OBJETIVO: Revisar dados de prevalência de disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) em crianças e adolescentes, verificando-se as variações metodológicas apresentadas. FONTES DE DADOS: Pesquisa de artigos (exceto artigos de revisão e relatos de caso) publicados de 1990 a 2012, nas bases de dados Medline, PubMed, Lilacs e BBO. Os descritores foram "síndrome da articulação temporomandibular", "síndrome da disfunção da articulação temporomandibular", "transtornos da articulação temporomandibular", "estudos de prevalência" e "estudos de corte transversal"; utilizaram-se as palavras "disfunction", "disorder", "temporomandibular", "children", "adolescents", "prevalence", "frequency" and "transversal". SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Selecionaram-se 17 estudos e a frequência de DTM variou de 16 a 68%. Quanto aos critérios metodológicos, apenas três (18%) estudos relataram o cálculo de poder amostral, três (18%) explicitaram o processo de seleção da amostra, utilizando-se a técnica de seleção estratificada, e nove (53%) realizaram calibração dos examinadores. Os critérios diagnósticos usados nos estudos incluídos foram: índice de Helkimo (n=2; 12%), Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) (n=4; 24%), índice craniomandibular (n=1; 6%), protocolos de exames clínicos (n=10; 59%) e questionários anamnésicos (n=6; 35%). CONCLUSÕES: Os relatos da prevalência de DTM em crianças e adolescentes variam amplamente na literatura. São necessárias metodologias adequadas e padronizadas para identificar, com maior validade, a presença de DTM nessa população, o que permitiria uma melhor compreensão dos aspectos patológicos e das medidas preventivas e terapêuticas mais eficazes.

OBJECTIVE: To review the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in children and adolescents, verifying the methodological variations. DATA SOURCES: Research conducted in Medline, PubMed, Lilacs and BBO databases, including manuscripts (except reviews and case reports) published from 1990 to 2012. The descriptors were "temporomandibular joint syndrome", "temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome", "temporomandibular joint disorders", "prevalence studies", and "cross-sectional studies"; the words "dysfunction", "disorder", "temporomandibular", "children", "adolescents", "prevalence", "frequency", and "transversal" were used. DATA SYNTHESIS: Seventeen articles were selected, and the TMD frequency varied from 16 to 68%. Regarding the methodological criteria, only three articles (18%) reported sample size determination, three (18%) clearly described the sample selection process by stratified selection technique, and nine studies (53%) carried out the calibration of the examiners. The diagnostic criteria used in the studies were: Helkimo index (n=2; 12%), Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) (n=4; 24%), the jaw index (n=1; 6%), clinical protocols (n=10; 59%), and anamnestic questionnaires (n=6; 35%). CONCLUSIONS: The TMD prevalence in children and adolescents varies in the literature. Appropriate and standardized methods are needed to identify, with greater validity, the presence of TMD in this population, allowing a better understanding of the pathological aspects in order to address more effective preventive and therapeutic procedures.

