Resumen Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo y las manifestaciones clínicas asociadas con mortalidad por COVID-19 en pacientes internados en hospitales de la Secretaria de Salud (SSA) del estado de Puebla, México. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, retrospectivo y transversal, llevado a cabo en pacientes con COVID-19, internados en hospitales de la Secretaria de Salud (SSA) del estado de Puebla, México. Los pacientes se dividieron en dos grupos: 1) fallecidos por COVID-19 y 2) supervivientes de COVID-19. Resultados: Se registraron 502 pacientes: 314 hombres (62.5 % IC95% 58-66 %) y 188 mujeres (37.5% IC95% 33-42%), con edad promedio de 54.14 ± 13.8 años (rango intercuartil de 45-63, intervalo de edad de 19 y 90 años); estancia hospitalaria de 1 a 43 días (media 9.8 ± 7.8 días, mediana 8, rango intercuartil 4-13 días). Los síntomas asociados con mortalidad por COVID-19 fueron: disnea y dolor torácico (RM >1). Las variables asociadas con mortalidad: edad igual o mayor de 65 años, estancia hospitalaria prolongada, coexistencia de dos o más comorbilidades (RM: 1.453), diabetes (RM: 1.759), hipertensión (RM: 6.29) e insuficiencia renal crónica (RM: 3.16; p<0.05); ferritina >500 ng/mL (RM: 5.1799), DHL >400 IU/L (RM: 3.313) y Dimero D >2000 m/ml (RM: 2.868) Conclusiones: Este estudio demuestra que los principales factores de riesgo asociados con mortalidad por COVID-19 son: edad igual o mayor de 65 años, estancia hospitalaria prolongada, coexistencia de dos o más enfermedades, diabetes, hipertensión e insuficiencia renal crónica; además de concentraciones elevadas de ferritina, Dimero D y DHL.

Abstract Background: Mexico has a very high mortality rate from COVID19, risk factors, clinical manifestations of our population are unknown. Objective: To know risk factors for mortality from COVID19 in hospitalized patients of the Secretary of Health (SSA) Puebla, and clinical characteristics. Material and Methods: Case-control, observational, retrospective, cross-sectional study in COVID-19 patients. 2 groups: COVID-19 patients who died and those who did not die. Results: 502 patients, 314 men (62.5% CI95% 58-66%), 188 women (37.5% CI95% 33-42%), mean age 54.14 +13.8, interquartile range (IQR) 45-63, age interval 19 and 90 years, hospital stay (DEIH) 1-43 days, mean 9.8+7.8 days, median 8, IQR 4-13 days. Symptoms associated with mortality: dyspnea, chest pain, MR>1. Variables associated with mortality: age = or > 65 years, greater IHD, having > 2 comorbidities (OR 1.453), diabetes (OR 1.759), hypertension (OR 6.29) and chronic kidney failure (CRF) (OR 3.16) , (p<0.05). Ferritin >500ng/ml (OR 5.1799), DHL >400 IU/L (OR 3.313) and D-dimer >2000 m/ml (OR 2.868). Conclusions: Age > or = 65 years, greater IHD, > 2 comorbidities, diabetes, hypertension or CRF, increased ferritin, D-dimer or DHL, are risk factors for mortality from COVID-19.

ABSTRACT Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease that affects the mucosa of the small intestine that leads to a state of malabsorption in genetically susceptible patients triggered by the ingestion of gluten. It has nonspecific symptoms, associated complications, and there is no national financial support law for people with difficulty following a gluten-free diet. The objective of this observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was to describe the clinical, demographic characteristics and access to gluten-free products of 237 patients with celiac disease registered in the FUPACEL in 2020 who accepted to answer a online survey published in the official FUPACEL webpage. Seventy-point four percent of the patients were female, their age of diagnosis was between 20-30 years in 34.5%, 48% had relatives with CD, 69.1% presented abdominal distension as initial symptoms, hypothyroidism was present in 16.8% as associated pathology, and 42% were hospitalized at least once. Eighty-two-point seven percent of those surveyed answered that diet was sufficient as a treatment, 48% had a job and could afford expenses, however, 79.3% said they had limited access to gluten-free products, 92% that gluten-free foods were expensive and a financial support law was needed to cover the costs. Most recognized that a gluten-free diet as a treatment was sufficient, however, due to its high cost, a law of financial support is needed for people with celiac disease.

RESUMEN La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una enfermedad inflamatoria autoinmune que afecta la mucosa del intestino delgado que lleva a un estado de mal absorción en pacientes genéticamente susceptibles desencadenada por la ingesta de gluten. Tiene síntomas inespecíficos, complicaciones asociadas y no existe a nivel nacional una ley de apoyo económico para las personas con dificultad para seguir una dieta libre de gluten. El objetivo de este estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal fue describir las características clínicas, demográficas y acceso a productos sin gluten de 237 pacientes con enfermedad celíaca registrados en la Fundación Paraguaya de Celiacos (FUPACEL) en el 2020 y que aceptaron responder una encuesta en línea publicada en la página oficial de la FUPACEL. El 70,4% de los participantes era del sexo femenino, la edad de diagnóstico fue en el 34,5% entre 20-30 años, 48 % tenía algún familiar con EC, el 69,1% presentó distensión abdominal como sintomatología inicial, 16,8% presentó hipotiroidismo como patología asociada, y 42% fue hospitalizado al menos una vez. El 82,7% de los encuestados respondió que la dieta era suficiente como tratamiento, 48% tenía un trabajo y podía solventar los gastos, sin embargo, el 79,3% opinó tener acceso limitado a los productos sin gluten, el 92% que los alimentos sin gluten eran costosos y que se necesitaba una ley de apoyo económico para solventar los gastos. La mayoría reconoció que la dieta sin gluten como tratamiento era suficiente, sin embargo, por su alto costo se necesita una ley de apoyo económico para las personas con enfermedad celiaca.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in soil and crops (banana and cassava) in areas abandoned by gold mining, southeast of the Peruvian Amazon. The concentration and bioaccumulation of heavy metals was analyzed, according to the plant organ (root, stem, leaf and fruit). Soil Hg concentrations (< 0.01 mg/kg) were found to be similar in contaminated and uncontaminated plantations; while the concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were higher in the contaminated ones. The concentrations of As, Pb and Cd in cassava and banana were higher in the contaminated plantations. In cassava, a high accumulation of Pb and As was found in the roots and stems (> 2.9 mg/kg). In banana fruits, the lowest concentrations of all the metals analyzed were found (< 0.01 mg/kg). The degree of bioaccumulation of As and Pb was intense for cassava in contaminated areas. The concentrations of As and Pb in cassava roots exceed the levels recommended by the FAO/ WHO. For these reasons, evaluation, monitoring and greater control in the commercialization of agricultural products cultivated in areas abandoned by gold mining are essential to avoid toxicity in humans.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue de analizar las concentraciones de As, Cd, Pb y Hg en suelos y productos agrícolas (plátano y yuca) en áreas abandonadas por minería aurífera, sureste de la Amazonía peruana. Se analizó la concentración y bioacumulación de metales pesados, según órgano de la planta (raíz, tallo, hoja y fruto). Se encontró que las concentraciones de Hg en suelo (< 0,01 mg/kg) fueron similares en plantaciones contaminadas y no contaminadas; mientras que las concentraciones de As, Cd y Pb fueron superiores en las contaminadas. Las concentraciones de As, Pb y Cd en yuca y plátano fueron superiores en las plantaciones contaminadas. En yuca se encontró una elevada acumulación de Pb y As en las raíces y tallos (> 2,9 mg/kg). En frutos de plátano se encontraron las concentraciones más bajas de todos los metales analizados (< 0,01 mg/kg). El grado de bioacumulación de As y Pb fue intenso para la yuca en sitios contaminados. Las concentraciones de As y Pb en raíces de yuca superan los niveles recomendados por la FAO/OMS. Por estas razones es esencial la evaluación, monitoreo y mayor control en la comercialización de productos agrícolas cultivados en zonas abandonadas por la minería aurífera para evitar la toxicidad en humanos.

It was synthesized nine polyoxygenated chalcones with a potential and safe use as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies. Chalcones obtained by Claisen-Schmidt condensation were studied as antioxidant, inhibitors of human 5-lipoxygenase, antifungal, antibacterial and antibiotic resistance modifiers. Two chalcones with catecholic moieties were able to strongly decrease the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of methicillin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, increase the antiradical activity and significantly inhibit the human 5-lipoxygenase. Only one of these chalcones was active synergistically with methicillin. Chalcones with methoxyl substituents at different positions displayed the best activities against Cryptococcus neoformans. Only one chalcone showed good activity against the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae whose half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (2.5 µg mL-1) was similar to that observed with the antibiotic streptomycin (2.9 µg mL-1). These simple chalcones have safe potential uses in antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory therapies.

The region of Antioquia in northeastern Colombia has the highest number of reported leptospirosis cases in the country. It also shows high seroprevalence indexes in the general population and socio-environmental conditions favourable for the transmission of the disease between humans and animals. In this study, 25 Leptospira isolates from Colombia’s Antioquia department were identified to the species level as L. santarosai (12), L. interrogans (9) and L. meyeri (4) using phylogenetic analysis of the Amidohydrolase gene. Typing at the serovar level was performed using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and monoclonal antibodies. The serovars Canalzonae, Babudieri, Alice, Beye, and Copenhageni have been identified as causing human or animal infections in Antioquia, Colombia. The four environmental isolates were not identified to the serovar level. L. santarosai serovar Canalzonae and Alice were identified as new etiologic agents of human leptospirosis in Antioquia, Colombia. This paper reports species and serovars that were previously unknown in the region.

BACKGROUND: Karwinskia humboldtiana (Kh) is a poisonous plant of the rhamnacea family. To elucidate some of the subcellular effects of Kh toxicity, membrane fluidity and ATPase activities as hydrolytic and as proton-pumping activity were assessed in rat liver submitochondrial particles. Rats were randomly assigned into control non-treated group and groups that received 1,1.5 and 2 g/Kg body weight of dry powder of Kh fruit, respectively. Rats were euthanized at day 1 and 7 after treatment RESULTS: Rats under Kh treatment at all dose levels tested, does not developed any neurologic symptoms. However, we detected alterations in membrane fluidity and ATPase activity. Lower dose of Kh on day 1 after treatment induced higher mitochondrial membrane fluidity than control group. This change was strongly correlated with increased ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATP hydrolysis. On the other hand, membrane fluidity was hardly affected on day 7 after treatment with Kh. Surprisingly, the pH gradient driven by ATPase activity was significantly higher than controls despite an diminution of the hydrolytic activity of ATPase CONCLUSIONS: The changes in ATPase activity and pH gradient driven by ATPase activity suggest an adaptive condition whereby the fluidity of the membrane is altered

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities.

OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de las transferencias de beneficios del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia a familias de Chile socialmente vulnerables. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal analítico con 132 familias, estratificadas según vulnerabilidad social en la Región Metropolitana, Chile, entre septiembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a madres de familias en centros de salud públicos o en sus domicilios. Las variables fueron: estructura familiar, riesgo psicosocial del entorno familiar y beneficios integrados del sistema de protección social requeridos en las familias que cumplían con el requisito de aplicabilidad para la transferencia del beneficio. Se calcularon estadígrafos descriptivos, de posición y dispersión. Fue realizada regresión logística binaria, pertinente por el tamaño de la muestra. RESULTADOS Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a tamaño de la familia, presencia del progenitor y número de allegados, capacidad generadora de ingresos, tasa de dependencia y riesgo psicosocial (p ≥ 0,05). La transferencia de los beneficios fue baja en los tres grupos (≤ 23,0%). La mejor cobertura estuvo representada por el Subsidio Único Familiar, cuya entrega se relacionó con el tamaño de la familia, la presencia de allegados, progenitor ausente, la alta tasa de dependencia y alta capacidad generadora de ingresos (p ≤ 0,10). CONCLUSIONES La efectividad de entrega de los beneficios fue baja, especialmente en familias de extrema vulnerabilidad social. Nuevos estudios explicativos de formas de transferencia de beneficios deben ser realizados con diferentes niveles de intensidad y tiempos de exposición en poblaciones vulnerables, para disminuir las disparidades y desigualdades en salud.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the effectiveness of the Chilean System of Childhood Welfare in transferring benefits to socially vulnerable families. METHODS A cross-sectional study with a sample of 132 families from the Metropolitan Region, Chile, stratified according to degree of social vulnerability, between September 2011 and January 2012. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of the studied families in public health facilities or their households. The variables studied were family structure, psychosocial risk in the family context and integrated benefits from the welfare system in families that fulfill the necessary requirements for transfer of benefits. Descriptive statistics to measure location and dispersion were calculated. A binary logistic regression, which accounts for the sample size of the study, was carried out. RESULTS The groups were homogenous regarding family size, the presence of biological father in the household, the number of relatives living in the same dwelling, income generation capacity and the rate of dependency and psychosocial risk (p ≥ 0.05). The transfer of benefits was low in all three groups of the sample (≤ 23.0%). The benefit with the best coverage in the system was the Single Family Subsidy, whose transfer was associated with the size of the family, the presence of relatives in the dwelling, the absence of the father in the household, a high rate of dependency and a high income generation capacity (p ≤ 0.10). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of benefit transfer was poor, especially in families that were extremely socially vulnerable. Further explanatory studies of benefit transfers to the vulnerable population, of differing intensity and duration, are required in order to reduce health disparities and inequalities.

OBJETIVO Analizar la efectividad de las transferencias de beneficios del Sistema de Protección Integral de la Infancia a familias de Chile socialmente vulnerables. MÉTODOS Estudio transversal analítico con 132 familias, estratificadas según vulnerabilidad social en la Región Metropolitana, Chile, entre septiembre de 2011 y enero de 2012. Se aplicó entrevista semiestructurada a madres de familias en centros de salud públicos o en sus domicilios. Las variables fueron: estructura familiar, riesgo psicosocial del entorno familiar y beneficios integrados del sistema de protección social requeridos en las familias que cumplían con el requisito de aplicabilidad para la transferencia del beneficio. Se calcularon estadígrafos descriptivos, de posición y dispersión. Fue realizada regresión logística binaria, pertinente por el tamaño de la muestra. RESULTADOS Los grupos fueron homogéneos en cuanto a tamaño de la familia, presencia del progenitor y número de allegados, capacidad generadora de ingresos, tasa de dependencia y riesgo psicosocial (p ≥ 0,05). La transferencia de los beneficios fue baja en los tres grupos (≤ 23,0%). La mejor cobertura estuvo representada por el Subsidio Único Familiar, cuya entrega se relacionó con el tamaño de la familia, la presencia de allegados, progenitor ausente, la alta tasa de dependencia y alta capacidad generadora de ingresos (p ≤ 0,10). CONCLUSIONES La efectividad de entrega de los beneficios fue baja, especialmente en familias de extrema vulnerabilidad social. Nuevos estudios explicativos de formas de transferencia de beneficios deben ser realizados con diferentes niveles de intensidad y tiempos de exposición en poblaciones vulnerables, para disminuir las disparidades y desigualdades en salud.

OBJETIVO: estabelecer a efetividade da oferta pública de benefícios e/ou de prestações do Programa Chile Cresce Contigo e a Rede Protege, em crianças e mulheres socialmente vulneráveis de um bairro da Região Metropolitana do Chile. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, com a utilização de um questionário. A amostra foi constituída por 132 mães de 133 crianças e estratificada segundo grupos de vulnerabilidade social. A informação primária foi coletada através de uma entrevista estruturada às mães e complementada com dados das fontes secundárias institucionais. Realizaram-se análises descritiva e de associação. RESULTADOS: houve baixa percepção de vulnerabilidade social pelos profissionais quando do ingresso do controle. A efetividade dos benefícios universais e específicos foi baixa, com melhores resultados nas crianças e nas mães, contudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas, segundo a vulnerabilidade. Outro resultado foi o baixo acesso aos benefícios específicos nas crianças com risco psicossocial e atraso psicomotor, especialmente no grupo mais vulnerável. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados mostram uma lacuna no acesso aos benefícios garantidos por lei. Para superar essa situação, as enfermeiras/os necessitam fortalecer competências nas práticas sanitárias contextualizadas e de gestão integrada nas redes interdisciplinares e intersetoriais.

OBJECTIVES: to establish the effectiveness of the public benefits and services of the "Chile Grows with You" and "Protect Network" programs for socially vulnerable women and children in an urban community in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. METHOD: Descriptive study employing a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 132 mothers and their 133 infants, all grouped according to social vulnerability. Primary data were collected via a structured interview of the mothers and were complemented with institutional (secondary) data. Descriptive and associative analyses were performed. RESULTS: the perception of social vulnerability by the professionals was low at the time of admission into the program. The effectiveness of the universal and specific benefits was low, with better results for the children than for the mothers. However, no significant differences were observed according to vulnerability. Another finding was the low access to specific benefits for children with psychosocial risk and psychomotor delay, especially in the most vulnerable group. CONCLUSION: the results revealed a gap in the access to the benefits guaranteed by law. To overcome this situation, nurses must strengthen their skills in contextualized health practices and the comprehensive administration of interdisciplinary and intersectoral networks.

OBJETIVO: establecer la efectividad de la oferta pública de beneficios y/o prestaciones del Programa Chile Crece Contigo y la Red Protege, en niños y mujeres socialmente vulnerables en una comuna urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo con uso de la técnica de la encuesta, la muestra constituida por 132 madres de 133 niños fue estratificada según grupos de vulnerabilidad social; la información primaria fue obtenida con una entrevista estructurada a las madres y complementada con datos de fuentes secundarias institucionales. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y de asociación. RESULTADOS: hubo baja percepción de vulnerabilidad social de las diadas, por las profesionales al ingreso del control; la efectividad de beneficios universales y específicos fue baja, con mejores resultados en hijos que en madres, no obstante, no se observaron diferencias significativas según vulnerabilidad; un hallazgo fue la baja accesibilidad a beneficios específicos en niños con riesgo psicosocial y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, especialmente en el grupo más vulnerable. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados muestran una brecha en el acceso a beneficios garantizados por ley; para superar esta situación, las enfermeras/os requieren fortalecer competencias para prácticas sanitarias contextualizadas y de gestión integrada, en redes interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales.

OBJECTIVES: to establish the effectiveness of the public benefits and services of the "Chile Grows with You" and "Protect Network" programs for socially vulnerable women and children in an urban community in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. METHOD: Descriptive study employing a questionnaire. The sample consisted of 132 mothers and their 133 infants, all grouped according to social vulnerability. Primary data were collected via a structured interview of the mothers and were complemented with institutional (secondary) data. Descriptive and associative analyses were performed. RESULTS: the perception of social vulnerability by the professionals was low at the time of admission into the program. The effectiveness of the universal and specific benefits was low, with better results for the children than for the mothers. However, no significant differences were observed according to vulnerability. Another finding was the low access to specific benefits for children with psychosocial risk and psychomotor delay, especially in the most vulnerable group. CONCLUSION: the results revealed a gap in the access to the benefits guaranteed by law. To overcome this situation, nurses must strengthen their skills in contextualized health practices and the comprehensive administration of interdisciplinary and intersectoral networks.

OBJETIVO: establecer la efectividad de la oferta pública de beneficios y/o prestaciones del Programa Chile Crece Contigo y la Red Protege, en niños y mujeres socialmente vulnerables en una comuna urbana de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo con uso de la técnica de la encuesta, la muestra constituida por 132 madres de 133 niños fue estratificada según grupos de vulnerabilidad social; la información primaria fue obtenida con una entrevista estructurada a las madres y complementada con datos de fuentes secundarias institucionales. Se calcularon estadísticas descriptivas y de asociación. RESULTADOS: hubo baja percepción de vulnerabilidad social de las diadas, por las profesionales al ingreso del control; la efectividad de beneficios universales y específicos fue baja, con mejores resultados en hijos que en madres, no obstante, no se observaron diferencias significativas según vulnerabilidad; un hallazgo fue la baja accesibilidad a beneficios específicos en niños con riesgo psicosocial y retraso del desarrollo psicomotor, especialmente en el grupo más vulnerable. CONCLUSIÓN: los resultados muestran una brecha en el acceso a beneficios garantizados por ley; para superar esta situación, las enfermeras/os requieren fortalecer competencias para prácticas sanitarias contextualizadas y de gestión integrada, en redes interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales.

OBJETIVO: estabelecer a efetividade da oferta pública de benefícios e/ou de prestações do Programa Chile Cresce Contigo e a Rede Protege, em crianças e mulheres socialmente vulneráveis de um bairro da Região Metropolitana do Chile. MÉTODO: estudo descritivo, com a utilização de um questionário. A amostra foi constituída por 132 mães de 133 crianças e estratificada segundo grupos de vulnerabilidade social. A informação primária foi coletada através de uma entrevista estruturada às mães e complementada com dados das fontes secundárias institucionais. Realizaram-se análises descritiva e de associação. RESULTADOS: houve baixa percepção de vulnerabilidade social pelos profissionais quando do ingresso do controle. A efetividade dos benefícios universais e específicos foi baixa, com melhores resultados nas crianças e nas mães, contudo, não foram observadas diferenças significativas, segundo a vulnerabilidade. Outro resultado foi o baixo acesso aos benefícios específicos nas crianças com risco psicossocial e atraso psicomotor, especialmente no grupo mais vulnerável. CONCLUSÃO: os resultados mostram uma lacuna no acesso aos benefícios garantidos por lei. Para superar essa situação, as enfermeiras/os necessitam fortalecer competências nas práticas sanitárias contextualizadas e de gestão integrada nas redes interdisciplinares e intersetoriais.

Resumen Objetivos: Evaluar diferentes tratamientos de preservación de especímenes Anopheles albimanus para conocer su utilidad para conservar la cantidad y calidad del ADN que permita su análisis en estudios moleculares posteriores. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio comparativo experimental con tres bloques de tratamientos de preservación: sílica gel, etanol y congelación; los dos últimos bloques se dividieron en dos niveles cada uno: etanol absoluto, etanol al 70% y congelación a -20°C, congelación a -80°C respectivamente. El bloque control estuvo conformado por especímenes frescos sin tratamiento de preservación. Se extrajo el ADN de cada espécimen, se cuantificó por espectrofotometría y se amplifico el espaciador interno transcrito 2 (ITS2) mediante PCR. Se realizó un análisis comparativo entre bloques de tratamiento usando la frecuencia de amplificación de ITS2. Resultados: Se obtuvo la amplificación de ITS2 de todos los especímenes sin preservación previa, del 60% de los preservados en sílica gel y del 20% de los preservados en congelación a -80°C y en etanol al 70%. Se halló diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0,05) entre las proporciones de amplificación observadas. No se obtuvo amplificación de los especímenes preservados en congelación a -20°C y no se observó una correlación por regresión logística (p>0,05) entre el índice DO260/DO280 y la concentración de ADN de los especímenes que presentaron amplificación de ITS2. Conclusiones: Los datos sugieren que la conservación en sílica gel o la congelación que se vayan a -80°C pueden ser las mejores condiciones para la preservación de especímenes Anopheles a utilizar en estudios moleculares posteriores.

Abstract Introduction: Various methodologies have been reported for long term specimen preservation, which protect the DNA from degradation allowing its posterior analysis in molecular studies. However, the effectiveness of the preservation methods may vary among insect groups; therefore, it is convenient to determine the preservation method to be used with a particular group before performing molecular studies with a large number of specimens. Objetives: An experimental comparative study was conducted to evaluate different preservation treatments for Anopheles albimanus, to know their utility in conserving the quantity and quality of DNA to be used in subsequent molecular studies. Methods: DNA was extracted from each specimen, it was then quantified by spectrophotometer and the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 (ITS2) was amplified by PCR. Results: ITS2 amplification was obtained in all specimens without previous preservation, in 60% of those preserved in sílica gel and in 20% of those preserved at -80°C and in 70% ethanol. A significant difference (p<0.05) was found between amplification proportions. Amplification was not obtained in specimens preserved frozen at -20°C and not correlation by logistic regression was observed between the DO260/DO280 index and DNA concentration of specimens presenting ITS2 amplification. Conclusions: The data suggest that keeping specimens in silica gel or frozen at -80°C may be the best conditions to preserve Anopheles specimens for subsequent molecular studies.

Um estudo de soroprevalência e de avaliação molecular do HIV foi realizado com 935 indivíduos: 723 mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo, 92 homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens e com 120 voluntários HIV-positivos. O relato de uso de drogas injetáveis foi de 0,7% nas mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e de 3% nos homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens. Infecções sexualmente transmitidas foram relatadas por 265 (37%) das mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e em 38 (41%) dos homens que mantinham relações sexuais com homens. Um total de 20 (2,8%) mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo e 12 (13%) homens que mantinham relações sexuais com homens se infectou com HIV durante o período do estudo. História prévia de infecção sexualmente transmitida aumentou em duas vezes o risco de infecção subseqüente por HIV (odds ratio ajustado de 2,5) entre as mulheres que trabalhavam no comércio do sexo, enquanto cocaína apresentou odds ratio ajustado de 6,61 entre os homens que mantinham relações sexuais com outros homens. De 130 amostras, com base no ensaio da mobilidade heteroduplex para o gene env, com sequenciamento de parte do pol e/ou genomas completos, o subtipo B foi o subtipo mais identificado (66%); seguido pelo subtipo F (22%) e subtipo C (4%). Cepas recombinantes CRF12-BF foram identificadas em 6% e CRF17_BF foi identificada em 2%.

An HIV seroprevalence and molecular study was conducted among 935 subjects: 723 female commercial sex workers, 92 men who have sex with men and 120 HIV-positive volunteers. The reported injection drug use rates were 0.7% in female commercial sex workers and 3% in men who have sex with men. Sexually transmitted infections were reported in 265 (37%) of the female commercial sex workers and 38 (41%) of the men who have sex with men. A total of 20 (2.8%) female commercial sex workers and 12 (13%) men who have sex with men became HIV infected during the study period. A history of sexually transmitted infection increased the risk of subsequent HIV infection twofold (adjusted odds ratio of 2.5) among the female commercial sex workers, while cocaine use had an adjusted odds ratios of 6.61 among men who have sex with men. From 130 samples, and based on heteroduplex mobility assaying for the env gene, with sequencing of part of pol and/or full genomes, subtype B was the predominant subtype identified (66%); followed by subtype F (22%) and subtype C (4%). Recombinant CRF12-BF strains were identified in 6% and CRF17_BF was identified in 2%.

OBJECTIVE: The literature lacks of studies on postoperative outcomes after urological ambulatory surgery. Our study aims to identify parameters associated with postoperative complications within 30 days after ambulatory urological surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Adjusted and unadjusted comparisons between clinical features and postoperative outcome (complicated and uncomplicated). RESULTS: Postoperative course was complicated in 5% of the patients. Discharge schedule was not completed in 1.1% while unplanned visits resulted in admission in 0.5%. Multivariate analyses could only confirm the independent effect of type of anesthesia and diagnosis-related group (DRG) relative weight. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory urological surgery can be safe in terms of postoperative complications. In the present study surgery under general anesthesia, or a higher DRG relative weight procedure, increased the risk of complications compared to surgery under regional or local anesthesia or lower DRG relative weight operations. Patients scheduled for general anesthesia or undergoing complex urological procedures should be warned about an increased risk of postoperative incidents and/or readmission.