Abstract Microgramma vacciniifolia, an epiphyte fern, hosts of two stem galls. One is induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), which can also induce galls in M. squamulosa and M. mortoniana. The alterations induced by T. polypodivora on M. vacciniifolia stem were compared to non-galled organs to evaluate the anatomical potentials of host ferns in response to a galling Lepidoptera. Histochemical and histometrical comparisons between galled and non-galled stems were performed to assess the processes leading to gall formation. M. vacciinifolia and M. squamulosa galls were anatomically similar, although their sizes differ, reflecting the growth potential of each host species. Simple structural alterations, such as hyperplasia of cortical and pericycle cells, occur during gall formation, while cell hypertrophy, common in more complex galls, was only detected on the pericycle. Meristele size remained unaltered in galls, but the pericycle appeared hyperplasic. The protective scales were broader in galls. A nutritive tissue with lipids, typical to Lepidoptera galls, was observed around the larval chamber, with small cells and meristematic activity. Starch, proteins, and reducing sugars accumulated in nutritive cells are uncommonly found in Lepidoptera galls. Despite simple structural alterations, T. polypodivora induced a gradient of primary metabolites, similar to angiosperm galls.

Resumo Microgramma vacciniifolia, uma samambaia epifíta, abriga duas galhas caulinares, uma delas induzida por Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera), que também induz galhas em M. squamulosa e em M. mortoniana. Alterações induzidas por T. polypodivora nos caules de M. vacciniifolia foram comparadas aos caules não-galhados, para avaliar os potenciais anatômicos das samambaias hospedeiras em resposta a um Lepidoptera galhador. Comparações histoquímicas e histométricas foram realizadas para avaliar os processos que levam à formação das galhas. As galhas de M. vacciinifolia e M. squamulosa são anatomicamente semelhantes, embora seus tamanhos diferem, refletindo o potencial de crescimento de cada espécie hospedeira. Alterações estruturais simples ocorrem durante a formação da galha, como hiperplasia das células corticais e pericíclicas, enquanto hipertrofia celular, comum em galhas mais complexas, é detectada apenas no periciclo. Os meristelos não têm o tamanho alterado, mas o periciclo apresenta hiperplasia. As escamas são mais largas nas galhas. Ao redor da câmara larval observa-se um tecido nutritivo com lipídios, típico das galhas de Lepidoptera, com células pequenas e atividade meristemática. Amido, proteínas e açúcares redutores também se acumulam nas células nutritivas, raramente relatado em galhas de Lepidoptera. Apesar das alterações estruturais simples, T. polypodivora induz o estabelecimento de um gradiente de metabólitos primários, semelhante ao observado em galhas de angiospermas.

ABSTRACT Acrostichum danaeifolium, a Neotropical fern, occurs preferentially in marshy areas or at the margins of lakes and mangroves. Microlepidoptera larvae burrow through the petioles of the fern, preferentially on the non-expanded leaves. The galleries in the petiole create a new microhabitat, harboring a rich fauna of arthropods. The aim of the present study was to assess the richness of ants associated with its petiole. The study was conducted in a population of A. danaefolium from the Atlantic Forest in Rio de Janeiro state, Southeastern Brazil. Six collections were carried out every two months (2009-2010), three in the dry and three in the rainy season. The leaves were divided into three development stages: non-expanded leaves (NEL), expanded leaves (EL) and senescent leaves (SL). Seven leaves from each phase were randomly collected from seven individuals. A total of fifteen ant species were recorded. The species with the highest frequency and density in fern petioles were Camponotus crassus and Crematogaster curvispinosa. The highest ant richness and abundance was found in senescent leaves. The high number of ants found in the petioles of Acrostichum danaefolium qualifies it as a potential key species in the marshes and flooded areas where it occurs.

