Abstract Effect of peptides obtained from Phaseolus lunatus L. where biological properties such as antioxidant activity have been found. In addition to improve this beneficial effect, the microencapsulation could be a way to protect the peptides against the environment to which they are exposed. Gums extracted from plant seeds are a potential option such as Guazuma ulmifolia, and its seeds gum exhibits promising properties as coating materials in encapsulation. Two peptide fractions from P. lunatus L. were encapsulated (>10 and <10 kDa) by ionic gelation using mixtures of G. ulmifolia gum and sodium alginate (GUG:SA). A 23 experimental design was used: GUG:SA ratios (A) (70:30 or 30:70); CaCl2 concentrations (B) (0.05 or 0.15 M); and hardening time (C). (10 or 30 min). Multiple variable response analysis with a desirability coefficient identified optimum conditions for each peptide fraction. Better results were obtained for >10 kDa peptide fraction at optimal conditions of A: 70:30, B: 0.05 and C: 10, obtaining irregular beads with a diameter of 5.85 mm2, Bead Encapsulation efficiency 42% and 31 and 42 mM TEAC for ABTS and DPPH respectively. These results shown that GUG:SA mixture is a viable encapsulation system for preserving antioxidant peptide fractions.

Resumen Antecedentes: La preeclampsia es un trastorno multiorgánico asociado con la morbi-mortalidad materna y perinatal. En el Perú, su incidencia es del 10% y causa el 22% de las muertes maternas. Se encontró una asociación entre la preeclampsia y ciertos polimorfismos. Objetivo: Determinar asociación entre los polimorfismos genéticos del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (VEGF) +936 C/T y +405 G/C, interleucina-6 (IL-6) -174G/C, IL-1β -511 C/T, Apo A-1 -75 G/A, Apo B-100 2488 C/T (Xbal), y preeclampsia en gestantes peruanas. Métodos: Se incluyeron gestantes preeclámpticas y sanas (controles). Las muestras de sangre fueron procesadas para extracción del ADN, y el análisis se realizó con la técnica PCR-RFLP con protocolos específicos para cada gen y confirmación con secuenciamiento Sanger. Se compararon las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas en los casos (preeclampsia) y los controles. Resultados: No se halló asociación entre los polimorfismos VEGF+936-C/T y VEGF+405 y la preeclampsia. Las frecuencias de los genotipos GG y el alelo G del polimorfismo -174-G/C en el gen IL6 en preeclámpticas y controles, mostraron diferencias significativas, con frecuencias más altas en los casos. Para el polimorfismo -511-C/T del gen IL-1β, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en las frecuencias de genotipos TT comparados con CT+CC. Los genotipos y alelos de las variantes Apo-A1-75-G/A y Apo-B100 Xbal no mostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos Conclusión: No se encontró asociación entre los marcadores genéticos estudiados y la preeclampsia. Sin embargo, el polimorfismo -174-G/C en el gen IL6 mostró diferencias significativas principalmente en el genotipo GG y el alelo G.

Abstract Background: Preeclampsia is a multiorgan disorder associated with maternal and perinatal morbi-mortality. In Peru, incidence is 10% and accounts for 22% of maternal deaths. Genome and genetic epidemiological studies have found an association between preeclampsia and genetic polymorphisms. Objective: To determine the association of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) +936 C/T and +405 G/C, interleukine-6 (IL-6) -174 G/C, IL-1β-511 C/T, Apo A-1-75 G/A, Apo B-100 2488 C/T (Xbal) polymorphisms with preeclampsia in pregnant Peruvian women. Methods: Were included preeclamptic and healthy (control) pregnant women. Maternal blood samples were subjected to DNA extraction, and molecular genetic analysis was conducted using the PCR-RFLP technique and following a specific protocol for each gene. Allele and genotypic frequencies in the cases and controls were compared. Results: No association was found between the VEGF+936C/T and VEGF+405 polymorphisms and preeclampsia. The frequencies of the GG genotypes and the G allele of the -174 G/C polymorphism in the IL6 gene in preeclamptic and controls showed significant differences, with higher frequencies in cases. For the -511 C/T polymorphism of the IL-1β gene, no significant differences were found in the frequencies of TT genotypes compared with CT+CC. The genotypes and alleles of the Apo-A1-75 G/A and Apo-B100 Xbal variants showed no significant differences between cases and controls. Conclusion: No association was found between the studied genetic markers and preeclampsia. However, in the -174G/C polymorphism of the IL-6 gene, significant differences were found mainly in the GG genotype and G allele.

