ABSTRACT: Feathers are by-products that are generated in significant quantities by the poultry industry. Microbial bioconversion has been investigated as a promising strategy for the processing of feathers, since, along with the degradation of these keratinous materials, bioprocessing can result in value-added products. Thus, from the perspective of industrial microbiology, chicken feathers can be considered a raw material for obtaining microbial proteases. Within this context, this research investigated and characterized the production of extracellular proteases by Aspergillus sp., isolated from soil of the Amazon Rainforest. The enzymatic production was evaluated using several growth substrates (whole feathers, feather meal, human hair, casein, gelatin, peptone and chicken beaks). With highest enzyme production was obtained the feather meal (FM) and peptone. After 48 h of fermentation, FM degradation was 15.82%. The crude protease showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 37 °C and enzymatic activity was enhanced with the addition of 1 and 5 mM of CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 and CuSO4. The detergents Tween 20 and Triton x-100, at concentrations 0.5 and 1% (v/v), tended to stimulate activity. The presence of 0.5 and 1% (v/v) of organic solvents (methanol, acetone, butanol, acetonitrile, isopropanol and DMSO), maintained the enzymatic activity. β-mercaptoethanolstimulated proteolytic activity in the enzymatic assays. This study suggested new direction for waste management with industrial applications giving rise to green technology for sustainable development.

RESUMO: As penas são subprodutos que são gerados em quantidades significativas pela indústria avícola. A bioconversão microbiana tem sido investigada como uma estratégia promissora para o processamento de penas, uma vez que, juntamente com a degradação desses materiais queratinosos, o bioprocessamento pode resultar em produtos de valor agregado. Assim, do ponto de vista da microbiologia industrial, as penas de frango podem ser consideradas matéria-prima para a obtenção de proteases microbianas. Dentro deste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar e caracterizar a produção de proteases extracelulares por Aspergillus sp., isolados de solo da floresta Amazônica. A produção enzimática foi avaliada utilizando diversos substratos de crescimento (penas inteiras, farinha de penas, cabelo humano, caseína, gelatina, peptona e bicos de frango). Com maior produção de enzima foi obtida a farinha de penas (FP) e peptona. Após 48 h de fermentação, a degradação da FP foi de 15.82%. A protease bruta mostrou atividade ótima em pH 5.0 e 37 0C e a atividade enzimática foi aumentada com a adição de 1 e 5 mM de CaCl2, MnSO4, KCl, MgSO4 e CuSO4. Os detergentes Tween 20 e Triton x-100, nas concentrações 0.5 e 1% (v/v), tenderam a estimular a atividade. A presença de 0.5 e 1% (v/v) dos solventes orgânicos (metanol, acetona, butanol, acetonitrila, isopropanol e DMSO), mantiveram a atividade enzimática. O β-mercaptoetanol estimulou a atividade proteolítica nos ensaios enzimáticos. Este estudo sugere uma nova direção para a gestão de resíduos com aplicações industriais dando origem à tecnologia verde para o desenvolvimento sustentável.

Summary: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is one of the most important crops in the Mexican horticultural sector; currently, its production is based on the excessive use of chemical fertilizers. In 2016, an experiment was established under greenhouse conditions in order to evaluate the response in yield and fruit quality of Cid and Ramses indeterminate growth tomato hybrids to inoculation with Azospirillum sp., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and different concentrations of nutrient solution in a hydroponic system. The experimental design was a 4*4*2 factorial in randomized blocks, with five repetitions and 3.5 plants m-2. The factors evaluated were: four levels of Steiner nutrient solution (100, 75, 50 and 25%), four levels of inoculation (without inoculation -Control-, Azospirillum -Azo-, AMF and coinoculation Azospirillum/AMF -AzAMF-) and the hybrids (HIB) Cid and Ramses. The variables evaluated were; yield (kg m-2), number of fruits (NFRU), average fruit weight (PPROF) in g, firmness (FIR) in kg m-2, total soluble solids (TSS) in °Brix, longitudinal diameter (DLONG) in mm and equatorial diameter (DECU) in mm. The results show that the 50% nutrient solution presented the highest yield (11.83 kg m-2). The inoculation with AzAMF induced the highest values of TSS (4.16 °Brix), while AMF, AzAMF and Azo presented firmer fruits with 3.1375 kg m-2), 3.0875 kg m-2) and 3.0825 kg m-2, respectively. The 100% nutrient solution with HMA and AzAMF showed the highest firmness values, while the best PPROF was detected with the 50% nutrient solution and Azo (101.56 g). The PSOLN by HIB interaction presented showed differences in SST and NFRU. The interaction PSOLN, inoculation and hybrid exhibited significant effects on firmness quality, TSS and DECU. The concentration of the nutrient solution for tomato production can be reduced by 50 per cent.