OBJETIVO: Revisar datos de prevalencia de disfunción témporomandibular (DTM) en niños y adolescentes, verificándose las variaciones metodológicas presentadas. FUENTES DE DATOS: Investigar artículos (excepto artículos de revisión y relato de caso) publicados de 1990 a 2012, en las bases de datos Medline, PubMed, Lilacs y BBO. Los descriptores de asunto fueron "síndrome de la articulación témporomandibular", "síndrome de la disfunción de la articulación témporomandibular", "trastornos de la articulación témporomandibular", "estudios de prevalencia" y "estudios de corte transversal"; se utilizaron las palabras "disfunction", "disorder", "temporomandibular", "children", "adolescents", "prevalence", "frequency" y "transversal". Síntesis de los datos: Se seleccionaron 17 estudios y la frecuencia de DTM varió de 16 a 68%. Respecto a los criterios metodológicos, solamente tres (17,6%) estudios relataron el cálculo de poder muestral, tres (17,6%) explicitaron el proceso de selección de la muestra, utilizándose la técnica de selección estratificada, y nueve (52,9%) realizaron calibración de los examinadores. Los criterios diagnósticos usados en los estudios fueron: índice de Helkimo (n=2; 11,7%), Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RCD/TDM) (n=4; 23,5%), índice craneomandibular (n=10; 58,8%) y cuestionarios anamnésicos (n=6; 35,2%). CONCLUSIONES: Los relatos de la prevalencia de DTM en niños y adolescentes varían ampliamente en la literatura. Son necesarias metodologías adecuadas y estandarizadas para identificar, con mayor validez, la presencia de DTM en esa población, lo que permite una mejor comprensión de los aspectos patológicos para acercarse a medidas preventivas y terapéuticas más eficaces.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo de armaduras de cilindros de betão armado confinados com duas camadas de polímeros reforçados com fibras de vidro (GFRP). Provetes cilíndricos de betão armado com e sem GFRP foram imersos em solução de cloreto de sódio. O estado das armaduras foi avaliado por medições de potencial de circuito aberto e por impedância eletroquímica com sistemas a dois e três eletrodos. Os resultados demostraram que o confinamento de duas camadas de GFRP apresenta baixa permeabilidade e atua como barreira física à penetração de solução. Verificou-se que imperfeições na fase de aplicação do GFRP e sua degradação são de grande importância na eficiência da prevenção de corrosão.

This work aims to study the steel reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete confined with two layers of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP). Reinforced concrete cylinders with and without GFRP were immersed in a sodium chloride solution. T he corrosion process of the steel rebars was followed by open potential measurements and electrochemical impedance in two and three electrodes systems. Results have shown that two GFRP layers have low permeability and act as an efficient physical barrier. It has been found that imperfections during the GFRP application and its degradation are of great importance in the efficiency of corrosion prevention.

Anacardium occidentale L. Anacardiaceae, known as cashew, commonly found in northeastern of Brazil, has high levels of secondary metabolites, particularly tannins, used as raw material for herbal medicines. An efficient alternative to decontaminate plant products is the total sterilization or reduction of the initial microbial count, the process of gamma irradiation with 60Co. The objective of this study was to analyze the antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of bark and leaves of A. occidentale, based on the quantification of total phenols and tannins, before and after exposure to gamma radiation from 60Co. The extracts were obtained in the laboratory by cold maceration in ethanol, filtered and dryness. They were divided into non-irradiated control group (0 kGy) and irradiated: groups exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 5, 7.5 and 10 kGy. The total phenols was obtained by the Folin-Ciocalteau method and tannins, by the precipitation of casein. The antimicrobial potential activities of these extracts were also evaluated. The results showed that gamma radiation doses employed in this study did not influence statistically the percentage of total phenols and tannins in the bark extracts, at levels ranging from 5.73±0.14 and 5.20±0.14, respectively. The levels of metabolites in the leaves were statistically (p<0.05) influenced by radiation, observed average total phenols between 3.13±0.04 (0 kGy) and 3.50±0.08 (10 kGy), and tannin between 2.47±0.06 (0 kGy) and 2.93±0.04 (10 kGy). The extracts of bark and leaves were active against Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans. Gamma radiation caused an increase in antimicrobial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), with average inhibition zones for shells: 14.33±058 (0 kGy) and 22.33±0.58 (10 kGy), and leaves: 11.33±0.58 (0 kGy) and 19.00±1.00 (10 kGy). Exposure to radiation caused changes in physical and chemical constituents of phenolic extracts of leaves of cashew, increasing levels of tannins.

Mozzarella cheese is traditionally prepared from bubaline (Bubalus bubalis) milk, but product adulteration occurs mainly by addition of or full substitution by bovine milk. The aim of this study was to show the usefulnes of molecular markers to identify the admixture of bovine milk to bubaline milk during the manufacturing process of mozzarella cheese. Samples of mozzarella cheese were produced by adding seven different concentrations of bovine milk: 0%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 8%, 12% and 100%. DNA extracted from somatic cells found in cheese were submitted to PCR-RFLP analysis of casein genes: α-s1-CN - CSN1S1 that encompasses 954 bp from exon VII to intron IX (Alu I and Hinf I), β-CN - CSN2 including 495 bp of exon VII (Hae III and Hinf I), and κ-CN - CSN3, encompassing 373 bp of exon IV (Alu I and Hind III). Our results indicate that Hae III-RFLP of CSN2 exon VII can be used as a molecular marker to detect the presence of bovine milk in "mozzarella" cheese.

Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae), amplamente distribuída em todo o território brasileiro, é conhecida popularmente como erva cidreira e utilizada na medicina popular como analgésica, febrífuga, antiinflamatória, antigripal e nas afecções hepáticas. Extratos brutos foram preparados a partir de plantas cultivadas, de modo padronizado, em horta medicinal do Laboratório de Fitoterapia da Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA) para a verificação da atividade antimicrobiana, in vitro, pelo método de difusão em disco de papel. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada para os extratos que exibiram melhores atividades. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos clorofórmico, acetônico e etanólico da raiz foram ativos frente a Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans e Monilia sitophila e os extratos hexânicos, etanólicos e metanólicos das folhas inibiram S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, M. smegmatis e M. sitophila. A menor concentração inibitória (CIM = 31,2 µg/mL), foi obtida para o extrato clorofórmico da raiz frente a B. subtilis e M. luteus.

Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae), commonly known as "erva cidreira", is widely distributed throughout Brazil and is used in folk medicine as an analgesic, anti-inflammatory, cold remedy, as well as to reduce fevers and treat hepatic afflictions. Crude extracts of L. alba were prepared from plants cultivated in the medicinal garden of the Laboratório de Fitoterapia of the Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (IPA), State of Pernambuco, Brazil, using standard techniques to test their in vitro antibacterial activity using the paper disk-diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for those extracts demonstrating the highest activity. The results demonstrated that the chloroform, acetone and ethanol extracts of root material were active against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans and Monilia sitophila, while the hexane, ethanol and methanol extracts of leaves inhibited the growth of S. aureus, M. luteus, B. subtilis, M. smegmatis and M. sitophila. The lowest inhibitory concentration (MIC = 31.2 µg/mL) was obtained with the chloroform root extract against B. subtilis and M. luteus.

Aureobasidium pullulans is a microorganism that produces pullulan (homopolysaccharide) extracellularly through a fermentation process with sugars (maltose, d-xylose, sucrose and starch) as its carbon source. Pullulan is a linear polysaccharide of D-glycopyranose containing (1 ->4)-alpha and (1 -> 6)-alpha linkages at a 2:1 ratio, is highly soluble in water and has various applications in the food, packaging, film and pharmaceutical industries. Lipids, primarily oils, having antifoaming properties as well as nutritional particularities, are considered an essential additional carbon source for the growth of microorganisms, especially fungi. These nutrient sources are very important for the maintenance of microorganism cells. In fact, these positive effects are only achieved when the right source is added at both the right time and the right dosage into the broth of the fermentation process. In this research on pullulan production with the strains NRRL Y-6220 and NRRL Y-2311-1, it was found that the latter strain achieved better results for undesirable pigment formation, pullulan titer, time of maximum production (96 hours) and biomass yields than strain NRRL Y-6220, which also showed suitable results for biomass yields and cell morphology. However, the dark pigmentation of the strain NRRL Y-6220, formed through the process, makes its application unacceptable for foods and pharmaceuticals. Strain NRRL Y-2311-1 was shown to be a promising potential industrial microorganism, whose applications should be studied more in depth.

A influência de fatores ambientais na esporulação de Fuligo septica (L.) Wigg. e aabundância desta espécie em bagaço de cana de açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), armazenado ao ar livre, foram estudadas. Entre janeiro/1997 e janeiro/1998, um total de 29 espécimes foi coletado em coletas mensais de esporocarpos (etálios). A relação entre a abundância de etálios e precipitação pluviométrica, temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e insolação foi estudada. Os resultados indicam que F. septica é uma espécie abundante no substrato analisado. A esporulação acontece em todas as estações do ano, com um pico bem definido ao término do inverno e início da primavera (agosto/setembro), fortemente influenciado pelas chuvas.