Objetivo: establecer la frecuencia de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) y explorar posibles factores de riesgo para su desarrollo en un grupo de gestantes atendidas en primer nivel de atención. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal analítico en gestantes atendidas en ASSBASALUD ESE, institución privada de primer nivel de atención en salud ubicada en Manizales (Colombia) en los años 2011-2012. No se incluyeron pacien tes con diabetes mellitus diagnosticada previa al embarazo. Muestreo consecutivo. Se evaluaron las variables demográficas y antropométricas de los recién nacidos, la vía del parto, el diagnóstico de laboratorio de DMG y el resultado de la prueba de O'Sullivan. Se describe la prevalencia de periodo y se hace comparación entre el grupo que presentó DMG y el que no la presentó, mediante la prueba Chi 2 y la prueba t. Resultados: se incluyeron 1.138 mujeres. Se encontró 6,3 % de prevalencia de DMG, y una prevalencia de 10,7 % de prueba de O'Sullivan positiva. La mayor prevalencia de DMG se encontró en mujeres con formación universitaria (15,2 %), con una edad comprendida entre los 40 y 50 años (21,4 %), con dos o más gravideces (7,6 %). De las pacientes del estudio que presentaron sobrepeso, el 8,3 % desarrolló DMG. El peso de los bebés de gestantes con DMG fue de 3.263 g promedio. El 6,5 % de las gestantes con excesivo aumento de peso presentó DMG, comparado con el 3,8 % presentado por las gestantes con aumento de peso normal. No se encontró relación entre el desarrollo de DMG y la no asistencia al curso psicoprofiláctico. Conclusiones: La proporción de DMG en gestantes encontrada en la presente investigación, está dentro de los límites hallados en población mundial. La edad de la gestante, sus partos previos y el nivel educativo mostraron asociación con el desarrollo de DM.

Objective: To determine the frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and explore potential risk factors in pregnant women seen in primary care. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study in pregnant women seen at ASSBASALUD ESE, a private, level-one healthcare institution in Manizales (Colombia), in 2011- 2012. Patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before pregnancy were not included. Consecutive sampling. Demographics and anthropometric variables of the neonates, route of deliver y, laboratory diagnosis of GDM and the result of the O'Sullivan test were assessed. Period prevalence is described and a comparison is made between the group presenting GDM and the group that did not, using the Chi square and t tests. Results: Overall, 1,138 women were included. The prevalence of GDM was found to be 6.3 % and the prevalence of a positive O'Sullivan test was found to be 10.7%. The highest prevalence of GDM was found among women with college education (15.2%), between the ages of 40-50 (21.4%), with two or more pregnancies (7.6 %). Of the patients in the study who were overweight, 8.3% developed GDM. Babies born to mothers with GDM had a mean weight at birth of 3,263 g. Among pregnant women with excess weight gain, 6.5 % developed GDM, compared to 3.8 % in women with normal weight gain. No relationship was found between the development of GDM and non-attendance to psychoprophylactic preparation. Conclusions: The proportion of GDM in the study population was comparable to that found in other populations. No risk factors were found in the study population.

The texture of tortillas is a key indicator of their quality. The relationship between the oil content of corn (Zea mays L.) grain and the texture of tortillas is little known; however, the presence of oil significantly improves the strength and chewiness of this food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of grain corns with different oil content and determine the relationship between the oil content and the quality and texture of freshly prepared and stored tortillas for 24, 48 and 72 h at 4 °C. In this study normal endosperm corns (MEN), and corns with high oil content (ACA) and high protein quality (ACP) were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with eight treatments and two replications; the data was used to carry out an analysis of variance and means were compared with the Tukey's test (p≤0.05). The analysis of the results shows that ACA corns had the highest percentage of oil (x= 5.9 %). Tortillas made with ACA corns had softer texture and large elongation when they are freshly prepared and during the storage period than the rest of the corns; their lysine content (x=3.13 %) and tryptophan (x=0.6075 %) was lower than tortillas of ACP corns (x= 3.98 % and 0.846 %). The yellow population (PAN) of ACA stood out for its high oil content in tortillas and softness. All genotypes fulfill the requirements of the masa and tortilla industry.