Resumen: El cultivo de jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), es uno de los más importantes en el sector hortícola de México; actualmente, su producción se sustenta en el uso excesivo de fertilizantes químicos. Con la finalidad de evaluar la respuesta en rendimiento y calidad de fruto de los híbridos de jitomate de crecimiento indeterminado Cid y Ramses a la inoculación con Azospirillum sp., hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) y diferentes concentraciones de solución nutritiva en un sistema hidropónico, en 2016, se estableció un experimento en condiciones de invernadero. El diseño experimental fue un factorial 4*4*2 en bloques al azar, con cinco repeticiones y 3.5 plantas m-2. Los factores evaluados fueron: cuatro niveles de solución nutritiva Steiner (100, 75, 50 y 25%), cuatro niveles de inoculación (sin inocular -Testigo-, Azospirillum -Azo-, HMA y coinoculación Azospirillum/HMA -AzHMA-) y los híbridos (HIB) Cid y Ramses. Las variables evaluadas fueron; rendimiento (kg m-2), número de frutos (NFRU), peso promedio de frutos (PPROF) en g, firmeza (FIR) en kg m-2, solidos solubles totales (SST) en °Brix, diámetro longitudinal (DLONG) en mm y diámetro ecuatorial (DECU) en mm. Los resultados muestran que la solución nutritiva al 50% presentó el mayor rendimiento (11.83 kg m-2). La inoculación con AzHMA indujo los valores mayores de SST (4.16 °Brix), en tanto que HMA, AzHMA y Azo presentaron frutos más firmes con 3.1375 kg m-2), 3.0875 kg m-2) y 3.0825 kg m-2, respectivamente. La solución nutritiva al 100% con HMA y AzHMA presentaron los valores más altos en firmeza, mientras que los mejores PPROF se presentaron con 50% de solución nutritiva y Azo (101.56 g). La interacción PSOLN por HIB presentó diferencias significativas en SST y NFRU. La interacción PSOLN, inoculación e híbrido tuvieron efectos significativos en calidad firmeza, SST y DECU. La concentración de la solución nutritiva para la producción de jitomate se puede reducir en 50 por ciento.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los peces de la familia Holocentridae son conocidos como peces ardilla y peces soldados, son de hábitos nocturnos, y la subfamilia Myripristinae cuenta con tres especies de profundidad. Los registros son esporádicos en el norte del Golfo de México. Objetivo: Documentar nuevos registros de dos especies de peces ardilla en el Golfo de México. Métodos: Durante el período de noviembre de 2021 a mayo de 2022 se capturaron cuatro ejemplares de peces ardilla en profundidades de 80 a 200 m en el sur de Veracruz, mismos que fueron identificados y depositados en una colección científica. Resultados: Se describe la merística y morfometría de los ejemplares que sustentan los nuevos registros de Corniger spinosus (n=1, 129.3 mm de longitud patrón [LP]) y Ostichthys trachypoma (n=3, 120.4-197 mm de LP) en el suroeste del Golfo de México. La primera especie fue reconocida por las espinas fuertes en el preopérculo e infraorbital, mientras que la segunda por la ausencia de espinas en el infraobital y la presencia de bandas rojas longitudinales. Conclusiones: Los registros de C. spinosus y O. trachypoma muestran una ampliación de distribución en 992.4 km al sur y 1,284 km al suroeste del Golfo de México, respectivamente, representando ambas especies los primeros registros en aguas mexicanas.