Abstract: Pteridium is a cosmopolitan genus of ferns that possess nectaries on its fronds (fern leaves), thereby attracting ants. Foliar (or extrafloral) nectaries are nectar-producing glands that are not related to pollination, but rather attract ants and other arthropods. Foliar nectaries are found in 101 fern species, belonging to 11 genera and six families. The aim of the study is to characterize the community of ants that visit the fronds of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, as well as daily and seasonal ant abundance in different frond development stages. The study was conducted in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Bimonthly collections were established, where 30 expanding fronds and 30 fully expanded fronds were randomly marked. In each 1-hour shift starting at 8:30 am and ending at 5:30 pm, the fronds were observed for the presence of ants. Thirty three ant species were recorded on the Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum fronds, distributed into six subfamilies and 13 genera. The most abundant species were Solenopsis sp.1 and Ectatomma tuberculatum. Eight ant species were observed foraging the nectaries of tropical bracken fern fronds. Ectatomma tuberculatum has been observed feeding on the nectaries and patrolling the fronds. Ant activity peak was on mid-day during the rainy season. The tropical bracken fern Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum has a rich (the highest recorded until now on Pteridium species) and diverse ant community on its fronds, mainly on the expanding fronds. The presence of generalist predatory ants (Ectatomma tuberculatum and Solenopsis sp.1) during the entire study period suggests a positive interaction between ants and Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum.

Resumo: Pteridium é um gênero cosmopolita de samambaias que possui nectários em suas frondes (folhas de samambaias), atraindo formigas. Nectários foliares (ou extraflorais) são glândulas produtoras de néctar que não estão relacionadas com a polinização, mas podem atrair formigas e outros artrópodes. Nectários foliares já foram registrados em 101 espécies de samambaias, pertencentes a 11 gêneros e seis famílias. O objetivo do estudo é caracterizar a comunidade de formigas que visitam as frondes de Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, bem como a abundância diária e sazonal das formigas em diferentes estágios foliares. O estudo foi realizado na Mata Atlântica do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Foram estabelecidas coletas bimestrais, onde foram marcadas aleatoriamente 30 frondes em expansão e 30 frondes totalmente expandidas. Em cada turno de 1 hora com início às 8h30 e término às 17h30, as frondes marcadas foram observadas quanto à presença de formigas. Trinta e três espécies de formigas foram registradas nas frondes do Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, distribuídas em seis subfamílias e 13 gêneros. As espécies mais abundantes foram Solenopsis sp.1 e Ectatomma tuberculatum. Foram registradas oito espécies de formigas forrageando os nectários foliares da samambaia. Ectatomma tuberculatum foi observada se alimentando nos nectários e patrulhando as frondes. As formigas tiveram o pico de atividade ao meio-dia e na estação chuvosa. A samambaia tropical Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum tem uma elevada riqueza (a maior já registrada até o momento para espécies de Pteridium) e diversidade de formigas em suas frondes, com maior frequência nas frondes não totalmente expandidas. A presença de formigas predadoras generalistas (Ectatomma tuberculatum e Solenopsis sp.1) durante todo o período de estudo sugere uma interação positiva entre as formigas e Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum.

Glicosídeos cianogênicos são substâncias de defesa que são capazes de produzir ácido cianídrico quando sofrem hidrólise em consequência da herbivoria, processo chamado de cianogênese. Galhas são estruturas neoformadas de tecidos vegetais geradas por interações espécie-específica entre um organismo indutor e uma planta hospedeira. Estudos realizados demonstraram que há um polimorfismo cianogênico em espécies de Microgramma. Microgramma squamulosa é uma samambaia epífita que pode conter galhas caulinares induzidas por Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Desse modo, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar uma prospecção da cianogênese nos tecidos do caule, folhas e galhas de Microgramma squamulosa. O estudo foi realizado em populações de M. squamulosa localizadas no estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. A cianogênese foi avaliada pelo teste de papel Feigl-Anger. Foram analisadas 260 amostras de tecidos galhados e não galhados, sendo 45 amostras de galhas, 67 de folhas estéreis, 43 de folhas férteis, 103 de caules e 2 de báculos. A cianogênese foi detectada em apenas três amostras de folhas estéreis (4,5%). Em nenhuma das amostras o caule ou as galhas foram cianogênicas. A frequência da cianogênese não diferiu significativamente entre as folhas estéreis, folhas férteis, caules, galhas e báculos.

