Resumo O presente artigo tenta socavar as implicações da raça e o racismo na formação do despojo/privilégio, e os modos como opera a organização das desigualdades sociais instaladas na Colômbia. Faz uma aproximação à forma em que o privilégio racial imbrica a existência das pessoas não-brancas por meio do desprezo, a violência e a ignomínia. Portanto, desde uma perspectiva auto-etnográfica sobre minha experiência como não-branco, deslocado e vítima do conflito em Cali, proponho uma leitura crítica sobre os privilégios raciais que agencia o racismo e suas repercussões nos corpos racializados, coisificados, dando origem ao que denominarei o mandado da branquidade, para analisar o regime normativo dos privilégios e suas manifestações como âmbito de sociabilidade inscrito na estrutura social do projeto moderno/colônia da branquidade.

Resumen El presente artículo intenta socavar las implicaciones de la raza y el racismo en la formación del despojo/privilegio, y los modos cómo opera en la organización de las desigualdades sociales instaladas en Colombia. Hace un acercamiento a la forma en que el privilegio racial imbrica la existencia de las gentes no-blancas a través del desprecio, violencia e ignominia. Por tanto, desde una perspectiva autoetnográfica sobre mi experiencia como no-blanco, desplazado y víctima del conflicto en Cali, propongo una lectura crítica sobre los privilegios raciales que agencia el racismo y sus repercusiones en los cuerpos racializados, cosificados, dando origen a lo que denominaré el mandato de blanquidad, para analizar el régimen normativo de los privilegios y sus manifestaciones como marco de sociabilidad inscrito en la estructura social del proyecto moderno/colonial de la blanquidad.

Abstract The present article aims to undermine the implications of race and racism in the shaping of deprivation/privilege, and how this works in the organization of social inequalities in place in Colombia. It approaches the way racial privilege interweaves the existence of non-White people through contempt, violence, and dishonor. Consequently, from an ethnographic view of the author’s experience as non-White, displaced, and a victim of conflict in Cali, he presents a critical reading on racial privileges promoted by racism and its repercussions on racialized, objectified bodies, giving rise to what is called here whiteness command, in order to analyze the normative regime of privileges and their expressions as a sociability framework embedded in the social structure of Whiteness’ modern/colonial project.

Abstract Aim/background: in view of the growing demand for food, new methodologies are needed to improve the genomic selection (GS) methodology to obtain more productive plant varieties and there is empirical evidence that GS it is revolutionizing plant breeding for food production around the world. Methods: since the prediction models play a key role in GS, for this reason Montesinos-López et al. (2018) proposed the item based collaborative filtering (IBCF) algorithm for Genomic prediction. For this reason, in this paper we compare the IBCF algorithm with the most popular genomic prediction model called the Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP). Results: We found that the GBLUP is superior than the IBCF model, but the IBCF is competitive to the GBLUP model since produced very similar predictions, but with the large advantage that it is extremely efficient in terms of time for implementation. Conclusions: we found that the GBLUP is better than the IBCF algorithm but the IBCF is more than 400 times more efficient than the GBLUP model in terms of time for implementation. Limitations: The main limitation of the study is that it was performed in univariate terms and it is possible that the IBCF will perform better with multivariate data.