Abstract Background: The fishes of family holocentridae are known as squirrelfishes and soldierfishes, they are nocturnal, and the subfamily Myripristinae has three species deep. The records are sporadic in the northern of the Gulf of Mexico. Goals: To document the new records of two species of squirrelfishes in the Gulf of Mexico. Methods: During the period from November 2021 to May 2022, four specimens of deep-sea squirrelfishes were captured in depths of 80 to 200 m in southern Veracruz, which were identified and deposited in a scientific collection. Results: The morphometric and meristic of the specimens that support the new records of Corniger spinosus (n=1, 129.3 mm standard length [SL]) and Ostichthys trachypoma (n=3, 120.4-197 mm SL) in the southwestern Gulf of Mexico. The first species was recognized by presenting strong spines in the preoperculum and infraorbital, while the second by the absence of spines in the infraorbital and the presence of longitudinal red bands. Conclusions: The records of C. spinosus and O. trachypoma they have a distribution extension in 992.4 km to the south and 1,284 km to the southwest of the Gulf of Mexico, respectively, representing both species the first record in Mexican waters.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The antibacterial properties of Plantago major against oral microorganisms have not been widely studied. Objective: Identify the secondary metabolites present in an ethanolic extract of Plantago major and determine their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The Plantago major ethanolic extract (EE) was prepared at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Six paper discs were loaded with 10 µl, 15 µl, 20 µl and 25 µl of each concentration, for a total 96 discs, which were then placed on Petri plates with brain heart agar inoculated with Streptococcus mutans. The positive control was 0.12% chlorhexidine. Six replicates were estimated for each concentration. The plates were incubated at 37ºC for 48 hours. Inhibition haloes were measured with a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was based on one-factor ANOVA testing followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: Chemical analysis of the Plantago major ethanolic extract identified the presence of terpenes, diterpenes, saponins, terpenoids and essential oils. The 25% and 50% concentrations did not display an antibacterial effect, whereas volumes above 20 µl of the 75% concentration and all 100% volumes were effective to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth with inhibition haloes of 8.36 mm to 14.64 mm. 0.12% chlorhexidine inhibited Streptococcus mutans with inhibition haloes of 17.77 mm on average, presenting significant differences with all the concentrations of the Plantago major ethanolic extract (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The Plantago major ethanolic extract was found to contain terpene and saponin derivatives, and displayed antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans at volumes and concentrations above 20 µl / 75 %.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las propiedades antibacterianas de Plantago major frente a microorganismos orales no se ha estudiado ampliamente. Objetivo: Identificar los metabolitos secundarios presentes en el extracto etanólico de Plantago major y determinar su actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans. Métodos: Se prepararon concentraciones del 25 %, 50 %, 75 % y 100 % de extracto etanólico (EE) de Plantago major. Se cargaron seis discos de papel con 10 µL, 15 µL, 20 µL y 25 µL de cada concentración, haciendo un total de 96 discos. Los discos fueron colocados en placas Petri con agar cerebro-corazón inoculadas con Streptococcus mutans, se empleó clorhexidina al 0,12 % como control positivo. Se calcularon seis repeticiones para cada concentración. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37 °C por 48 horas. La medición de los halos de inhibición se realizó con un compás digital. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante la prueba ANOVA de un factor seguido por la prueba post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: El análisis químico del extracto etanólico de Plantago major identificó la presencia de terpenos, diterpenos, saponinas, terpenoidales y aceites esenciales. Las concentraciones del 25 % y 50 % no mostraron efecto antibacteriano, los volúmenes mayores de 20 µL de la concentración del 75 % y todas los del 100 % fueron efectivos para inhibir el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 8,36 mm a 14,64 mm. La clorhexidina al 0,12 % inhibió el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans con halos de inhibición de 17,77 mm en promedio, presentando diferencias significativas con todas las concentraciones del extracto etanólico de Plantago major (P < 0,05). Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico de Plantago major presentó derivados de los terpenos y saponinas, y mostró actividad antibacteriana frente a Streptococcus mutans en volúmenes y concentraciones mayores a 20 µL/75 %.

Abstract Purpose: To describe the findings in central macular thickness, mean macular thickness, central choroidal thickness, and foveal avascular zone at the superficial and deep retinal plexus, and to compare the results with a group of healthy subjects. Methods: Descriptive study about SS-OCT and OCT-A findings in 28 eyes (14 patients) with electrophoretic confirmation of sickle cell disease and 60 eyes (30 patients) without systemic or ocular disorders. Results: In the sickle cell disease group, median central macular thickness was 194 vs. 229 mm in the healthy subjects group (p < 0.0001). The area of the foveal avascular zone at the superficial plexus showed a median value of 0.347 vs. 0.243 mm2 (p < 0.0001) and at the deep capillary plexus of 0.461 vs. 0.321 mm2 in the sickle cell disease and healthy subjects groups, respectively (p < 0.0001). The comparative measures of mean macular thickness and central choroidal thickness did not reveal significant statistical differences between groups. Conclusions: Compared to a healthy control group, patients with sickle cell disease had a statistically significant lower central macular thickness and an enlarged foveal avascular zone at both the superficial and deep plexuses. SS-OCT and OCT-A are non-invasive imaging modalities that provide high resolution images that can be useful to detect anatomic and micro vascular alterations in patients with sickle cell disease.