Cyanogenic glycosides are defense substances that can produce hydrocyanic acid when they undergo hydrolysis as a result of herbivory, a process called cyanogenesis. Galls are neoformed structures of plant tissues induced by species-specific interactions between an inducer organism and a host plant. Earlier studies in Microgramma species have demonstrated cyanogenic polymorphism. Microgramma squamulosa is an epiphytic fern that may contain stem galls induced by Tortrimosaica polypodivora (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Thus, the objective of present study was to conduct a cyanogenesis prospection in the tissues of the stem, leaves and galls of Microgramma squamulosa. The study was conducted in populations located in the Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. Cyanogenesis was assessed using the Feigl-Anger paper test. A total of 260 galled and non-galled tissues were analyzed, 45 gall samples, 67 sterile leaves, 43 fertile leaves, 103 stems and 2 croziers. Cyanogenesis was detected in only three sterile leaf samples (4.5%). In none of the samples were the stems or galls cyanogenic. Cyanogenesis frequency did not differ significantly between sterile leaves, fertile leaves, stems, galls and croziers.

ABSTRACT Plants represent a huge source of substances, with pharmacological potential. Brazil has a diversity of agricultural insect pests and an urgent need for safer methods of insect control. Dysdercus peruvianus (Guerin-Meneville, 1831), Pyrrhocoridae, is an economically important species of the Order Hemiptera and a pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae). Secondary metabolites in stems of Clusia hilariana Schltdl., Clusiaceae, such as terpenes and benzophenones, have been reported to be insecticidal. The present study investigated the effects of semi-purified fractions of hexane crude extracts from male C. hilariana stems on development of D. peruvianus. Biological parameters at different stages of development including body malformations, range of molting period and toxicity were evaluated. Most insects died and failed to develop due to attachment of their exuviae to the abdomen. Deformations of wings and defective tarsi also occurred. The secondary metabolites from semi-purified fractions of C. hilariana caused mortality, interference in molting and metamorphosis, and body deformations, probably by interacting with the neuroendocrine system. The results demonstrate the potential of C. hilariana extracts as an alternative for the control of the phytophagous insect D. peruvianus and for the development of environmentally safe and biodegradable bio insecticides.

Abstract Galls are neoformed plant structures created by cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy induced by a number of organisms, especially insects. After adult insects hatch, senescent galls may remain on the host plant and be occupied by a succession of fauna, the most important and dominant being ants. This study aimed at characterizing the ant fauna successor of stem galls induced by microlepidoptera in Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota (Polypodiaceae). Four collections were carried out in the municipality of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The galls were packed in plastic bags and taken to the laboratory. Ants were euthanized and conserved in 70° GL alcohol and later identified. A total of 49 stem galls were collected and analyzed, 15 containing microlepidoptera galler larvae, one a parasitoid wasp and 33 without the microlepidoptera or parasitoid (67%). Twelve of these galls (39%) contained ants. Six ant species were recorded (Camponotus crassus, Crematogaster curvispinosa, Crematogaster sericea, Procryptocerus sampaioi, Tapinoma atriceps, and Wasmannia auropunctata), all native to Brazil. Ant occupation in M. squamulosa seems to be associated with senescent galls due to hatching of the galler insect, which leaves a hole that allows ants to colonize it, in other words, an opportunistic domatia. Senescent galls resulting from the death of galler insects do not seem to facilitate ant occupation.

BACKGROUND This work describes a chemical study of the essential oil from leaves of Xylopia ochrantha, an endemic Annonaceae species from Brazil, and its activity against Biomphalaria species. Considering its poor solubility in aqueous medium, the essential oil was nanoemulsified to evaluate its action on controlling some mollusc species of genus Biomphalaria, snail hosts of Schistosoma mansoni that causes schistosomiasis, which mainly affects tropical and subtropical countries. OBJECTIVES The main aims of this work were to analyse the chemical composition of essential oil from X. ochrantha, and to evaluate the effect of its nanoemulsion on molluscs of genus Biomphalaria and their oviposition. METHODS Chemical analysis was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nanoemulsions were prepared by a low energy method and characterised by particle size and polydispersity index. Biological assays evaluating the mortality of adult species of B. glabrata, B. straminea and B. tenagophila and their ovipositions upon contact with the most stable nanoemulsion during 24 and 48 h were performed. FINDINGS Chemical analysis by mass spectrometry revealed the majority presence of bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D in the essential oil. The formulation with a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of 9.26 was the most suitable for the oil delivery system. This nanoemulsion caused the mortality in B. tenagophila, B. straminea and B. glabarata of different sizes at levels ranging from 50 to 100% in 48 h. Additionally, the formulation could inhibit the development of deposited eggs. CONCLUSION Thus, these results suggest the use of nanoemulsified essential oil from X. ochrantha as a possible alternative in controlling some Biomphalaria species involved in the schistosomiasis cycle.