Resumen Objetivo / antecedentes: en vista de la creciente demanda de alimentos, se necesitan nuevas metodologías para mejorar la selección genómica (GS) para obtener variedades de plantas más productivas y en menor tiempo y existe evidencia que la SG está revolucionando el mejoramiento de plantas que ayudará a incrementar la producción de alimentos a nivel mundial. Métodos: dado que los modelos de predicción juegan un papel clave en GS, Montesinos-López et al. (2018) propusieron el algoritmo de filtrado colaborativo (IBCF) para la predicción genómica. Por esta razón, en este artículo comparamos el algoritmo IBCF con el modelo de predicción genómica más popular denominado mejor predictor lineal insesgado Bayesiano (GBLUP). Resultados: Encontramos que el GBLUP es superior en capacidad predictiva al modelo IBCF, pero el IBCF es competitivo con el modelo GBLUP ya que produjo predicciones muy similares, pero con la ventaja de que es eficiente en términos de tiempo de implementación. Conclusiones: encontramos que el GBLUP es mejor que el algoritmo IBCF, pero el IBCF es 400 veces más eficiente que el modelo GBLUP en términos de tiempo de implementación. Limitaciones: la principal limitación del estudio es que se realizó en términos univariados y es posible que el IBCF se desempeñe mejor con datos multivariados.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of resistance exercise and stretching on sleep, mood, and quality of life in chronic insomnia patients. Methods: Three 4-month treatments included: resistance exercise (n=10), stretching (n=10), and control (n=8). Sleep was evaluated with polysomnography, actigraphy, and questionnaires. Mood and quality of life were assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36-Item Health Survey (SF-36), respectively. Results: There were no significant treatment differences between resistance exercise and stretching. However, compared with the control treatment, resistance exercise and stretching led to significantly greater improvements in Insomnia Severity Index scores (-10.5±2.3, -8.1±2.0 vs. 2.3±1.8, respectively), and actigraphic measures of sleep latency (-7.1±4.6, -5.2±1.9 vs. 2.2±2.1 min), wake after sleep onset (-9.3±2.8, -7.1±3.0 vs. 3.6±4.2 min), and sleep efficiency (4.4±1.8, 5.0±0.8 vs. -2.3±2%). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) global scores (-5.3±0.8, -3.9±1.5 vs. -0.1±0.8) and sleep duration (1.2±0.3, 1.6±0.6 vs. -0.1±0.2 h) also improved following both experimental treatments compared with control. PSQI-Sleep efficiency increased after resistance exercise compared with control (19.5±3.9 vs. 2.1±4.3%). No significant differences were observed in polysomnography or quality of life measures. Tension-anxiety was lower in the stretching group than the control group. Conclusion: Moderate-intensity resistance exercise and stretching led to similar improvements in objective and subjective sleep in patients with chronic insomnia. Clinical trial registration: NCT01571115

Objective: To assess the interaction of chronotype with anxiety in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Methods: Sixty-four patients (50 women) with mean age 43.9±8.1 years were investigated with the Horne and Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results: Significant negative correlations of chronotype-MEQ score with STAI state-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), STAI trait-anxiety (r = -0.40, p < 0.05), and STAI pre-sleep state anxiety (r = -0.30, p < 0.05) were observed. Eveningness preference was associated with higher trait, state, and pre-sleep state anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that chronotype may be an important parameter to identifying the origin and significance of a vicious anxiety-insomnia-depression cycle in patients with chronic primary insomnia.

Introduction and objectives. The use of phosphate additives in meat and fish processing leads to a phosphorus overload that we cannot quantify through labelling or food composition tables. We analysed this increase by measuring phosphorus content in these products by spectrophotometry. Materials and method. We determined the phosphorus/protein ratio in fresh meat and fish products with varying degrees of processing by spectrophotometry (phosphorus) and the Kjeldahl method (proteins). We contrasted these results with those reflected in the food composition tables. Results. The phosphorus/protein ratio was higher in processed meat products (15.83mg/g) than in battered (11.04mg/g) and frozen meat products (10.5mg/g), and was lower in fresh (8.41mg/g) and refrigerated meat products (8.78mg/g). Fresh white fish had a phosphorus/protein ratio of 8.58mg/g, while it increased by 22% (10.3mg/g) in frozen white fish and by 46% (12.54mg/g) in battered fish. The information in the tables was poor and confusing, and no reference is made to the brands tested. Conclusions. Processing meat and fish products poses a serious obstacle to the reduction of phosphorus intake. The current regulatory framework does not assist us in the objective of reducing phosphorus additives, since it considers them safe for public consumption. Overcoming these barriers requires a coordinated effort to demonstrate that a high intake of these additives may be harmful to the general population and it should be more closely examined by regulators.

Introducción y objetivos: La adición de aditivos fosfóricos en el procesamiento de carnes y pescados implica una sobrecarga de fósforo que no podemos cuantificar a través del etiquetado ni de las tablas de composición de alimentos. Analizamos este incremento mediante la determinación por espectrofotometría del fósforo contenido en estos productos. Material y método: Determinamos el cociente fósforo/proteínas en productos cárnicos y pescados frescos y con distintos grados de procesamiento mediante espectrofotometría (fósforo) y método Kjeldahl (proteínas). Contrastamos estos resultados con los reflejados en las tablas de composición de alimentos. Resultados: El cociente fósforo/proteínas es superior en los productos cárnicos procesados (15,83 mg/g) que en los rebozados (11,04 mg/g) y congelados (10,5 mg/g), siendo más reducido en productos cárnicos frescos (8,41 mg/g) y refrigerados (8,78 mg/g). El pescado blanco fresco presenta un cociente fósforo/proteínas de 8,58 mg/g, mientras que en el congelado se incrementa en un 22 % (10,3 mg/g) y en el rebozado en un 46 % (12,54 mg/g). La información de las tablas es pobre y confusa, sin referencia a las marcas analizadas. Conclusiones: El procesamiento de los productos cárnicos y pescados supone un serio obstáculo para la reducción del consumo de fósforo. El actual marco regulador no favorece el objetivo de reducir el uso de los aditivos fosfóricos al considerarlos seguros para el consumo público. Superar estas barreras implica esfuerzos coordinados para demostrar que el consumo alto de estos aditivos puede ser perjudicial para la población general y debe ser objeto de un mayor escrutinio por los reguladores.

