuenta estos detalles, debemos enfatizar que la información relacionada con el diagnóstico, la clasificación y el establecimiento de objetivos todavía se basa en la medición de la presión arterial en el consultorio, y por esta razón, se debe prestar toda la atención a la ejecución adecuada de este procedimiento.

A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos principais fatores de risco modificáveis para morbidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, sendo um dos maiores fatores de risco para doença arterial coronária, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e insuficiência renal. Além disso, é altamente prevalente e atinge mais de um terço da população mundial. A medida da PA é procedimento OBRIGATÓRIO em qualquer atendimento médico ou realizado por diferentes profissionais de saúde. Contudo, ainda é comumente realizada sem os cuidados técnicos necessários. Como o diagnóstico se baseia na medida da PA, fica claro o cuidado que deve haver com as técnicas, os métodos e os equipamentos utilizados na sua realização. Deve-se reforçar que, feito o diagnóstico, toda a investigação e os tratamentos de curto, médio e longo prazos são feitos com base nos resultados da medida da PA. Assim, técnicas e/ou equipamentos inadequados podem levar a diagnósticos incorretos, tanto subestimando quanto superestimando valores e levando a condutas inadequadas e grandes prejuízos à saúde e à economia das pessoas e das nações. Uma vez feito o diagnóstico correto, na medida em que avança o conhecimento da importância do tratamento adequado, com a adoção de valores de normalidade mais detalhados e com objetivos de tratamento mais cuidadosos no sentido do alcance de metas de PA mais rigorosas, fica também reforçada a importância da precisão na medida da PA. A medida da PA (descrita a seguir) é habitualmente feita pelo método tradicional, a assim chamada medida casual ou de consultório. Ao longo do tempo, foram agregadas alternativas a ela, mediante o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos ou automáticos pelo próprio paciente, nas salas de espera ou fora do consultório, em sua própria residência ou em espaços públicos. Um passo adiante foi dado com o uso de equipamentos semiautomáticos providos de memória que permitem medidas sequenciais fora do consultório (AMPA; ou MRPA) e outros automáticos que permitem medidas programadas por períodos mais prolongados (MAPA). Alguns aspectos na medida da PA podem interferir na obtenção de resultados fidedignos e, consequentemente, causar prejuízo nas condutas a serem tomadas. Entre eles, estão: a importância de serem utilizados valores médios, a variação da PA durante o dia e a variabilidade a curto prazo. Esses aspectos têm estimulado a realização de maior número de medidas em diversas situações, e as diferentes diretrizes têm preconizado o uso de equipamentos que favoreçam essas ações. Ganham cada vez mais espaço os equipamentos que realizam MRPA ou MAPA, que, além de permitirem maior precisão, se empregados em conjunto, detectam a HA do avental branco (HAB), HA mascarada (HM), alterações da PA no sono e HA resistente (HAR) (definidos no Capítulo 2 desta diretriz). Resguardados esses detalhes, devemos ressaltar que as informações relacionadas a diagnóstico, classificação e estabelecimento de metas ainda são baseadas na medida da PA de consultório e, por esse motivo, toda a atenção deve ser dada à realização desse procedimento.

ABSTRACT Optimal solutions derived from linear programming models depend entirely on input parameters, which may present some imprecision because they come from estimates. Fuzzy linear programming allows the incorporation of these uncertainties in linear models, which can include the flexibility of resources, costs, goals, and constraints. This paper aimed to show new optimal solutions for a model to minimize the equivalent annual cost of micro-irrigation systems on sloping terrains. The Zimmermann-Werner fuzzy linear programming method, whose objective function is diffuse due to the restrictions of the hydraulic network being dispersed, was used. Sixty models were created and all solutions were satisfactory, with an annual cost of the irrigation system lower than the original model. The lowest value was US$ 238.74 ha-1, which occurred on the 3% slope. A reduction was observed in the annual cost due to the increased use of pipes with a 50-mm nominal diameter in the secondary line. Thus, fuzzy linear programming provided better solutions with small modifications to the irrigation system, while maintaining all hydraulic network requirements for proper system operation.