Resumo Galhas são estruturas vegetais neoformadas induzidas por interações espécie-específicas entre um organismo indutor e uma planta hospedeira. Licófitas e samambaias são duas linhagens de plantas historicamente classificadas juntas como pteridófitas. Diversos autores sugerem que há uma baixa frequência de galhas em licófitas e samambaias, em comparação com as angiospermas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo fornecer um panorama atualizado sobre as galhas em samambaias no Brasil, disponibilizando informações sobre espécies hospedeiras, galhadores e fauna associada. A sinopse foi realizada compilando-se os dados existentes, atualizando os nomes científicos e agregando informações novas obtidas pelos autores em trabalhos de campo. Até o momento, foram registradas galhas em 16 espécies de samambaias e nenhum registro em licófitas. Contudo, em apenas três morfotipos de galhas, de três espécies de samambaias, o indutor foi identificado a nível de espécie, com um indutor duvidoso para Pteridium sp. As galhas são induzidas por ácaros (Eriophyidae) e insetos das ordens: Diptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, sendo Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) o galhador mais frequente.

Abstract Galls are neo-formed plant structures induced by species-specific interaction between an inducing organism and a host plant. Lycophytes and ferns are two distinct plant lineages historically lumped together as pteridophytes. A number of authors suggest low gall frequency in lycophytes and ferns, compared to angiosperms. This study aimed at compiling an updated overview of fern galls in Brazil, providing information on hosts, gall-inducing organisms and associated fauna. The synopsis was compiled using existent data and by updating scientific names and gathering new information obtained by the authors in fieldwork. To date, galls have been recorded on 16 fern species but none on lycophytes. However, the inducer was identified at species level in only three gall morphotypes from three fern species, with a doubtful inducer for Pteridium sp. Galls are induced by mites (Eriophyidae) and insects of the orders Diptera, Lepidoptera, Thysanoptera, and Hemiptera, Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) being the most frequent galler insect.

RESUMO. A adoção da tecnologia Roundup Ready® e o cultivo de segunda safra alteraram os métodos de controle químico e o manejo das plantas daninhas na região sudoeste do Estado de Goiás, Brasil. Tendo em vista estas alterações, este estudo teve o objetivo de realizar um levantamento fitossociológico em áreas de soja resistente ao glyphosate e soja convencional na safra principal e sorgo, milho, milheto ou pousio em sucessão na segunda safra. Foi constituída uma matriz multivariada da composição florística e calculado o valor indicador do número de indivíduos e biomassa seca das espécies. Com base no número de indivíduos as espécies Chamaesyce hirta, Bidens subalternans e Cissampelos ovolifolia foram típicas de áreas de cultivo com soja resistente ao glyphosate, enquanto que Euphorbia heterophyla apresentou valor indicador para áreas de cultivo de soja convencional. Na safrinha, os valores indicadores significativos foram observados para: Crotalaria spectabilis, nas áreas de milho; Cenchrus echinatus no sorgo; e Commelina benghalensis, Sida glaziovii, Ipomoea grandifolia, Sida rhombifolia e Ipomoea cordifolia, nas áreas com milheto. A espécie Conyza bonariensis foi típica do período que antecede a aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência na safra. A soja voluntária apresentou-se como típica para o período que antecede a aplicação de herbicidas em pós-emergência na safrinha. Foram registradas plantas daninhas de difícil controle, tolerantes e resistentes às aplicações de herbicidas nas áreas estudadas.