Resumen Objetivo: Describir los cambios en el grosor macular central, el grosor macular promedio, el grosor coroideo central y el área de la zona avascular foveal en los plexos superficial y profundo de pacientes con anemia de células falciformes, y comparar los resultados con un grupo de sujetos sanos. Método: Estudio descriptivo de hallazgos de tomografía de coherencia óptica swept source (SS-OCT) y de angiografía por tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT-A) en 28 ojos de 14 pacientes con anemia de células falciformes confirmado por electroforesis y 60 ojos de 30 personas sanas sin antecedentes patológicos sistémicos ni oculares. Resultados: En el grupo de anemia de células falciformes la mediana del grosor macular central fue de 194 mm, frente a 229 mm en el grupo de personas sanas (p < 0.0001). La mediana de zona avascular foveal en el plexo superficial del grupo de anemia de células falciformes fue de 0.347 mm2, frente a 0.243 mm2 en el grupo sano, y en el plexo vascular profundo la mediana fue de 0.461 frente a 0.321 mm2, respectivamente (p < 0.0001). Las medidas comparativas del grosor macular promedio y del grosor coroideo no demostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: En comparación con el grupo de sanos, los pacientes con anemia de células falciformes presentaron diferencias estadisticamente significativas: menor grosor macular central y aumento del área de la zona avascular foveal en los plexos superficial y profundo. La SS-OCT y la OCT-A son modalidades de estudio no invasivo que proporcionaron imágenes de alta resolución que podrían ser útiles para detectar cambios anatómicos estructurales y microvasculares en ambos plexos en pacientes con anemia de células falciformes.

Abstract: The white mullet Mugil curema is one of the main species that exploits the artisanal fishery on the Mexican Pacific coast. Addressing the reproductive aspects of species by fishing area will reduce bias in evaluating the status of their populations. The objective of the present study was to describe the reproductive cycle and estimate some biological parameters of the white mullet in two fishing sites on the coast of Baja California Sur. Monthly, samples from the catch were obtained in Bahía de La Paz (BLP) and Bahía Magdalena (BM), during 2010-2013. Gonadal maturation process was histologically analyzed and the reproductive cycle was described. Gonadosomatic index (GSI), condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), the weight-length relationship and average length of sexual maturity (L50%) were estimated. The size of the fish varied between 244 and 455 mm in total length (LT). Females were more abundant (> 70%), large and heavy than males at both fishing sites. A reproductive pattern was identified with two annual peaks in BLP (March-June and October-November) and one in BM (April-August). A similar pattern of GSI, CF and HSI by sex was identified at both sites. The white mullet showed negative growth allometry, features of total spawning, synchronous gonadal development by groups and an L50% higher in females than males. It is recommended to readjust the closure period by fishing site and based on the L50% be cautious in the mesh size of the fishing nets.

Resumen: La liseta Mugil curema está entre las principales especies que explota la pesquería artesanal en la costa mexicana del Océano Pacífico. Abordar aspectos reproductivos de las especies por zona de pesca reducirá el sesgo en la evaluación del estado de sus poblaciones. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir el ciclo reproductivo y estimar algunos parámetros biológicos de la liseta en dos sitios de pesca de la costa de Baja California Sur. Mensualmente, se muestreo la captura de Bahía de La Paz (BLP) y Bahía Magdalena (BM), durante 2010-2013. Se analizó histológicamente la maduración gonadal y se describió el ciclo reproductivo. Se estimaron, el índice gonadosomático (IGS), factor de condición (FC), índice hepatosomático (IHS), la relación peso-longitud y longitud promedio de madurez sexual (L50%). La longitud total de los peces varió entre 244 y 455 mm. Las hembras fueron más abundantes, grandes y pesadas que los machos en ambos sitios de pesca. Se identificó un patrón reproductivo con dos máximos anuales en BLP (marzo-junio y octubre-noviembre) y uno en BM (abril-agosto). Se identificó un patrón similar del IGS, FC e IHS por sexos en ambos sitios. La liseta mostró alometría negativa en crecimiento, rasgos de desovador total, desarrollo gonadal sincrónico por grupos y la L50% superior en hembras que en machos. Se recomienda reajustar la veda temporal por sitio de pesca y con base en la L50% ser precautorios en el tamaño de la luz de malla de las redes de pesca.

Abstract: There are abundant reports of symbiosis wherein crustaceans live inside or on mollusks; however, there are few published records of gastropods hosting decapods. This study examines the biological association between fifteen snails (124.86 ± 19.01) from the species Pacific crown conch Melongena patula and the porcelain crab Euceramus transversilineatus. Morphometric relationships of both invertebrates, as well as some sexual characteristics of the crab were conducted. These invertebrates were sampled in the Navachiste Lagoon, in the south eastern Gulf of California, Sinaloa, Mexico. It was found 86.6% of the snails housed at least a female or a male porcelain crab (17.82 ± 3.27 mm total body length) or a pair of them (heterosexual and same sex) with a sexual proportion of 2M:1F. There were no correlations between any of the crab and snail based on their analyzed morphometric relationships. For the crab males, the measurements of both chelae presented relationships with total body length, carapace length, and abdomen width however, no significant differences were observed between the mean width and chelae length of males, females or between sexes. Of the six females collected, four were gravid. Preliminary observations indicated that the porcelain crab E. transversilineatus is a commensal endosymbiont that coexist in short-term association with M. patula. Their population distribution suggests that E. transversilineatus are polygamous with a promiscuous mating pattern.