Este trabalho objetivou a simulação da cinética e a otimização do processo de secagem do malte de milho por meio da técnica Simulated Annealing (SA), para estimação dos parâmetros de temperatura e tempo, tais que mantenham a atividade máxima das enzimas amilases no produto obtido. Para tanto, as sementes de milho germinadas foram secas entre 54-76°C, em um secador convectivo de ar. De tempo em tempo, a umidade e a atividade enzimática foram medidas. Esses dados experimentais foram usados para testar os modelos. A simulação e a otimização do processo foram feitas por meio do método SA, um algoritmo de melhoria randômica, análogo ao processo de têmpera simulada. Os resultados mostram que as sementes estavam secas após 3 h ou 5 h de secagem. Entre os modelos usados, o modelo cinético de difusão da água através das sementes apresentou o melhor ajuste. O tempo e a temperatura de secagem mostraram influência quadrática sobre a atividade enzimática. A otimização usando SA mostrou que a melhor condição de processo foi quando se trabalhou a 54 ºC e entre 5,6 h e 6,4 h. No malte produzido, foram encontrados valores da atividade específica de 5,26±0,06 SKB/mg e umidade residencial de 15,69±0,10%.

Kinetic simulation and drying process optimization of corn malt by Simulated Annealing (SA) for estimation of temperature and time parameters in order to preserve maximum amylase activity in the obtained product are presented here. Germinated corn seeds were dried at 54-76 °C in a convective dryer, with occasional measurement of moisture content and enzymatic activity. The experimental data obtained were submitted to modeling. Simulation and optimization of the drying process were made by using the SA method, a randomized improvement algorithm, analogous to the simulated annealing process. Results showed that seeds were best dried between 3h and 5h. Among the models used in this work, the kinetic model of water diffusion into corn seeds showed the best fitting. Drying temperature and time showed a square influence on the enzymatic activity. Optimization through SA showed the best condition at 54 ºC and between 5.6h and 6.4h of drying. Values of specific activity in the corn malt were found between 5.26±0.06 SKB/mg and 15.69±0,10% of remaining moisture.

Citral (CIT), which contains the chiral enantiomers, neral (cis) and geranial (trans), is the majority monoterpene from Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus. The present study aimed to evaluate CIT for antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities in rodents. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were studied by measuring nociception through acetic acid and formalin tests, while inflammation was verified by inducing peritonitis and paw edema with carrageenan. All tested doses of CIT had significant protection (p<0.001) against acetic acid (0.8%) induced nociceptive behavior and the effects were also similar to morphine while formalin induced nociception was significantly protected (p<0.05) only at higher dose (200 mg/kg) of CIT in the first phase of the test. CIT significantly reduce (p<0.001) nociceptive behavior emanating from inflammation in second phase at all the doses.The pretreatment with CIT (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the paw edema induced by carrageenan. Moreover, systemic treatment with CIT (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p<0.001) the leukocyte migration in the carrageenan-induced migration to the peritoneal cavity. Our investigation shows that CIT possess significant central and peripheral antinociceptive effects. It was also verified an anti-inflammatory activity. All together these results suggest that CIT might represent important tool for treatment of painful conditions.

Con esta revisión se busca recoger los aspectos generales que se han investigado, especialmente en lo concerniente a la biología, la ecología y los usos, en los países donde se encuentra distribuida la especie. La palma de moriche (Mauritia flexuosa L. f) presenta una amplia distribución desde la cuenca amazónica hasta la isla de Trinidad. La especie presenta una gran adaptación a suelos con baja fertilidad, además es parte integral del sistema natural regional porque se ha convertido en un elemento fundamental, para la conservación de las fuentes hídricas y la biodiversidad. En el caso de algunas economías locales es usada como un recurso que genera alimento, fibras y madera. Su importancia económica varía entre las diferentes regiones geográficas, en Colombia es escasamente comercializada, mientras que en zonas como Iquitos (Perú), comienzan a seleccionar ecotipos para el cultivo comercial de la especie, ya que existe una red económica basada en sus productos.