ABSTRACT The Darcy-Weisbach equation is the most recommended equation for determining the pressure loss in pressurized pipes because of its wide applicability. However, one of the largest obstacles to implementing this equation is the friction factor (f) calculation. This factor can be precisely determined using the Colebrook equation, which is implicit. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare six explicit equations for calculating the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor with the implicit Colebrook equation based on the relative error. Based on the results, the equations of Vatankhah and Offor & Alabi were the most highly recommended. These six explicit formulas showed a mean relative error of less than ± 1% compared to the Colebrook equation, except for the Swamee and Jain equation, for which the laminar regime generated a mean relative error of 1.83%.

Abstract: Characterized by fluvio-alluvial sedimentation processes, the heterogeneity in the Pantanal Basin allows its division in several sub-regions, which present natural characteristics of their own. It is possible to find in the literature different proposals to subdivide the Pantanal plain, which vary in total area and number of sub-regions. Each author uses specific criteria – mainly vegetation, soil and humidity – in his delimitation, but does not consider the tectonic aspects of the basin. In this sense, we intend to analyze three Pantanal delimitations from the literature and to relate them to the neotectonic context of the Pantanal plain by comparing the boundaries proposed in the delimitations to structural lineaments present in the basin. As a result, we observe that the comparison of the Pantanal boundaries with the lineaments shows a high compatibility between them, suggesting the influence of these structures in the development of the sub-regions.

ABSTRACT Pantanal da Nhecolândia is one of the most well-preserved areas in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Located in the southern part of the Taquari River megafan, it is in tectonic contact with the fault escarpments of the Maracaju-Campo Grande plateaus to the east and with the fault escarpments of the Bodoquena plateau to the west, which continue to north. To the south and to the north, the limits are marked respectively by the lineaments of the Negro and Taquari Rivers. Nhecolândia is characterized by the existence of at least 17,631 lagoons, 17,050 (96.70 %) of which are of fresh water (baías) and 577 (3.3 %) of salty water (salinas). Studies based on (Landsat) satellite images and use of free software (QGIS, version 2.8.3) and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) revealed that the major axes of the lagoons are aligned along two directions, NE (62.49 %) and NW (37.51 %), with modes concentrated between N30-40E and N30-40W, suggesting in both cases the role played by tectonic control (neotectonics) in their formation. Evidences of fluvial origin are presented for these groups of lagoons, as well as for their tectonic alignment.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in a multicenter cohort of childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients. Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included 847 patients with cSLE, performed in 10 Pediatric Rheumatology services of São Paulo state, Brazil. AIH was defined according to the International Autoimmune Hepatitis Group criteria (IAHGC). The statistical analysis was performed using the Bonferroni's correction (p < 0.0033). Results: AIH in cSLE patients confirmed by biopsy was observed in 7/847 (0.8%) and all were diagnosed during adolescence. The majority occurred before or at cSLE diagnosis [5/7 (71%)]. Antinuclear antibodies were a universal finding, 43% had concomitantly anti-smooth muscle antibodies and all were seronegative for anti-liver kidney microsomal antibodies. All patients with follow-up ≥18 months (4/7) had complete response to therapy according to IAHGC. None had severe hepatic manifestations such as hepatic failure, portal hypertension and cirrhosis at presentation or follow-up. Further comparison of 7 cSLE patients with AIH and 28 without this complication with same disease duration [0 (0–8.5) vs. 0.12 (0–8.5) years, p = 0.06] revealed that the frequency of hepatomegaly was significantly higher in cSLE patients in the former group (71% vs. 11%, p = 0.003) with a similar median SLEDAI-2 K score [6 (0–26) vs. 7 (0–41), p = 0.755]. No differences were evidenced regarding constitutional involvement, splenomegaly, serositis, musculoskeletal, neuropsychiatric and renal involvements, and treatments in cSLE patients with and without AIH (p > 0.0033). Conclusions: Overlap of AIH and cSLE was rarely observed in this large multicenter study and hepatomegaly was the distinctive clinical feature of these patients. AIH occurred during adolescence, mainly at the first years of lupus and it was associated with mild liver manifestations.