The influence of environmental factors on sporulation of Fuligo septica (L.) Wigg. and the abundance of this species on sugar cane bagasse (Saccharum officinarum L.), stored outdoors was studied.In Northeastern Brazil, between January/1997 and January/1998, a total of 29 specimens were collected through monthly collections of aethalia. The relationships between the abundance of aethalia and rainfall, temperature, relative humidity of the air and insolation were studied. Results indicated that on the substrate analyzed, F. septica was an abundant species. Sporulation occurred in all seasons of the year, with a well-defined peak at the end of winter and beginning of spring (August/September),which was strongly influenced by rainfall.

Insulina lispro é um análogo da insulina humana de ação e duração rápida, que mimeíiza o perfil fisiológico da insulina após uma refeição. Avaliamos a segurança e eficácia da insulina lispro em comparação com a insulina humana regular em um estudo multicêntrico, randomizado e cruzado em 27 diabéticos tipo 1 em uso de insulina humana NPH e regular (idade mediana = 16 anos). Após uso de insulina lispro ou regular por 2 meses, fez-se a transferência para a outra insulina por mais 2 meses mantendo-se a insulina NPH basal. Não houve diferença em relação à excursão prandial da glicemia da hemoglobina glicosilada A1C, comparando-se os 2 grupos (lispro e regular). O decréscimo percentual relativo da glicemia foi significantemente maior com insulina lispro no período do almoço, na primeira fase do estudo (p<0,02). O número total de episódios hipoglicêmicos não foi diferente, comparando os 2 grupos. Houve, porém, uma redução significante na incidência de hipoglicemia noturna e na madrugada com o uso inicial de lispro (p<0,05). Com o uso inicial de insulina regular, houve incremento na incidência de hipoglicemia noturna (p=0,038), com redução posterior na incidência da hipoglicemia com insulina lispro (p=0,04). Ao final do estudo, 68% dos pacientes referiram preferência e maior comodidade com insulina lispro em relação à insulina regular. A insulina lispro se mostrou uma opção segura e eficaz, com menor incidência de hipoglicemia noturna em diabéticos tipo 1. Uma otimização do regime de insulina basal é necessária para melhora do controle glicêmico, quando em uso de uma insulina de ação rápida.

Insulin lispro is a human insulin analog of rapid onset of action and duration, which mimics the physiological insulin profile after a meal. We have evaluated the safety and efficacy of lispro insulin in comparison with human regular insulin in a crossover, multicenter, randomized trial in 25 type 1 diabetic patients in use of human NPH and regular insulin (median age = 16 years). After administration of lispro or regular insulin for 2 months, the patients were transferred for the other insulin for two more months, maintaining the basal NPH insulin regimen. There was no difference in the postprandial glucose excursion and glycated hemoglobin A1c comparing the 2 groups (lispro and regular). The relative percentage decrease in glycemia was significantly greater with lispro insulin after lunch, in the first phase of the study (p<0.02). The total number of hypo-glycemic episodes was not different comparing both groups. However, there was a significant difference in the nocturnal hypoglycemia incidence with initial administration of lispro (p<0.05). With initial administration of regular insulin, there was an increase in the incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia (p=0.038), with a subsequent reduction of hypoglycemia with insulin lispro (p=0.04). In the end of the study, 68% of the patients referred preference and better feeling with lispro, compared to regular insulin. Insulin lispro was a safe and efficacious option, with lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetics. An optimization of the basal insulin regimen is necessary to improve glucose control with the use of rapid-action insulin.

A simple and low cost flow cell is proposed for measurements by solid-phase spectrophotometry employing a conventional spectrophotometer. The flow cell geometry allows the employment of a large amount of the solid support without causing both excessive attenuation of the radiation beam and increasing of the back-pressure. The adaptation of the flow cell in the optical path of the spectrophotometer in order to increase the precision is discussed. The flow cell characteristics were demonstrated by measurements of Co(II), employing 1-(2-tiazolylazo)-2-naphthol (TAN) immobilized on C18 bonded silica as solid support. The apparent molar absorptivity and coefficient of variation were estimated as 1.86 x 10(5) L mol-1 cm-1 and 1.4 % (n=15). A sample throughput of 40 determinations per hour and a detection limit of 15 mug L-1 (99.7 % confidence level) were achieved.