This review was mainly aimed at bringing togethergeneral aspects concerningthis speciewhichhave been investigated to date, especially regardingits biology, ecology and use in the countries where the specie is located. The Moriche palm(Mauritia flexuosa L.f) has a wide distribution, ranging from the Amazon Rever basin to the island of Trinidad. The specie has excellent adaptation to low-fertilitysoil; it is also an integral part of regional natural systems because it has become a fundamental elementin preserving hydric resources and biodiversity. It is being used as a resource generating food, fibres and woodin some local economies. Its economic importance variesamongst different geographical regions;it is barely commercialisedin Colombia while in zones like Iquitos (Peru), ecotypes have begunto be selected for the specie's commercial cultivation and exploitation as an economic network based on its productsalready exists.

OBJETIVO: Determinar a prevalência de aspergilose broncopulmonar alérgica (ABPA) em pacientes com fibrose cística acompanhados em um centro de referência da Bahia. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, com coleta prospectiva de dados, realizado no Centro de Referência de Fibrose Cística da Bahia do Hospital Especializado Octavio Mangabeira. Foram incluídos no estudo 74 pacientes que tinham diagnóstico de fibrose cística, com idade acima de 6 anos e tratados entre 9 de dezembro de 2003 e 7 de março de 2005. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: gênero, idade, capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo, resposta a prova farmacodinâmica, achados em radiografia torácica e de seios de face, presença de sibilância, culturas para Aspergillus spp., imunoglobulina E (IgE) total, IgE específica para Aspergillus fumigatus e teste cutâneo de leitura imediata para aspergilina. RESULTADOS: Dos 74 pacientes, 2 foram diagnosticados com ABPA. Níveis de IgE total > 1.000 UI/mL foram observados em 17 pacientes (23%), teste cutâneo de leitura imediata para A. fumigatus positivos em 19 (25,7%) e sibilância em 60 (81,1%). CONCLUSÕES: A taxa de prevalência de ABPA foi de 2,7%. As altas taxas de IgE total, de teste cutâneo imediato para A. fumigatus positivos e de sibilância sugerem que estes pacientes devam ser acompanhados cuidadosamente por haver a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de ABPA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) in patients with cystic fibrosis treated at a referral center in the state of Bahia, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study, with prospective data collection, carried out at the Cystic Fibrosis Referral Center of Bahia of the Octavio Mangabeira Specialized Hospital. We evaluated 74 patients diagnosed with cystic fibrosis, older than six years of age, treated between December 9, 2003 and March 7, 2005. We analyzed the following variables: gender, age, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, pharmacodynamic response, chest X-ray findings, facial sinus X-ray findings, wheezing, cultures for Aspergillus spp., total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE for Aspergillus fumigatus and immediate skin test reactivity to A.fumigatus antigen. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients, 2 were diagnosed with ABPA. We found total IgE levels > 1,000 IU/mL in 17 (23%), positive immediate skin reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen in 19 (25.7%) and wheezing in 60 (81.1%). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of ABPA was 2.7%. The high levels of total IgE, high incidence of wheezing and high rate of immediate skin test reactivity to A. fumigatus antigen suggest that these patients should be carefully monitored due to their propensity to develop ABPA.