Abstract Objective: To determine the clinical and demographic factors associated with disease remission and drug survival in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) on TNF inhibitors. Methods: Data from a longitudinal electronic database of AS patients under anti-TNF therapy between June/2004 and August/2013. Demographic, clinical parameters, disease activity by ASDAS remission (< 1.3) and inactive/low (< 2.1) were analyzed to characterize reasons for drug survival and switching of anti-TNF. Results: Among 117 AS patients, 69 (59%) were prescribed only one anti-TNF, 48 (41%) switched to a second anti-TNF and 13 (11%) to a third anti-TNF. Considering ASDAS-CRP < 1.3, 31 (39%) patients were inactive at the end of the study. Non-switchers (P = 0.04), younger age (P = 0.004), non-smoking (P = 0.016), shorter disease duration (P = 0.047), more frequent use of SSZ (P = 0.037) and lower BASDAI (P = 0.027), BASMI (P = 0.034) and BASFI (P = 0.003) at baseline were associated with remission. In the multivariate analysis younger age (P = 0.016) and lower BASDAI (P = 0.032) remained as remission predictors. Conclusion: This study supports that ASDAS-CRP remission is an achievable goal not only for non-switchers but also for second anti-TNF, particularly in patients with younger age and lower BASDAI at baseline. Comedication and non-smoker status seems to have a beneficial effect in anti-TNF response in this population.

Among several different techniques to analyze material surface, the use of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is one of the finest method. As we know, the sensitivity to detect energetic ions is extremely affected during the storage time and conditions of the polymeric material used as a nuclear track detector. On the basis of the surface analysis of several track detector materials, we examined the detection sensitivity of these detectors exposed to alpha particles. The preliminary results revealed that the ageing effect on its sensitivity is very strong, that need to be considered on the routine applications or research experiments. The results are consistent with the experimental data in the literature.

Entre las diferentes técnicas para analizar la superficie de los materiales, uno de los mejores métodos es el uso del Microscopio de Fuerza Atómica (AFM). Como sabemos, la sensibilidad para detectar iones energéticos se afecta durante el tiempo de almacenamiento y las condiciones del material polimérico utilizado como Detector de Trazas Nucleares. Con base en el análisis de la superficie de varios materiales, se determinó la sensibilidad de detección de partículas alfa. Los resultados preliminares revelaron que el efecto del envejecimiento de su sensibilidad es muy fuerte, y debe tenerse en cuenta en las aplicaciones rutinarias o de experimentos de investigaci ón. Los resultados son consistentes con los datos experimentales en la literatura.

Stereotyped behaviors in captive primates are often caused by unsuitable conditions. Environmental enrichment has been used to reduce these behaviors, and also to increase the frequency of behaviors appropriate to the species. In this pilot study we evaluated whether behavioral enrichment influences food intake by the black tufted-ear marmoset, Callithrix penicillata (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812), by calculating energy maintenance requirements. We evaluated 16 individually housed, healthy adult black tufted-ear marmosets, randomly divided into two treatment groups, one with behavioral enrichment and one without. The enrichment techniques included structural aspects, such as placing fixed and mobile objects in the cage and supplying dry foods in an enriched form, in order to stimulate cognition. Based on the metabolic weight of the animals, we calculated the energy requirements for their maintenance. The animals that received behavioral enrichment consumed more food than those that did not. We also observed that the animals that did not receive enrichment consumed 9.85% less food than had been calculated for energy maintenance requirements, while the animals that received enrichment consumed 24.97% more food than had been calculated. Results indicate that the use of behavioral enrichment items raised the energy requirements of the black tufted-ear marmoset and, therefore, the consumption of dry food, suggesting that environmental enrichment plays a role in stimulating food consumption. This conclusion should alert scientists, technicians and primatologists to the importance of controlling body weight of marmosets when introducing environmental enrichment to avoid overfeeding and obesity. To verify this conclusion, a study is needed with a longer time frame and more parameters, such as behavior observation and body weight.