Resumen: Existen abundantes informes de simbiosis en los que los crustáceos viven dentro o encima de moluscos, sin embargo, hay pocos registros publicados de gasterópodos que alberguen decápodos. Se examinó la asociación biológica entre el caracol corona del Pacífico, Melongena patula, y el cangrejo porcelánido, Euceramus transversilineatus, describiendo las relaciones morfométricas de ambos invertebrados, así como algunas características sexuales del cangrejo. Se muestrearon 15 caracoles (124,86 ± 19,01 mm de altura de concha) en la laguna Navachiste, en el sureste del Golfo de California, Sinaloa, México. El 86,6% de ellos albergaba al menos un cangrejo de porcelana hembra o macho (17,82 ± 3,27 mm de longitud total del cuerpo) o un par (heterosexual y mismo sexo) con una proporción sexual de 2M:1H. No hubo correlaciones entre ninguna de las relaciones morfométricas analizadas entre el cangrejo y caracol. Para los cangrejos, las mediciones de ambas quelas presentaron relaciones con la longitud corporal total, longitud del caparazón y ancho del abdomen en los machos; sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre el ancho medio y la longitud de quelas de machos, hembras o entre sexos. De las seis hembras recolectadas, cuatro eran grávidas. Las observaciones preliminares indican que el cangrejo porcelánido E. transversilineatus es un endosimbionte comensal que coexiste en asociación a corto plazo con M. patula. Su distribución poblacional sugiere que E. transversilineatus es polígamo con un patrón de apareamiento promiscuo.

Abstract In a holistic approach it is important to identify potential fishing units to better understand population structure and dynamics. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential existence of a Mugil curema population structured in stocks in La Paz Bay. For this, a total of 709 specimens were collected between 2010 and 2013. Two fish groups were identified (G1, n = 212, and G2, n = 178), and the otolith shape was compared using geometric morphometrics, L50% was estimated, age was assigned, and a multi-model approach was used to evaluate individual growth. Eight age groups were assigned for G1 (3-10) and 5 for G2 (3-7). The most adequate model to describe growth for both groups was the von Bertalanffy growth model (G1: L ∞ = 421.77, k= 0.32, t 0 = -0.05; G2: L ∞ = 406.5, k = 0.36, t 0 = -0.02). Differences in otolith shape and growth parameters between groups were significant; opposite, L50% estimates (G1 = 325 mm LT; G2 = 330 mm LT) were not significant. Results suggest the presence of a M. curema population structured in at least 2 stocks in La Paz Bay: one stock reproduces in Spring (G1) and the other in the Fall (G2).

Resumen En un enfoque holístico es importante identificar potenciales unidades pesqueras para comprender mejor la estructura y la dinámica poblacional. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la potencial existencia de una población de Mugil curema estructurada en stocks en bahía de La Paz. Se analizaron 709 ejemplares, de 2010 a 2013. Se integraron dos grupos (G1, n = 212 y G2, n = 178) de organismos y se comparó la forma del otolito sagitta usando morfometría geométrica, se estimó la L50%, se asignó la edad y con un enfoque multimodelo se evaluó el crecimiento individual. Se identificaron 8 grupos de edad para G1 (3-10) y 5 para G2 (3-7). El modelo más adecuado para describir el crecimiento fue von Bertalanffy para ambos grupos (G1: L ∞ = 421.77, k = 0.32, t 0 = -0.05; G2: L ∞ = 406.5, k = 0.36, t 0 = -0.02). Las diferencias en la forma del otolito y en el crecimiento individual entre grupos fueron significativas, pero los estimados de L50% (G1 = 325 mm LT; G2 = 330 mm LT) no fueron significativos. Se sugiere que la población de M. curema está estructurada en al menos 2 stocks en bahía de La Paz, que se reproducen durante primavera (G1) y otoño (G2).

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to describe the microbiological profile of HIV patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART). This crosssectional study comprised 32 HIV patients with periodontal disease (PD) who had been under HAART for more than 6 months. Information about the patients' medical history was obtained from clinical records. Clinical dental examination was performed by a calibrated researcher using standard dental instruments to determine probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP). A total 4,765 periodontal sites were evaluated, 125 of which were also studied microbiologically. Subgingival biofilm samples were obtained using sterile paper points; one set was used for microbiological culture studies and the other for endpoint PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using KruskalWallis and posthoc DunnBonferroni contrast tests. All participants were on HAART at the time of the study, and 90.6% had a viral load below 50 copies/mm3. Prevalence of periodontally active sites was low in the study population. Microbiological studies: Black pigmented anaerobic bacteria and fusiform CFU counts were significantly higher in samples from sites with BOP and PD ≥4mm (p 0.020 and p 0.005, respectively). Molecular Assays: Detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p 0.002), Tannerella forsythia (p 0.023) and Treponema denticola (p 0.015) was significantly more frequent at sites with BOP and PD ≥4mm. Conclusions: The patients living with HIV/AIDS under HAART studied here had low prevalence of clinical periodontal disease signs. However, significant detection of P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia in periodontal active sites, and the involvement of these microorganisms as potential HIV reactivators, show the importance of creating awareness among dental health professionals of the need for close dental and periodontal monitoring in HIV patients.

RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue describir el perfil microbiológico del biofilm subgingival de los pacientes con VIH bajo tratamiento antirretroviral de alta actividad (TARGA). El estudio comprendió a 32 pacientes VIH seropositivos con enfermedad periodontal (EP) que se encontraran en tratamiento con TARGA por más de 6 meses. Los antecedentes médicos de los pacientes se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas. El examen clínico instrumental (profun didad de sondaje (PS), nivel de inserción clínico (NIC) y sangrado al sondaje (SS)) fue realizado con instrumental odontológico estándar por un investigador calibrado. De este modo, se evaluaron un total de 4.765 sitios periodontales de los cuales 125 fueron estudiados microbiológicamente. Las muestras de biope lícula subgingival se obtuvieron empleando conos de papel estéril. Las muestras se emplearon en estudios microbiológicos y moleculares por PCR de punto final. El análisis estadístico se realizó según KruskalWallis y pruebas de contrastes posthoc de DunnBonferroni. El 90,6% de la población en estudio presentó carga viral inferior a 50 copias/mm3. La prevalencia de sitios periodontales activos fue baja (1%). Los recuentos de bacterias anaerobias estrictas pigmentadas de negro y fusiformes fueron significativamente más altos en muestras de sitios periodontales con SS positivo y PS ≥4 mm (p 0.020 y p 0.005). La detección molecular de Porphyromonas gingivalis (p 0.002), Tannerella forsythia (p 0.023) y Treponema denticola (p 0.015) fue significativamente mayor en los sitios con SS y PS ≥4mm. La prevalencia del 1% de enfermedad periodontal en el grupo de pacientes estudiados fue menor a la esperada, sin embargo; la detección significativa de P. gingivalis, T. denticola y T. forsythia en sitios periodontales activos y su potencial participación como agentes reactivadores del VIH, nos alerta de la importancia de crear conciencia en los profesionales de la salud (médicos y odontólogos) acerca de la necesidad de un monitoreo minucioso del estado periodontal de pacientes con características semejantes a las descriptas en la muestra poblacional estudiada.

ABSTRACT There have been no published studies of the genus Donax in the eastern tropical Pacific. This work describes the morphometric relationships, growth and mortality of the bean clam Donax punctatostriatus Hanley, 1843 in the sandy beach of Isla de la Piedra, south of Mazatlán Bay, Mexico. Direct collections by hand were performed during 20 monthly sample periods (November 2008 to June 2010) in the intertidal zone of the beach. A total of 2,324 clams of different sizes were removed from the sand, then measured and weighed in the laboratory. The length range of the shells was 2.78-25.64 mm (mean = 12.61 ± 4.04 mm). The length-weight relationship of the total sample indicated isometric growth (a = 0.0002 g; b = 3.0 g mm−1, R2 = 0.97); there was positive allometric growth in the recruits (<6.99 mm) (b = 3.4) and in juveniles (b = 3.2); in adults there was negative allometric growth (b = 2.6). Negative allometry of the length/width (log Wd = −0.239 + 0.922 log L) and height/width (log Wd = −0.054 + 0.900 log H) ratio of adults is consistent with a more compressed form of their shell, which assists rapid burying behavior in the sand. The maximum-recorded size of an empty shell (39 mm) was used to set the value of L∞ and to estimate K with the Shepherd (SLCA) method. The average growth rate during the life cycle was 0.43 mm yr−1. Values of L∞ between 29.16 and 34.22 mm were estimated with the Powell-Wetherall method using different class intervals. The mortality coefficient estimated with various methods was variable (0.84-1.15 yr−1). The growth of the clam is rapid and the mortality high, probably because of the characteristics of the habitat, in a subtropical region with high hydrodynamics and sediment transport.

Resumo Justificativa: A síndrome da dor miofascial é uma causa comum de dor musculoesquelética. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a potencial ação analgésica de 8% do creme de capsaicina para uso tópico em pacientes com síndrome da dor miofascial. Métodos: Inicialmente, as formulações de creme de PLA (Placebo) e CPS (Capsaicina 8%) foram desenvolvidas e aprovadas de acordo com os requisitos atuais da agência de autoridade de saúde. Os 40 pacientes participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e de forma duplo-cega para os grupos PLA e CPS. Antes dos cremes serem administrados topicamente, de acordo com o grupo de alocação, o anestésico local foi usado por um período de 50 minutos diretamente na área de interesse. A administração ocorreu na área da pele sobre o ponto-gatilho, o qual apresentou a área dolorida à palpação, em uma quantidade de 10 g por 30 minutos em área circular com diâmetro de 24 mm. Posteriormente, o creme foi removido e os parâmetros de tolerabilidade à pele foram avaliados. A dor foi medida antes e durante a aplicação da formulação, bem como 1 hora, 7 dias, 30 dias e 60 dias após o procedimento avaliado pela escala numérica verbal (0 a 10, com zero sem dor e dez a pior dor imaginável). Resultados: Nenhum paciente no grupo PLA experimentou hiperemia ou sensação de queimação no local de aplicação do creme, enquanto 85% dos que experimentaram no grupo CPS apresentaram hiperemia ou sensação de queimação 15 minutos. Essas queixas desapareceram 24 horas após a remoção do creme. O escore de dor no grupo CPS diminui de forma sustentada até o 60° dia de avaliação (p < 0,0001). Conclusão: A administração das formulações não causou lesões cutâneas agudas ou crônicas macroscópicas nos pacientes e a formulação de 8% de capsaicina foi benéfica e bem tolerada.

Abstract Background: Myofascial pain syndrome is a common cause of musculoskeletal pain. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential analgesic action of 8% capsaicin cream for topical use in patients with myofascial pain syndrome. Methods: Initially, cream formulations of PLA (Placebo) and CPS (Capsaicin 8%) were developed and approved according to the current requirements of the health authority agency. The 40 participating patients were randomly assigned to the PLA and CPS groups in a double-blind fashion. Before the creams were topically administered, according to the allocation group, the local anesthetic was used for a period of 50 minutes directly in the area of interest. The cream was applied to the area of the skin over the trigger point, represented by the area with pain at palpation, in an amount of 10 g for 30 minutes in a circular area of 24 mm diameter. Subsequently, the cream was removed and the skin tolerability parameters were evaluated. The pain was measured before and during the formulation application, as well as at 1 hour, 7 days, 30 days, and 60 days after the procedure, evaluated using a verbal numerical scale (from 0 to 10: with 0 = no pain and 10 = worst pain imaginable). Results: No patient in PLA Group had hyperemia or burning sensation at the site of application, while 85% of patients in CPS Group had hyperemia or burning sensation at 15 minutes. These complaints disappeared 24 hours after the cream was removed. The pain score in CPS Group decreased steadily up to the 60th day of evaluation (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Application of the formulations did not cause macroscopic acute or chronic skin lesions in patients, and the 8% capsaicin formulation was beneficial and well tolerated.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine clinical, serologic and imageonology characteristics that are present in osteomyelitis of these ulcers which are diagnosed by means of histopathological studies and bones histology. Methods: Prospective, observational study in a cohort of 280 patients with diabetic foot ulcer, with suspicious of infection and osteomyelitis of the ulcers that were attended in the Provincial Service of Angiology of Matanzas. Osteomyelitis was diagnosed by bone histology. The study period oscillated between January 2013 to December 2017, both included. Results: The following clinical elements were predominat: rural zone procedence, older than 59 years, time of evolution of the diabetes mellitus bigger than 14 years, fast plasmatic glucose of more than 10 mmol/l , wound area bigger than 5.4 cm2, severe infection according to criteria of the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDISA), probing to bone test (positive), VSG > 90 mms; and positive result in the foot´s X Ray. Conclusions: There are clinical, serological and imagenology characteristics that are predominant in the patients with diabetic foot ulcers and histopathological diagnosis of osteomyelitis.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas, serológicas e imagenológicas presentes en los pacientes con úlcera del pie diabético complicada con osteomielitis. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo, en 280 pacientes ingresado en el servicio de Angiología del Hospital Provincial Universitario "Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández" de Matanzas por presentar úlceras del pie diabético, con sospecha de infección y de osteomielitis de las úlceras. La osteomielitis se diagnosticó mediante histología del hueso. El período de estudio osciló entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2017, ambos incluidos. Resultados: Se encontraron los siguientes elementos clínicos en los pacientes diagnosticados con osteomielitis: proceder de una zona rural, edad mayor de 59 años, tiempo de evolución de la diabetes mayor a los 14 años, glucemia al ingreso mayor de 10 mmol/L, área de la lesión mayor de 5,4 cm2, infección severa según la Infectious disease Society of America, test de contacto óseo con sonda acanalada (positivo), velocidad de sedimentación globular mayor de 90 mm y rayos X positivo del pie. Conclusiones: Existen características clínicas, serológicas e imagenológicas predominantes en los pacientes con úlceras del pie diabético y diagnóstico histopatológico de osteomielitis.