Apesar dos avanços da modelagem dinâmica da atmosfera nas últimas duas décadas do século 20 as aplicações com modelagem empírica ainda têm sido muito utilizadas em função do seu fácil uso e pouca dependência de recursos computacionais. Neste estudo é mostrada uma comparação dos resultados de simulação de precipitação para o Nordeste do Brasil (NEB) - 1971-2000 obtido por modelagem dinâmica de grande escala e regional (downscaling) e a previsão de um método de modelagem empírica K´neigbhors. Foram usados o modelo de circulação geral da atmosfera ECHAM4.5, e dois modelos regionais, o Modelo Regional Espectral (MRE/97) do National Centers for Atmospheric Prediction- NCEP e o Regional Atmospheric Model System (RAMS) desenvolvido na Universidade do Colorado. Os modelos regionais foram aninhados aos dados simulados pelo ECHAM4.5 tendo como condição de contorno a Temperatura da Superfície do Mar observada no período de fevereiro a maio. Os resultados mostraram que o modelo empírico apresentou menor erro absoluto nos períodos fevereiro a abril (FMA) e março a maio (MAM) que os modelos dinâmicos em áreas do no norte do Maranhão e Piauí, oeste e sul do Ceará, centro-sul do Piauí e oeste e nordeste da Bahia. Quanto ao bias, o ECHAM4.5 e o MRE/97 mostraram um bias úmido em grande parte do NEB, porém com um valor médio para o setor norte do NEB (2ºS-12ºS e 45ºW-37ºW) mais próximo do observado. Para o RAMS e o método análogo houve um predomínio de um bias seco sobre o NEB, com valores em magnitudes mais distantes do observado. A previsibilidade (Heidke Skill) em três categorias Seca (S), Normal (N), Chuvosa (C), mostrou que o método análogo tem baixo Skill, entre 0,1 e 0,3 em todas as categorias, enquanto os modelos dinâmicos apresentaram Skill superiores, com valores maiores para as categorias S e C (da ordem de 0,4 a 0,5), até superiores a 0,6 em algumas áreas do setor norte do NEB para a categoria C como visto nos resultados dos modelos ECHAM4.5 e MRE/97.

Despite significant advances of the dynamic atmosphere models over the last decades of the 20th century, the empirical atmospheric models have been widely used due mostly to both its general applicability and its little dependence on the computational resources. This study is show comparison of precipitation simulation to Northeast Brazil (NEB) - 1971-2000 from large scale dynamical modeling and regional model (downscaling) and the forecast of empirical modeling (K-nearest-neighbor (k-NN). Were user the general circulation model ECHAM4.5 together two regional models, the Regional Spectral Model (RSM/97) from the National Centers for Atmospheric Prediction-NCEP and the Regional Atmospheric Model System (RAMS) developed at Colorado State University. The regional models were nested in ECHAM4.5, forced with the observed Sea Surface Temperature as a boundary condition, for the period from February to May. The results show that the empirical model presented a smaller absolute error than the dynamic models for the periods February to April (FMA) and March to May (MAM) in isolated areas of the north of Maranhão and Piauí states, west and south of Ceará, center-south of Piauí and west and northeast of Bahia state. Regarding model biases, ECHAM4.5 and the RSM/97 produced, to a large extent, a humid bias over large areas of NEB, however with an average precipitation for the northern sector of NEB (2ºS-12ºS and 45ºW-37ºW) close to the observations. RAMS and the analog method had a dominance of a dry bias over NEB, with precipitation totals below the observed values. The model skills (using the Heidke score) were evaluated for three categories Dry (S), Normal (N), Rainy (C), showed that the analogous method has low skills, between 0,1 and 0,3 in all categories, while dynamic models presented superior skills, with larger values for categories S and C (of the order of 0,4 the 0,5), exceeding 0,6 in some areas of the northern sector of NEB for category C as seen in the models ECHAM4.5 and RSM/97 models.

Microesferas de quitosana podem ser empregadas na área de biomaterias, em processos biotecnológicos e como adsorventes. Neste trabalho, foi empregada a técnica de atomização e coagulação para produção dessas microesferas, que permitiu o controle dos parâmetros de operação e por conseqüência a obtenção de microesferas de tamanho e faixas de tamanho específicos. Após a sua obtenção, as microesferas foram modificadas quimicamente com objetivo de estudar as resistências térmica, mecânica e química. Para isso foram empregadas três rotas distintas: a-) reticulação com glutaraldeído; b-) reticulação com epicloridrina e c-) acetilação. As microesferas preparadas apresentaram distribuição de tamanho da ordem de 140 µm com desvio padrão de 11,9 µm. Após as modificações químicas, as microesferas apresentaram temperatura de degradação térmica em torno de 300 ºC, aumento da estabilidade química à solução de HCl, e diminuição da resistência mecânica.

Chitosan microspheres can be used as biomaterial, in biotechnology processes and as adsorbents. This work is concerned with the production of chitosan microspheres using spraying and coagulation processes, which allows us to control the operating parameters and to produce chitosan microspheres of several ranges and sizes. The microspheres were modified chemically in order to study their thermal, mechanical and chemical resistance. The methods used were: 1) crosslinking with glutaraldehyde; 2) crosslinking with epichlorohydrin; 3) acetylation. The microspheres obtained presented mean particle size of 140 µm and standard deviation of 11.9 µm. The modified microspheres showed thermal degradation around 300 ºC, an increase of chemical stability using HCl solution and a decrease of mechanical resistance.