OBJECTIVE: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. Recent research has emphasized the strong association between inflammation and both P-wave dispersion and dyslipidemia. The difference between the maximum and minimum P-wave durations on an electrocardiogram is defined as P-wave dispersion. The prolongation of P-wave dispersion has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate P-wave dispersion in patients with lichen planus. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with lichen planus and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. We obtained electrocardiographic recordings from all participants and used them to calculate the P-wave variables. We also assessed the levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, which is an inflammatory marker, and the lipid levels for each group. The results were reported as the means ± standard deviations and percentages. RESULTS: The P-wave dispersion was significantly higher in lichen planus patients than in the control group. Additionally, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in lichen planus patients compared to the controls. There was a significant positive correlation between highly sensitive C-reactive protein and P-wave dispersion (r = 0.549, p<0.001) in lichen planus patients. CONCLUSIONS: P-wave dispersion increased on the surface electrocardiographic measurements of lichen planus patients. This result may be important in the early detection of subclinical cardiac involvement. Increased P-wave dispersion, in terms of the tendency for atrial fibrillation, should be considered in these patients.

FUNDAMENTO: A função endotelial braquial tem sido associada ao fluxo lento coronário (FLC). O aumento do fluxo sanguíneo para a artéria braquial faz com que o endotélio libere óxido nítrico (ON), com subsequente vasodilatação. Além de sua atividade com betabloqueador, o nebivolol provoca vasodilatação, aumentando a liberação endotelial de ON. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos do nebivolol na função endotelial vascular em pacientes com FLC. MÉTODOS: 46 pacientes com FLC e 23 indivíduos com artérias coronárias epicárdicas normais foram examinados com ecocardiografia transtorácica e ultrassonografia da artéria braquial. Os pacientes foram reavaliados dois meses após o tratamento com aspirina ou aspirina e nebivolol. RESULTADOS: Os pacientes com FLC apresentaram maior índice de massa corporal (26,5 ± 3,3 vs. 23,8 ± 2,8, p < 0,001), tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) de influxo mitral (114,9 ± 18,0 vs. 95,0 ± 22,0 mseg, p < 0,001), menor fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo (FEVE) (63,5 ± 3,1% vs. 65,4 ± 2,2, p = 0,009), colesterol HDL (39,4 ± 8,5 vs. 45,8 ± 7,7 mg/dL, p = 0,003) e dilatação fluxo-mediada da artéria braquial (DFM) (6,1 ± 3,9% vs. 17,6 ± 4,5%, p <0,001). Houve correlações significativas entre a DFM e a presença de FLC (r = 0,800, p < 0,001) e o colesterol HDL (r = 0,349, p = 0,003). Dos pacientes com FLC, apesar de os valores médios de DFM em pré-tratamento terem sido semelhantes (6,1 ± 4,3% vs. 6,0 ± ,6%, p = 0,917), em comparação com a DFM do grupo em pós-tratamento apenas com aspirina, a DFM apresentou valores significativamente maiores do que os pacientes tratados com aspirina e nebivolol (6,0 ± 3,5% vs. 8,0 ± 2,9%, p = 0,047). Constatou-se que o tratamento com nebivolol está associado a um significativo aumento na DFM (6,0 ± 3,6 a 8,0 ± 2,9 %, p = 0,030), ao passo que o tratamento apenas com aspirina não apresentou a mesma associação. CONCLUSÃO: A função endotelial pode ser comprometida nas artérias coronárias e braquiais em pacientes com FLC, e o nebivolol pode ser eficaz na melhora da função endotelial em pacientes com FLC.