Cinco musses foram produzidas em escala piloto e suplementadas com a cultura probiótica de Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5: M1 - com suco concentrado de maracujá (SM); M2 - com SM e fibra prebiótica inulina; M3 - com polpa congelada de maracujá (PM); M4 - com polpa congelada de goiaba (PG); M5 - com PG e ácido lático. Os produtos foram armazenados refrigerados (4ºC) e M2 e M5 também congelados (-18ºC). A viabilidade de Lactobacillus acidophilus diminuiu em até 4,7 log ufc.g-1 ao 21º dia nas musses contendo maracujá (M1, M3 e M2), enquanto a população do probiótico permaneceu acima de 6 log ufc.g-1 naquelas contendo goiaba (M4 e M5). A inibição devido à acidez foi descartada. A adição de frutas aos produtos probióticos deve ser cuidadosamente planejada, uma vez que pode haver inibição das cepas probióticas.

Five pilot-scale mousse-making trials were produced and supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 probiotic culture: M1 with passion fruit concentrated juice (PJ); M2 with PJ and prebiotic fibre inulin; M3 with frozen passion fruit pulp (PP); M4 with frozen guava pulp (GP); M5 with GP and lactic acid. The products were stored refrigerated (4ºC) and M2 and M5 were also stored frozen (-18ºC). Viability of L. acidophilus decreased up to 4.7 log cfu.g-1 in the 21st day for refrigerated mousses containing passion fruit (M1, M2 and M3), whereas the probiotic population remained above 6 log cfu.g-1 in the mousses containing guava (M4 and M5). Inhibition due to acidity was discharged. The addition of fruits to probiotic products should be carefully planned because inhibition of probiotic strains might occur.

Achados angiográficos de quatro pacientes portadores de tumor hepático com fístula arteriovenosa transtumoral intra-hepática (duas arterioveno portais e duas arterioveno hepáticas). Concomitantemente, é mostrado o resultado após embolização com cianoacrilato (Histoacryl®) em um paciente e após introdução de Lipiodol® em dois. São comentadas as características fisiopatológicas especiais de cada um dos dois tipos de fístula e as eventuais conseqüências da passagem da mistura quimioembolizante através do tumor: gênese de abcessos hepáticos, resposta irregular ao tratamento e complicações pulmonares. Apesar do Lipiodol® atravessar a fístula arteriovenosa e se alojar nos ramos terminais da veia porta ou no pulmão, através das veias hepáticas, não há contra-indicação para o tratamento quimioembólico, mas se torna conveniente a oclusão prévia da artéria nutriente desta comunicação mediante o uso de cianoacrilato (Hystoacryl®). Comenta-se que, deste modo, obtém-se o alívio da hipertensão portal nas fístulas arterioveno portais e se evitam as complicações decorrentes da passagem da mistura através da comunicação arteriovenosa em ambos os tipos. O diagnóstico, apesar de difícil, é importante e habitualmente é feito por meio da angiografia abdominal; todavia a ultra-sonografia com Doppler tornada mais sensível com o uso de contraste específico, pode alertar para a presença desta complicação vascular. Sugere-se a adoção de um algoritmo diagnóstico no estudo dos tumores hepáticos que inclua este exame, para a identificação destas fístulas, previamente ao tratamento quimioembólico. Conclui-se recomendando que este exame seja o primeiro na seqüência diagnóstica dos tumores hepáticos, por ser procedimento não-invasivo e que a arteriografia, por ser método invasivo, seja reservada para o tratamento.