La textura de las tortillas es un indicador fundamental de su calidad. La relación entre el contenido de aceite del grano de maíz (Zea mays L.) y la textura de las tortillas es poco conocida; sin embargo, la presencia del aceite mejora significativamente la firmeza y masticabilidad de este alimento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la composición química del grano de maíces con contenido diferente de aceite y determinar la relación entre el contenido de aceite y la calidad y textura de las tortillas recién elaboradas y almacenadas durante 24, 48 y 72 h a 4 °C. En este estudio se usaron maíces con endospermo normal (MEN), con contenido alto de aceite (ACA) y de alta calidad proteínica (ACP). El diseño experimental fue completamente al azar con ocho tratamientos y dos repeticiones; con los datos se realizó un análisis de varianza y las medias se compararon con la prueba de Tukey (p≤0.05). El análisis de los resultados muestra que los maíces ACA presentaron el porcentaje mayor de aceite (x=5.9 %). Las tortillas elaboradas con los maíces ACA fueron de textura más suave y con mayor elongación recién elaboradas y durante el periodo de almacenamiento, respecto a los otros maíces; su contenido de lisina (x=3.13 %) y triptófano (x=0.6075 %) fue inferior a las tortillas de maíces ACP (x=3.98 % y 0.846 %). La población amarilla (PAN) de ACA destacó por su contenido alto de aceite y suavidad de las tortillas. Todos los genotipos cumplen los requerimientos de la industria de la masa y la tortilla.

O poli (metil azoteto de glicidila) - GAP - é um material energético que pode ser utilizado como aglutinante (binder) e como plastificante energético em compostos explosivos e propulsores de foguetes. Neste trabalho, foi abordada a síntese do (GAP) através da conversão direta da epicloridrina (ECH) a GAP. Os reagentes utilizados foram azida de sódio, epicloridrina e vários álcoois extensores de cadeias, o etanodiol, o 1,4-butanodiol, o dietilenoglicol e o glicerol. Alguns parâmetros de operação foram avaliados, como o tempo de reação, a proporção entre os reagentes, dois tipos de solvente e a ordem de adição dos reagentes. A variável observada para a análise foi a massa molecular do GAP. Todos os materiais sintetizados também foram caracterizados por análises de FTIR, UV, RMN, DSC, análise elementar e TGA. Uma maior massa molecular, maior rendimento e uma melhor conversão do grupo azida a GAP foram obtidos com a adição de epicloridrina sobre a azida de sódio e usando DMF como solvente.

GAP is an aliphatic polyether that includes hydroxyl groups and highly energetic azide groups. Thus, it is an energetic material that can be used as binder or plasticizing agent in propellants and explosive mixtures. The glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) was synthesized and characterized by direct conversion of epichlorohydrin. GAP was synthesized by reaction of sodium azide, epichlorohydrin, and some extensor alcohols. The investigation focused on the effects of some key reaction parameters including reagent proportions, reaction time and two different solvents. The product was characterized by FTIR, UV, NMR, DSC, elemental analysis, TGA and GPC. The species were also evaluated through molecular weight (GPC), glass transition temperature (DSC), ignition time and sensitivity.

O poli (metil azoteto de glicidila) - GAP - é um material energético que pode ser utilizado como aglutinante (binder) e como plastificante energético em compostos explosivos e propulsores de foguetes. O GAP de baixo peso molecular pode ser obtido pela conversão direta da epicloridrina (ECH) a GAP. Neste trabalho, é proposto um possível mecanismo para esta conversão direta, fundamentado em análises de infravermelho de espécies intermediárias.

GAP is an energetic material that can be used as binder or plasticizing agent in propellants and explosive mixtures. The glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) can be synthesized by direct conversion of epichlorohydrin. Here, a mechanism is proposed for the reaction used, based on an analysis of infrared spectra of intermediate species.