BACKGROUND: Brachial endothelial function has been associated with coronary slow flow (CSF). Increasing blood flow to brachial artery provokes endothelium to release nitric oxide (NO) with subsequent vasodilatation. Besides its β1-blocker activity, nebivolol causes vasodilatation by increasing endothelial NO release. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of nebivolol on vascular endothelial function in patients with CSF. METHODS: Forty-six patients with CSF and 23 individuals with normal epicardial coronary arteries were examined with transthoracic echocardiography and brachial artery ultrasonography. The patients were reevaluated two months after treatment with aspirin or aspirin plus nebivolol. RESULTS: Patients with CSF had higher body mass index (26.5 ± 3.3 vs. 23.8 ± 2.8, p < 0.001), mitral inflow isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (114.9 ± 18.0 vs. 95.0 ± 22.0 msec, p < 0.001) and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (63.5 ± 3.1% vs. 65.4 ± 2.2, p = 0.009), HDL-cholesterol (39.4 ± 8.5 vs. 45.8 ± 7.7 mg/dL, p = 0.003) and brachial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) (6.1 ± 3.9% vs. 17.6 ± 4.5%, p < 0.001). There were significant correlations between FMD and the presence of CSF (r = 0.800, p < 0.001) and HDL-cholesterol (r = 0.349, p = 0.003). Among Patients with CSF, although pretreatment mean FMD values were similar (6.1 ± 4.3% vs. 6.0 ± ,6%, p = 0.917) compared to aspirin alone group, posttreatment FMD was significantly higher in patients treated with aspirin plus nebivolol (6.0 ± 3.5% vs. 8.0 ± 2.9%, p = 0.047). Treatment with nebivolol was associated with a significant increase in FMD (6.0 ± 3.6 to 8.0 ± 2.9 %, p = 0.030) whereas treatment with aspirin alone was not. CONCLUSION: Endothelial function may be impaired in both coronary and brachial arteries in patients with CSF and nebivolol may be effective in the improvement of endothelial function in patients with CSF.

OBJECTIVES: The association between P wave dispersion and iron deficiency anemia has not been documented in the literature. In this study, we evaluated P wave dispersion in patients with iron deficiency anemia and the possible relationships between P wave dispersion and other echocardiographic parameters. INTRODUCTION: The iron status of an individual may play an important role in cardiovascular health. Anemia is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes. P wave dispersion is a simple electrocardiographic marker that has a predictive value for the development of atrial fibrillation. Apart from cardiovascular diseases, several conditions, such as seasonal variation, alcohol intake and caffeine ingestion, have been demonstrated to affect P wave dispersion. METHODS: The study included 97 patients who had iron deficiency anemia and 50 healthy subjects. The cases were evaluated with a clinical examination and diagnostic tests that included 12-lead electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, patients with iron deficiency anemia showed significantly longer maximum P wave duration (Pmax) (91.1±18.0 vs. 85.8±6.7 msec, p=0.054), P wave dispersion (PWD) (48.1±7.7 vs. 40.9±5.6 msec, p<0.001), mitral inflow deceleration time (DT) (197.5±27.9 vs. 178.8±8.9 msec, p<0.001) and isovolumetric relaxation time (IVRT) (93.3±9.2 vs. 77.4±8.2 msec, p<0.001); they also showed increased heart rate (85.7±16.1 vs. 69.0±4.4, p<0.001) and frequency of diastolic dysfunction (7 (7.2%) vs. 0). Correlation analysis revealed that PWD was significantly correlated with IVRT, DT, heart rate, the presence of anemia and hemoglobin level. CONCLUSIONS: Iron deficiency anemia may be associated with prolonged P wave duration and dispersion and impaired diastolic left ventricular filling.