ABSTRACT. Roundup Ready® technology adoption and the cultivation of a second crop have changed chemical control methods and weed management in the southwest region of Goiás State, Brazil. Considering these changes, this study aimed to perform a phytosociological survey in areas with glyphosate resistant soybeans and conventional soybeans as the main harvest and sorghum, maize, millet or fallow in succession as the second harvest. A multivariate matrix of the floristic composition was constructed, and the indicator values of the individual number and dry biomass of species were measured. Based on the number of individuals, the species Chamaesyce hirta, Bidens subalternans, and Cissampelos ovolifolia were typical of areas cultivated with glyphosate-resistant soybean, while Euphorbia heterophyla presented indicator values of areas with conventional soybean cultivation. During the second harvest period, significant indicator values were observed for Crotalaria spectabilis in maize areas, Cenchrus echinatus in sorghum, and Commelina benghalensis, Sida glaziovii, Ipomoea grandifolia, Sida rhombifolia, and Ipomoea cordifolia in areas with millet. The species Conyza bonariensis was typical in the period before the herbicide application at post-emergence in harvest. Volunteer soybean presented as typical for the period before the herbicide application at post-emergence in the second harvest. Weeds that were difficult to control or were tolerant and resistant to the herbicide applications were recorded in the areas studied.

Resumo Neste estudo, valemo-nos da trajetória de João Paes, que viveu na fronteira sul do Império no século XIX, para apreciar a importância das relações entre pessoas e famílias no Brasil oitocentista e o quanto elas estavam imbricadas com a economia e com as instituições formais da vida política. João dizia ser filho de uma índia, logo, um indivíduo livre. Contudo, conforme Mariano Teixeira, João era um escravo fugido. O caso permite uma série de análises, como: das práticas de (re)escravização e liberdade; das relações de reciprocidade e dos mecanismos de proteção social acionados; e do mapeamento do espaço social da fronteira meridional do Brasil. Sobre as relações de reciprocidade verticais e horizontais, destacam-se: senhor de terras x agregados, porém, dentro de uma configuração mais complexa de formas de auxílio e proteção. A vizinhança, a guerra e as relações familiares apareceram como outros campos efetivos de geração desse tipo de relações.

Abstract In this paper, we focus on the trajectory of João Paes, who lived on the southern frontier of the Brazilian Empire in the nineteenth century, and investigate the importance of the relations between people and families and how they intertwined with economy and institutions of political life. João, in his own words, was the son of an Indian, then, a free man. However, according to Mariano Teixeira, João was a runaway slave. By exploring this case, we analyze (re)enslavement and freedom practices, reciprocal relations and social protection mechanisms and also map the social space of the southern border of Brazil. We pay attention to vertical and horizontal reciprocity relationships, specially the one that involved landlords and aggregates (agregados). This was, however, only a part of a more complex configuration of forms of aid and protection. Neighborhood, war, and family relationships emerged as other effective fields for the generation of such relationships.

ABSTRACT The effects of the hexanic extracts of the fruits and flowers of Clusia fluminensis Planch. & Triana, Clusiaceae, as well as their main constituents, the triterpene lanosterol and the benzophenone clusianone, were evaluated on hemipterans Dysdercus peruvianus and Oncopeltus fasciatus. The topical treatments of insects with the hexanic extracts significantly affected the survival of O. fasciatus, but not that of D. peruvianus. Concomitantly, extracts delayed the development of both hemipterans. Moreover, isolated lanosterol significantly reduced both the survival and development of O. fasciatus and D. peruvianus, while clusianone only reduce the survival of D. peruvianus and marginally inhibited the development of both insects. The results show the specific activity of lanosterol and clusianone against the two evaluated insect species and indicate the potential of compounds derived from C. fluminensis for the development of specific biopesticides for the control of agricultural pests. Subsequent work will examine the mode of action of lanosterol and clusianone isolates from C. fluminensis.

Studies evaluated the effects of hexanic extracts from the fruits and flowers of Clusia fluminensis and the main component of the flower extract, a purified benzophenone (clusianone), against Aedes aegypti. The treatment of larvae with the crude fruit or flower extracts from C. fluminensis did not affect the survival of Ae. aegypti (50 mg/L), however, the flower extracts significantly delayed development of Ae. aegypti. In contrast, the clusianone (50 mg/L) isolate from the flower extract, representing 54.85% of this sample composition, showed a highly significant inhibition of survival, killing 93.3% of the larvae and completely blocking development of Ae. aegypti. The results showed, for the first time, high activity of clusianone against Ae. aegypti that both killed and inhibited mosquito development. Therefore, clusianone has potential for development as a biopesticide for controlling insect vectors of tropical diseases. Future work will elucidate the mode of action of clusianone isolated from C. fluminensis.

OBJECTIVE: To make an analysis of the care of elderly in an Emergency Department of Orthopedics with the primary objective to know the percentage of elderly treated, their conditions of origin and level of accidental conditions, and examine possible comorbidities, evolution and mortality rate.METHODS: Retrospective observational epidemiological study based on survey records of a tertiary hospital during one year (January to December 2006)RESULTS: In the year 2006 (January to December) 12,916 calls to patients older than 60 were performed.CONCLUSION: Massive attendance of the elderly population was observed, however, the vast majority related to chronic problems that do not require urgent attention. Patients requiring urgent attention suffer from trauma related to falls and are between the seventh and ninth decades of life, mostly female and requiring hospitalization for longer periods. Level of Evidence VI, Cases Series.

Estesioneuroblastoma é uma neoplasia incomum de linhagem epitelial. Seu tratamento convencional baseia-se na ressecção craniofacial. Técnicas endoscópicas tem sido preconizadas em sua terapia com o intuito de diminuir morbidades e custos. OBJETIVO: Relatar a experiência na abordagem terapêutica do tumor com uso de endoscópio. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo de pacientes com diagnóstico de Estesioneuroblastoma submetidos a tratamento endoscópico. Fez-se revisão de publicações relacionadas ao tumor. RESULTADOS: Apresentamos quatro pacientes, sendo 3 homens e 1 mulher, estadiados de acordo com Kadish e Dulguerov. Foram submetidos a ressecção endoscópica com margem e terapia adjuvante (radio ou quimioterapia). Não se observaram complicações pós-operatórias significativas. O tempo médio de internação foi 3 dias e um paciente permaneceu em observação no CTI por 24 horas. O seguimento é recente e não há relato de recidivas. CONCLUSÃO: Estesioneuroblastoma é um tumor maligno potencialmente curável. O uso da técnica cirúrgica endoscópica nasal traz consigo menor morbidade ao paciente (período de internação e tempo cirúrgico menor) e custos hospitalares diminuídos. Possibilita a ressecção da neoplasia com margens comparáveis à cirurgia convencional. Os resultados em longo prazo descritos na literatura são semelhantes ao tratamento convencional. Nosso seguimento ainda é recente para concluir algo sobre prognóstico.

Esthesioneuroblastoma is an uncommon malignant tumor of the nasal vault. Treatment consists of craniofacial resection. As endoscopic techniques have advanced, this approach has been recommended to avoid morbidity and to reduce costs. AIM: To evaluate outcomes in patients with esthesioneuroblastoma treated by an endoscopic technique. METHODS: A prospective study of patients diagnosed with esthesioneuroblatoma and treated by an endoscopic technique. The literature over the past 20 years was reviewed for an update on the pathology. RESULTS: We present 4 patients, 3 males and 1 female, staged according to Kadish and Dulguerov. All were treated surgically with endoscopic techniques, followed by radiotherapy. One patient was also submitted to neck dissection and chemotherapy because of regional metastasis. There were no significant postoperative complications. The mean hospital stay was 3 days; one patient stayed in the ICU for 24 hours after surgery. Follow-up is recent; so far there are no recurrences. CONCLUSION: Esthesioneuroblastoma is a potentially curable malignancy. Endoscopic techniques help reduce hospital costs and decrease the morbidity. Adequate margins of healthy tissue are obtained with endoscopic resection, as with craniofacial resection. The literature suggests that outcomes after endoscopic resection are similar to those of the conventional external approach.

Novo gênero e espécie de Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associados a Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. (Polypodiaceae) do Brasil. Um novo gênero de Cecidomyiidae, Primadiplosis Maia, gen.nov.,e uma nova espécie, P. microgrammae Maia, sp. nov., que induz galhas no caule da samambaia Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. (Polypodiaceae) são descritos do Brasil (larva, pupa, macho, fêmea e galha).

A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) associated with Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. (Polypodiaceae) from Brazil. A new gall midge genus Primadiplosis Maia, gen. nov. and a new species, P. microgrammae Maia,sp. nov., that induces galls on stems of the fern Microgramma vacciniifolia (Langsd. & Fisch.) Copel. are described from Brazil (larva, pupa, male, female, and gall).