RESUMO Uma das doenças fúngicas de grande importância que ataca a cultura do abacaxizeiro é a fusariose, causado pelo fungo Fusarium guttiforme. A utilização do Trichoderma spp, que são fungos habitantes do solo e de ocorrência natural na forma endofítica em bromélias, ainda não foi estudada visando o biocontrole da gomose do abacaxizeiro. O trabalho objetivou identificar espécies de Trichoderma endofíticos de bromélias em Restinga e avaliar o antagonismo in vitro e in vivo a F. guttiforme, agente etiológico da gomose do abacaxi. Foram avaliados 5 isolados de Trichoderma mantidos em armazenamento na Clínica Fitossanitária da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (CF/UENF440, CF/UENF441, CF/UENF442, CF/UENF443 CF/UENF444). Um isolado de F. guttiforme patogênico ao abacaxizeiro também foi utilizado. Para identificação específica dos isolados de Trichoderma, efetuou-se a extração do DNA e o sequenciamento dos genes ITS. Procedeu-se a análise filogenética e os isolados endofíticos de bromélias foram agrupados na seção Longibrachiatum e, com baixa homologia dentre as espécies conhecidas, podendo tratar-se, portanto, de nova espécie, o que ainda será confirmado com a obtenção de novas sequências de genes específicos. Foram realizados testes de antibiose in vitro para avaliação e seleção dos isolados antagonistas (antagonismo em cultivo pareado, efeito inibitório de compostos voláteis, não voláteis e não voláteis termoestáveis) e avaliou-se o tratamento biológico de frutos de abacaxi com ferimentos, visando-se avaliar o biocontrole da gomose em pós-colheita. O isolado CF/UENF440 se mostrou como um potencial agente de biocontrole in vitro de F. guttiforme, pois demonstrou forte antibiose em co-cultivo meio de cultura, tanto para compostos não-voláteis quanto para não-voláteis termoestáveis, diferindo significativamente dos demais isolados testados e do controle. Na avaliação do biocontrole in vivo em frutos de abacaxi com ferimentos, os isolados de Trichoderma testados não apresentaram significativo efeito protetor no biocontrole da gomose em frutos na pós-colheita.

ABSTRACT One of the major fungal diseases affecting the pineapple crop is fusariosis, caused by the fungus Fusarium guttiforme. The use of Trichoderma spp., which are soil fungi naturally occurring as endophytic forms in Bromeliaceae, has not been studied for the biocontrol of fusariosis in pineapple plants. The present study aimed to identify Trichoderma species endophytic to Bromeliaceae in “Restinga” and to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antagonism against F. gutifforme, the etiological agent of pineapple fusariosis. Five Trichoderma isolates were evaluated, which were stored in the Phytosanitary Clinics of the State University of North Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (CF/UENF440, CF/UENF441, CF/UENF442, CF/UENF443 CF/UENF444). A F. guttiforme isolate, pathogenic to pineapple, was also used. For specific identification of Trichoderma spp., DNA extraction and sequencing and of ITS genes were carried out. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted and the endophytic isolates from Bromeliaceae were grouped in the Longibrachiatum section, showing low homology among the known species, which may indicate a new species that will be confirmed with the obtaining of additional sequences of specific genes. In vitro antibiosis tests were then carried out to select antagonistic isolates (antagonism in matched culture, inhibitory effect of volatile, non-volatile and non-volatile thermostable compounds) and the biological treatment of wounded pineapple fruits was evaluated with the aim of assessing the biocontrol of fusariosis in the post-harvest. The isolate CF/UENF440 was shown to be a potential in vitro biocontrol agent of F. guttiforme since it demonstrated strong antibiosis in co-cultivation culture medium, for both non-volatile and non-volatile thermostable compounds, significantly differing from the remaining tested isolates and control. Considering the evaluation of in vivo biocontrol in wounded pineapple fruits, the tested Trichoderma isolates had no significant protectant effect in the biocontrol of fusariosis in post-harvest fruits.

Abstract Due to the great economic importance of coconut palm in Brazil and the development of a coconut breeding program intended to produce intravarietal hybrids, the present work aimed to ease the production of hybrids with the same morphological heritage. DNA was extracted from leaf samples of 13 dwarf coconut populations from Brazil, and PCR amplification was performed using 21 previously selected microsatellites. Furthermore, this study selected nine microsatellite markers with the potential to identify Green Dwarf x Yellow Dwarf hybrids and 16 microsatellites with the potential to identify Red Dwarf x Yellow Dwarf hybrids. In conclusion, SSR marker based on DNA Fingerprinting allowed the accurate identification of legitimate intravarietal hybrids since, for those crosses, the methodology of identification based on seedling color is not a viable alternative.

ABSTRACT Manual phenotyping for papaya Carica papaya (L) breeding purposes limits the evaluation of a great number of plants and hampers selection of superior genotypes. This study aimed to validate two methodologies for the phenotyping of morpho-agronomic plant traits using image analysis and fruit traits through image processing. In plants of the ‘THB’ variety and ‘UENF/Caliman-01’ hybrid two images (A and B) were analyzed to estimate commercial and irregularly shaped fruits. Image A was also used in the estimation of plant height, stem diameter and the first fruit insertion height. In ‘THB’ fruits, largest and smallest diameters, length, and volume were estimated by using a caliper and image processing (IP). Volume was obtained by water column displacement (WCD) and by the expression of ellipsoid approximation (EA). Correlations above 0.85 between manual and image measurements were obtained for all traits. The averages of the morpho-agronomic traits, estimated by using images, were similar when compared to the averages measured manually. In addition, the errors of the proposed methodologies were low compared to manual phenotyping. Bland-Altman's approach indicated agreement between the volume estimated by WCD and EA using caliper and IP. The strong association obtained between volume and fruit weight suggests the use of regression to estimate this trait. Thus, the expectation is that image-based phenotyping can be used to expand the experiments, thereby maintaining accuracy and providing greater genetic gains in the selection of superior genotypes.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste trabalho foram gerar estimativas de capacidade combinatória de 22 linhagens de mamoeiro com testadores do grupo 'Solo' e 'Formosa' em esquema de top cross e identificar híbridos agronomicamente superiores. As linhagens foram selecionadas em gerações de retrocruzamentos para conversão sexual, tendo como genitor recorrente, o genótipo dióico 'Cariflora' e como doador a linhagem elite ginóico-andromonóica, 'SS 783'. As linhagens per se, os híbridos top crosses (híbridos T1 e híbridos T2) e duas testemunhas comercias foram avaliados em um delineamento em látice 8x8 quanto ao número de nós sem fruto (NNSF-un), número de frutos deformados (NFD-un), número de frutos comerciais (NFC-un), peso médio de fruto (PMF-g), comprimento do fruto (CF-mm), diâmetro do fruto (DF-mm), espessura média da polpa (EP-cm), firmeza do fruto (FF-N), firmeza da polpa (FP-N), teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS-°brix) e Produtividade (PROD-t ha-1). Obtiveram-se as estimativas de capacidade especifica de combinação pela diferença entre a média de cada híbrido obtido de um testador, com a média geral dos cruzamentos com o mesmo testador. A análise de variância realizada com as médias ajustadas revelou variabilidade genética entre grupos de tratamentos para todas as características avaliadas, bem como dentro de cada grupo de tratamento. Considerando os híbridos T1, as combinações que melhor conciliaram as estimativas de CEC para as características produtivas e de qualidade de frutos foram: L3xT1, L8xT1, L10xT1, L11xT1, L16xT1, L17xT1 e L20xT1. Para os híbridos T2 foram: L12xT2, L13xT2, L17xT2, L21xT2 e L22xT2.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study were to generate estimates of combining ability in 22 lines of papaya using testers from the 'Solo' and 'Taiwan' group in a top-cross scheme, and identify those hybrids which are superior agronomically. The strains were selected from generations backcrossed for sexual conversion, with the dioecious genotype Cariflora as recurrent parent, and the elite ginoic -andromonoic line, SS 783, as donor. The lines themselves, the top cross hybrids (T1 hybrids and T2 hybrids), and two commercial controls were evaluated in an 8 x 8 lattice design for number of nodes with no fruit (NNSF-un), number of deformed fruit (NFD-un), number of commercial fruit (NFC-un), average fruit weight (PMF-g), fruit length (CF-mm), fruit diameter (DF-mm), average pulp thickness (EP-cm), fruit firmness (FF-N), pulp firmness (PF-N), level of soluble solids (TSS-°brix) and productivity (PROD-t ha-1). Estimates of specific combining capacity were obtained from the difference between the average for each hybrid obtained from the tester and the overall average of crossings with the same tester. The analysis of variance carried out with the adjusted average values revealed genetic variability between treatment groups for all the evaluated characteristics, as well as within each treatment group. Considering the T1 hybrid, the combinations that best reconciled the CEC estimates for the characteristics of production and fruit quality were L3xT1, L8xT1, L10xT1, L11xT1, L16xT1, L17xT1 and L20xT1; for the T2 hybrids the combinations were L12xT2, L13xT2, L17xT2, L21xT2 e L22xT2..

A seleção assistida por marcadores (SAM) permite identificarlinhagens resistentes com base em alelos de marcadores genéticos ligados aocaráter, o que reduz o número de linhagens avaliados fenotipicamente, uma daslimitações ao desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes ao nematoide de cistoda soja (NCS). Neste trabalho objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência demicrossatélites próximos a QTLs de resistência ao NCS, nos grupos de ligação (GL) G e A2 da soja, na seleção de genótipos resistentes em populaçõesoriginadas do cruzamento entre as cultivares Vmax e CD201. O QTL do GL A2 nãofoi detectado em 'Vmax' (derivada da PI 88788). A SAM por microssatélites do GLG foi eficiente na seleção de famílias F6:7 resistentes emoderadamente resistentes à raça 3 do NCS. Os microssatélites Sat_168, Satt309e Sat_141 apresentaram eficiência de seleção maior que 93%.

Resistant lines can be identified by marker-assisted selection(MAS), based on alleles of genetic markers linked to the resistance trait. This reduces the number of phenotypically evaluated lines, one of the limitations in the development of cultivars with resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN).This study evaluated the efficiency of microsatellites near quantitative traitloci (QTL) for SCN resistance, in the linkage groups (LG) G and A2 of soybean, for the selection of resistant genotypes in populations originated from crosses between the cultivars Vmax and CD201. The QTL of LG A2 was not detected in 'Vmax' (derived from PI 88788). In MAS, the microsatellites of LG G were efficient in selecting F6:7 families with resistance and moderate resistance to SCN race 3. The selection efficiency of the microsatellites Sat_168, Satt309 and Sat_141 was greater than 93%.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar locos associados a características quantitativas (QTL) de efeito maior e menor para a resistência às raças 3, 9 e 14 do nematoide do cisto da soja (NCS) na cultivar Hartwig, mapear novos QTLs de resistência para estas raças e verificar a existência de interações epistáticas entre QTLs. A cultivar Hartwig é uma importante fonte de resistência ao NCS. Linhagens endogâmicas recombinantes (LER) obtidas do cruzamento entre 'Hartwig' (resistente) e Y23 (suscetível) foram avaliadas quanto à resistência às três raças. Novas regiões genômicas de resistência ao NCS foram identificadas por microssatélites. Quatro QTLs, que explicaram entre 12 e 34% da variância fenotípica, foram detectados para a resistência à raça 3 nos grupos de ligação (GL) A2, G, J e M. O QTL no GL G também é importante para a resistência à raça 9. Interações epistáticas foram detectadas entre loci, o que indica resistência às raças 9 e 14. Há QTLs de maior e menor efeito para a resistência ao NCS.

The objective of this work was to identify major and minor-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to races 3, 9, and 14 of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) in Hartwig cultivar; to map new resistance QTLs for these races; and to check for the existence of epistatic interactions between QTLs. Cultivar Hartwig is an important resistance source to SCN. Recombinant inbred lines (RIL) obtained from a cross between 'Hartwig' (resistant) and Y23 (susceptible) were evaluated regarding resistance to the three races. New genomic regions for resistance to SCN were identified by microsatellites. Four QTLs, which explained between 12 and 34% of phenotypic variance, were detected for resistance to race 3 in linkage groups (LG) A2, G, J, and M. The QTL in LG G is also important for resistance to race 9. Epistatic interactions were detected between loci, which indicate resistance to races 9 and 14. There are high and low-effect resistance QTLs to SCN.