The authors present the angiographic aspects of four patients having an arteriovenous trashepatic transtumoral fistula (two arterioportal and two arteriovenous). The angiographic results of the occlusion with cyanoacrylate (Hystoacryl®) of the right hepatic artery in one and by the infusion of Lipiodol® in two are also shown. The physiopathological characteristics of each kind of fistula are discussed and the consequences of the passage of the quimioembolizing mixture through the tumor, regarding intrahepatic abcess formation, irregular clinical results and pulmonary complications are commented. These complications make the diagnosis of a transtumoral transhepatic arteriovenous fistula, previuosly to the chemoembolic treatment important, even though beeing frequently difficult, because of the reduced caliber of the feeding artery and eventual low transfistular bloodflow. The efficient occlusion of the arterioportal fistula with Hystoacryl® was favourably compared to the infusion of Lipiodol®, wich was unable to occlude the arteriovenous fistula. The contraindication to perform chemoembolic treatment of hepatic tumors, when an intrahepatic transtumoral arteriovenous fistula is present and the embolization of the fistular feeding atery is stressed. Ultrasonography using color Doppler and sono-enhancing contrast is appointed as the ideal non-invasive means of making the diagnosis of an hepatic transtumoral fistula and makes it eligible to be the first test in the algorithm for the appraisal of hepatic tumors.

OBJECTIVE: Comparative analysis of the in-hospital results after primary implantation of stents or coronary balloon angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: CENIC (National Center of Cardiovascular Interventions) gathered data on 3,924 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty (in the primary form, without the previous use of thrombolytic agents) in the first 24 hours after a MI, during the period of 1996-1998. From these 3,924 patients, 1,337 (34%) underwent stent implantation. We analyzed the success of the procedure and the occurrence of adverse cardiac events. RESULTS: In patients undergoing stent implantation there were more males (77% vs 69%, p=0.001), previous by pass surgery (6.3% vs. 4.5%, p=0.01), anterior MI and stent implantation in left descending artery (55% vs. 48% vs. p=0.009), and saphenous vein bypass grafts (3.3% vs. 1.9%). the procedure was more succesful in the group of stents (97% vs. 84%, p=0.001) and reinfarction rate (2.5 vs. 4%, p=0.002). The need for emergency revascularization was similar (1% vs. 1.1%, NS). Total in-hospital mortality was lower in stent group (3.4% vs. 7. 2%, p=0.0001) and this effect was in patients Killip class III/V (19.5% vs. 32.5%, p= 0.002) because there was no difference in patients class I/II (1.7% vs. 2.8%, p=0.9). CONCLUSION: Primary stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction showed better early results than balloon angioplasty alome.

Desenvolveu-se um experimento de manejo de irrigação de milho (Zea mays L.), cultivado em Latossolo Roxo, de julho a dezembro de 1994, em Guaíra (SP). Os tratamentos, com 4 repetições, foram: tr000 - aplicação de metade da lâmina de água recomendada durante todo o ciclo da cultura; tr0I0 - aplicação da lâmina recomendada somente na fase intermediária da cultura, e metade dessa lâmina na fase inicial e final; e trIII - aplicação da lâmina recomendada durante todo o ciclo da cultura. Utilizando tensiômetros, mediu-se o potencial mátrico de 0,10 a 1,00 m de profundidade, de 0,10 em 0,10 m e, a partir dos valores obtidos, analisaram-se a variabilidade e a propagação desta para o conteúdo de água no solo. Os resultados mostraram que: (1) eventualmente, nas primeiras leituras realizadas após irrigação ou precipitação pluvial, o potencial mátrico e o conteúdo de água no solo mostraram acréscimos em suas variabilidades, pelo fato de, em alguma repetição, a frente de molhamento não ter atingido a cápsula porosa do tensiômetro; (2) o valor do potencial mátrico aumentou em profundidade, tendência que foi acompanhada de um aumento da estabilidade temporal e de uma redução da variabilidade espacial; (3) o potencial mátrico apresentou variabilidade elevada e heterogeneidade de variância; (4) a variabilidade do conteúdo de água no solo foi menos acentuada que a do potencial mátrico, para toda a faixa estudada. Mediante tais resultados, foi possível concluir que a irrigação pode ser manejada com alto nível de confiança estatística quando os resultados de potencial mátrico são transformados para conteúdo de água no solo, transformação esta que minimiza os problemas de variabilidade.

A four replicated maize (Zea mays L.) crop irrigation management experiment was carried out in a Typic Haphortox soil of Guaíra (SP), Brazil (20°27'30''S, 48°19'30''W, 495 m) from July to December, 1994. There were three treatments: tr000 - half of the recommended amount of water was applied during the crop cycle; tr0I0 - the recommended amount of water was applied only during the intermediate stage and half of it during the initial and the final stages; and trIII - the recommended amount of water was applied during the whole period of the crop. The soil water matric potential was assessed by means of tensiometers, from 0.10 to 1.00 m deep, at each 0.10 m to study the variability propagation of matric potential to the soil water content. Ranges of matric potential and soil water content values, with high variability, were also identified. The results showed that: (1) occasionally, measurements of matric potential and soil water content just after irrigation or rain showed a considerable increase of variability due to the fact that in some replications, the wetting front did not reach the tensiometer porous cup; (2) the matric potential and its stability over the time increased with depth, but its spatial variability decreased at depth; (3) the matric potential variability was high and showed variance heterogeneity; (4) the variability of soil water content was less accentuated than that of the matric potential for the whole studied range. According to the results, it was concluded that the irrigation management can be done with a high level of statistical confidence when matric potential values are converted into soil water content values, because the variability problems are minimized by this transformation.

A colonização do colo e reto por espiroquetas intestinais foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil em 4 de 282 (1,41%) pacientes submetidos a sigmoidoscopia e/ou colonoscopia com o diagnóstico histopatológico de colite crônica inespecífica. A frequência é provavelmente menor que a real, urna vez que espécimens cirúrgicos não foram considerados no presente estudo. O diagnóstico histopatológico foi feito através de colorações de rotina, tais como a hematoxilina-eosina, que mostraram franja basofílica de 3µ de espessura sobre a borda em escova do epitélio e por impregnações pela prata como o método de Whartin-Starry. Métodos imunohistoquímicos, usando dois soros primários policlonais, um contra o Treponema pallidum e o outro contra Leptospira interrogans, serovar copenhageni serogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae revelaram reatividade cruzada com os antígeno/s dos espiroquetas produzindo um contraste acentuado da franja sobre o epitélio colônico e preservando a morfologia espiralada do parasita. Em um paciente, com acentuada diarréia, a imunohistoquímica detectou antígenos de espiroqueta no citoplasma de uma célula da cripta intestinal, demonstrando que a infecção estava mais disseminada do que parecia pelas colorações comuns. Portanto, os métodos imunohistoquímicos facilitam o diagnóstico histológico da espiroquetose intestinal e podem , também, contribuir para a melhor compreensão da patogenia da doença. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e a microscopia de varredura, realizadas em um paciente, demonstraram que os espiroquetas lembram a espécie designada como Brachyspira aalborgi.

Colonization of the colon and rectum by intestinal spirochetes is detected for the first time in Brazil in 4 of 282 (1.41%) patients who had undergone sigmoidoscopy and/or colonoscopy with a histopathological diagnosis of chronic non specific-colitis. This frequency is probably understimated, since surgically obtained specimens were not considered in the present study. Histopathological diagnosis was performed using routine stains like hematoxylin-eosin which showed the typical, of 3-µm thick hematoxyphilic fringe on the brush border of the surface epithelium, and by silver stains like the Warthin-Starry stain. Immunohistochemical procedures using two, polyclonal, primary antibodies, one against Treponema pallidum and the other against Leptospira interrogans serovar copenhageni serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae cross-reacted with spirochetal antigen/s producing a marked contrast of the fringe over the colonic epithelium, preserving the spiral-shaped morphology of the parasite. In one case with marked diarrhea, immunohistochemistry detected spirochetal antigen/s within a cell in an intestinal crypt, thus demonstrating that the infection can be more widely disseminated than suspected using routine stains. Immunohistochemical procedures, thus, greatly facilitate the histological diagnosis of intestinal spirochetosis and may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy performed in one case showed that the spirochete closely resembled the species designated as Brachyspira aalborgi.