FUNDAMENTO: Tem sido demonstrado que diminuições na variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) estão relacionadas com o prognóstico na insuficiência cardíaca (IC). A administração crônica de trimetazidina, além da terapia convencional, tem melhorado a classe funcional e a função ventricular esquerda de pacientes com IC. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da trimetazidina na VFC em pacientes com IC de origem isquêmica, recebendo tratamento otimizado. MÉTODOS: Trimetazidina 20 mg 3 vezes/dia foi adicionada à terapia de 30 pacientes com IC tratados com inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensinogênio ou bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina, carvedilol, espironolactona, digital e furosemida. A etiologia da IC era doença arterial coronariana em todos os pacientes. Os pacientes foram avaliados através de ecocardiografia e análise da VFC de 24-horas antes e 3 meses depois da adição de trimetazidina. RESULTADOS: A fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda (FEVE) média aumentou significantemente após a adição da trimetazidina (33,5±5,1% para 42,5±5,8%, p<0,001). Dos parâmetros da VFC, o DPNN (97,3±40,1 to 110,5±29,2 msegs, p=0,049) e DPTNN (80,5±29,0 to 98,3±30,5 msegs) aumentaram significantemente após o tratamento com trimetazidina. O DPNN basal apresentou uma correlação significante com o FEVE basal (r=0,445, p=0,023, p=0,008) e o incremento no DPNN correlacionou-se com o aumento na FEVE (r=0,518, p=0,007). CONCLUSÕES: A trimetazidina, quando adicionada ao tratamento médico otimizado de pacientes com IC de origem isquêmica, pode melhorar a VFC, além de melhorar a fração de ejeção ventricular esquerda.

BACKGROUND: Reduced measures of heart rate variability (HRV) have been shown to be related with prognosis in heart failure. Chronic administration of trimetazidine in addition to the conventional therapy has been shown to improve functional class and left ventricular functions of heart failure patients. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of trimetazidine on HRV in optimally treated patients with heart failure of ischemic origin. METHODS: Trimetazidine 20 mg three times/day was added to therapy of 30 patients with heart failure being treated with angiotensinogen converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, carvedilol, spironolactone, digitalis and furosemide. The etiology of heart failure was coronary artery disease in all patients. Patients were evaluated with echocardiography and 24-hour heart rate variability analysis before and 3 months after addition of trimetazidine. RESULTS: Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) significantly increased after the addition of trimetazidine (33.5±5.1% to 42.5±5.8%, p<0.001). Of the HRV parameters, SDNN (97.3±40,1 to 110.5±29,2 msecs, p=0.049) and SDANN (80.5±29,0 to 98.3±30,5 msecs) were significantly increased after trimetazidine treatment. Baseline SDNN was significantly correlated with baseline LVEF (r=0.445, p=0.023, p=0.008) and the increment in SDNN was correlated with increase in LVEF (r=0.518, p=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Adding trimetazidine to optimal medical therapy in patients with heart failure of ischemic origin may improve heart rate variability in association with improved left ventricular ejection fraction.

FUNDAMENTO: Se ha demostrado que disminuciones en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardíaca (VFC) están relacionadas con el pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardíaca (IC). La administración crónica de trimetazidina, además de la terapia convencional, ha mejorado la clase funcional y la función ventricular izquierda de pacientes con IC. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos de la trimetazidina en la VFC en pacientes con IC de origen isquémico, recibiendo tratamiento optimizado. MÉTODOS: Se agregó trimetazidina 20 mg 3 veces/día a la terapia de 30 pacientes con IC tratados con inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensinógeno o bloqueadores del receptor de la angiotensina, carvedilol, espironolactona, digital y furosemida. La etiología de la IC era enfermedad arterial coronaria en todos los pacientes. Los pacientes fueron evaluados mediante ecocardiografía y análisis de la VFC de 24-horas antes y 3 meses después de la adición de trimetazidina. RESULTADOS: La fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) media aumentó significativamente después de la adición de la trimetazidina (33,5±5,1% para 42,5±5,8%, p<0,001). De los parámetros de la VFC, la SDNN (97,3±40,1 a 110,5±29,2 msegs, p=0,049) y la SDANN (80,5±29,0 a 98,3±30,5 msegs) aumentaron significativamente después del tratamiento con trimetazidina. La SDNN basal presentó una correlación significativa con la FEVI basal (r=0,445, p=0,023, p=0,008) y el incremento en la SDNN se correlacionó con el aumento en la FEVI (r=0,518, p=0,007). CONCLUSIÓN: Cuando se agrega trimetazidina al tratamiento médico optimizado de pacientes con IC de origen isquémico, puede mejorar la VFC, además de mejorar la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda.