Diabetes was investigated as a risk factor for nephrotoxicity induced by vancomycin. In the present study, the drug’s nephrotoxic effect was indirectly evaluated by Glomerular Filtration Rate, albuminuria and serum levels of creatinine and urea on the 1st, 7th and 14th days of vancomicyn therapy in a group of diabetic and non-diabetic patients, with and without previous nephropathy. The correlations between investigated variables (including the population’s epidemiological profile and hospital care) were measured by the Spearman test. The sample consisted of 132 patients, predominantly male diabetic patients with previous nephropathy, over 40 years, receiving ≥ 10 grams of vancomycin for the treatment of infectious diseases and showing satisfactory clinical outcomes. A risk of vancomycin drug interaction with potential nephrotoxic outcome was observed in 36.4% of patients who used multiple drugs. Furthermore, 80% of patients had an increase of at least 0.5 mg.dL-1 in baseline serum levels of creatinine and urea at the end of the study. This was more common among the diabetic patients with previous nephropathy, showing higher albuminuria and a reduction in the Glomerular Filtration Rate. Therefore, it has been recommended that the use of vancomycin in diabetic patients should be in careful dosages and that kidney functioning be monitored.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi definir o perfil de intoxicação alcoólica aguda e estimar o risco de interações medicamentosas adversas (IMAs) potenciais em pacientes com intoxicação alcoólica atendidos na emergência hospitalar. Um estudo descritivo, serial, de corte transversal foi realizado com 4.271 indivíduos com intoxicação alcoólica, de janeiro 2009 a julho 2011. Correlações foram medidas pelo teste qui-quadrado. Os dados mostram alto consumo na população estudada, especialmente em homens de 25 a 59 anos. A principal circunstância de intoxicação foi o abuso (96,3%). Após tratamento, cura foi observada em 96,88% dos casos e morte em 0,7%. O risco de IMAs potenciais no atendimento médico incluiu 300 prontuários médicos com histórico de intoxicação alcoólica aguda. Possíveis interações medicamentosas (44,2%) e interações fármaco-álcool (55,8%) foram observadas em 60,6% dos prontuários analisados. Entre elas, 3%, 92,4% e 4,6% foram classificadas como leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. A medição das IMAs visa a prevenir complicações clínicas no atendimento dos agravos devido ao abuso de álcool.

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to determine the profile of acute alcohol poisoning and to estimate the risk of potentially adverse drug interactions (ADIs) in patients intoxicated by alcohol when attended in emergency care at hospital. A descriptive serial cross-sectional study was performed with 4,271 individuals intoxicated by alcohol, from January 2009 to July 2011. Possible correlations were measured by Pearson's chi-square test. The data show high consumption in the population, especially in males between 25 and 59 years. The main circumstances for poisoning were alcohol misuse (96.3%). After treatment complete recovery from the signs or symptoms of the poisoning was observed in 96.88% cases; and death in 0.70%. The demonstration of potential risk for ADIs in medical care included 300 medical records which contained a history of acute alcohol poisoning. Possible drug-drug interactions (44.2%) and drug-alcohol interactions (55.8%) were demonstrated in 60.60% of analyzed medical records. Among these cases, 3%, 92.4% and 4.6% were classified as mild, moderate and severe, respectively. The measurement of ADIs aims to prevent clinical complications in medical care for alcohol misuse disorders.

The analysis of drugs and metabolites in biological fluids usually requires extraction procedures to achieve sample clean-up and analyte preconcentration. Commonly, extraction procedures are performed using liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction. Nevertheless, these extraction techniques are considered to be time-consuming and require a large amount of organic solvents. On this basis, microextraction techniques have been developed. Among them, liquid-phase microextraction has been standing out. This review describes the liquid-phase microextraction technique based on hollow fibers as a novel and promising alternative in sample preparation prior to chromatographic or electrophoretic analysis. The basic concepts related to this technique and its applicability in extraction of drugs are discussed.