Abstract A series of specimens of Malacoplax californiensis (Lockington, 1877) is reported from the Gulf of California, significantly increasing the known localities for the otherwise rarely reported species from 3 to 12. Depth range is increased to 110‒114 m on the continental shelf. Environmental conditions associated with the crabs were: 12.4‒27.0°C; 1.9‒5.0 ml/l O2; 58‒98% sandy sediments. Males and females were sexually distinct even at small sizes (4.2 mm and 3.5 mm CW, respectively). Two small specimens were infested with a rhizocephalan, a condition not reported previously for this species of panopeid.

Abstract The downy mildew caused by Peronospora sparsa Berkeley is one of the most important diseases of the rose bush in Mexico, causing 100% losses. Its management is based on fungicides in continuous applications that tend to generate resistant populations. The search for alternatives is indispensable. In the present work, the morphometric and molecular identity of the agent associated with the downy mildew of the rose was confirmed, the effectiveness of the potassium phosphite (K3PO3), chitosan, silicon and mefenoxam was evaluated for the management of the disease and its effect on the length and diameter of floral stem. The study was conducted in summer and fall of 2013 in Tenancingo, State of Mexico. The morphometric characterization was carried out under a compound and scanning electron microscope. For molecular characterization, the ribosomal DNA of the ITS region was amplified with primers PS3 and PS1. The treatments were: potassium phosphite (K3PO3), chitosan, silicon, mefenoxam and control and were applied at weekly intervals. The experimental design was randomized blocks and the mean comparison was by Tukey (α= 0.05). Morphometric and molecular data corresponded to Peronospora sparsa. K3PO3 and silicon reduced the incidence and severity with respect to the control. The treatment with K3PO3 showed increases of 24.8 and 97.5% in the length of stems with diameters of 7.5 and 6.2 mm in summer and autumn respectively, comparing with the control. Thus, K3PO3 and silicon can be alternatives in the management of downy mildew of the rose bush under greenhouse conditions.

Resumen El mildiu velloso causado por Peronospora sparsa Berkeley es una de las enfermedades más importantes del rosal en México, causando pérdidas de 100%. Su manejo se basa con fungicidas en continuas aplicaciones que tienden a generar poblaciones resistentes. La búsqueda de alternativas es indispensable. En el presente trabajo se confirmó la identidad morfométrica y molecular del agente asociado con el mildiu del rosal, se evaluó la eficacia del fosfito de potasio (K3PO3), quitosano, silicio y mefenoxam para el manejo de la enfermedad y se determinó su efecto en la longitud y diámetro de tallo floral. El estudio se realizó en verano y otoño de 2013 en Tenancingo, Estado de México. La caracterización morfométrica se realizó bajo microscopio compuesto y electrónico de barrido. Para la caracterización molecular, se amplificó el ADN ribosomal de la región ITS con los primers PS3 y PS1. Los tratamientos fueron: fosfito de potasio (K3PO3), quitosano, silicio, mefenoxam y testigo y se aplicaron a intervalos semanales. El diseño experimental fue de bloques al azar y la comparación de medias fue por Tukey (α= 0.05). Datos morfométricos y moleculares correspondieron a Peronospora sparsa. El K3PO3 y silicio redujeron la incidencia y severidad con respecto al testigo. El tratamiento con K3PO3 mostró incrementos de 24.8 y 97.5% en la longitud de tallos con diámetros de 7.5 y 6.2 mm en verano y otoño respectivamente, comparando con el testigo. Así, el K3PO3 y silicio pueden ser alternativas en el manejo del mildiu velloso del rosal en condiciones de invernadero.

ABSTRACT The region around the municipality of Bastos, state of São Paulo, accounted for about 7% of Brazilian egg production in 2015. In 2012, it experienced a heat wave that resulted in the death of approximately 500,000 hens, according to information released at the time. Considering the impact of heat waves on layer mortality, the objective of this study was to analyze how heat waves impact the layer farming in the region of Bastos, considering the climate change scenarios forecasted by the IPCC for the next years. This study was conducted in three stages: i) analysis of the IPCC reports to understand climate change scenarios; ii) analysis of historical temperature data in the region of Bastos; iii) analysis of how climate change, through heat waves, may impact layer mortality in this region. All the IPCC scenarios indicate that both average temperature and the number of extreme events, such as heat waves, are expected to increase. Historical data showed that since the mid-1980s, maximum temperature has increased, as well as the frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves. The association of layer mortality due to heat waves with the IPCC climate change forecasts for that region indicates a trend of increasing layer mortality in egg production operations which sheds are not equipped with air conditioning.