RESUMO Os benefícios de diversos alimentos, como frutas e hortaliças, têm sido foco de vários estudos que visam a melhorar o bem-estar, a saúde e a reduzir a incidência de doenças. Dessa forma, no presente estudo, averiguou-se a presença de moléculas de interesse biotecnológico e farmacológico em casca, semente e polpa de Annona x atemoya Mabb. Extratos aquosos das três partes do fruto foram obtidos com diferentes tampões e avaliados quanto a seu conteúdo de proteínas e compostos fenólicos. As três partes do fruto apresentaram proporções diferentes destes compostos quando submetidos a distintas condições de extração, sendo que as maiores concentrações de proteínas foram encontradas na semente, e as de fenólicos na casca, do fruto estudado. Proteínas bioativas (inibidores de proteases e lectinas) foram detectadas por ensaios inibitórios para tripsina e quimotripsina, e ensaios de atividade hemaglutinante com eritrócitos humanos. Identificou-se variação de 400 a 9.600 unidades de inibição para a tripsina nos extratos analisados; já para a quimotripsina foi vista variação nas unidades de inibição de 200 a 2.500 unidades nas três partes do fruto e nas diferentes condições de extração. Os extratos obtidos das sementes e da casca apresentaram títulos superiores a 0,9 unidades de hemaglutinação, sugerindo que os resíduos do processamento de produtos derivados de A. x atemoya são potenciais fontes de moléculas bioativas.

ABSTRACT The benefits of various foods, such as fruits and vegetables, have been the focus of several studies aimed at improving welfare, health, and reducing the incidence of diseases. Therefore, the present paper objectified to investigate the presence of molecules of biotechnological and pharmacological interest in peel, seed, and pulp of Annona x atemoya Mabb. Aqueous extracts of the fruit parts were obtained with different buffers and assessed as to their protein and phenolic compounds content. The three parts of the fruit presented different proportions of these compounds when subject to different extraction conditions, with the highest concentrations of proteins being found in the seed and phenolic compounds in the peel of the studied fruit. Bioactive proteins (protease inhibitors and lectins) were detected through inhibitory tests for trypsin and chymotrypsin and hemagglutinating activity tests with human erythrocytes. A variation of 400 to 9600 inhibition units for the trypsin in the analyzed extracts, whereas for chymotrypsin a variation of 200 to 2500 in the inhibition units for the three fruit parts, considering the different extraction conditions were identified. The extracts obtained from the seeds and the peel presented titers higher than 0.9 hemagglutination units, suggesting that the by-products from the processing of A. x atemoya are potential sources of bioactive molecules.

A alimentação saudável e diversificada é essencial para a manutenção da saúde física e mental, e apesar de o perfil alimentar atual valorizar a praticidade do comer, nota-se que a população está consumindo, de forma crescente, frutas, tanto na forma in natura como na forma de sucos. No entanto, o consumo de certas frutas in natura ocorre acompanhado da ingestão de suas sementes, cascas ou mesmo outras partes, podendo existir fatores antinutricionais, moléculas e/ou compostos que podem interferir na biodisponibilidade e/ou digestibilidade de nutrientes, tais como os inibidores de tripsina. Tais inibidores podem prejudicar o aproveitamento de proteínas presentes nos alimentos, porém estudos recentes vêm sendo divulgados, demonstrando também os efeitos benéficos dos mesmos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar inibidores de tripsina nos extratos aquosos das frutas: goiaba (Psidium guajava L), das variedades Kumagai (branca) e Paluma (vermelha); maracujá-amarelo (Passiflora edulis f.) e melancia (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad). Para tal, foi realizada a detecção da presença da atividade antitríptica e a dosagem de proteínas solúveis. Em todos os extratos analisados, foi detectada atividade inibitória de tripsina, bem como de proteínas solúveis. Assim, a inibição pode ser explicada pela presença de inibidores proteicos, pois, nos extratos de sementes, em SDS-PAGE, foi possível visualizar um largo espectro de bandas proteicas. Vale ressaltar que, no estudo, as bandas proteicas que coincidem com as massas moleculares dos inibidores de tripsina não apareceram de forma majoritária, demonstrando que os extratos de sementes, provavelmente, possuem inibidor proteico, no entanto em pouca quantidade, justificando a baixa atividade antitríptica (1,36 a 15,15 UI / mg de peso seco), também apresentada pelos extratos de polpa. Portanto, tendo em vista o consumo recomendado das frutas, incluindo goiaba, maracujá e melancia, possivelmente, esta atividade inibitória esteja mais relacionada a benefícios do que a prejuízos à saúde, enfatizando, entretanto, o cuidado com o consumo de quantidades elevadas de sementes presentes e consumidas nestas frutas.

A healthy and diversified eating is essential for the maintenance of physical and mental health, and despite the current trend that appreciates the convenience of eating, it is noted that the population is increasingly consuming fruit, both in natura and / or juices. However, the use of certain fresh fruits is accompanied by the consumption of the seeds, peels or other parts may contain antinutritional factors, molecules and / or compounds that may adversely affect the bioavailability and / or digestibility of nutrients, such as inhibitors of trypsin. Such inhibitors may impair the utilization of proteins in food, but recent studies have been published also demonstrating the beneficial effects of the same. This study aimed to evaluate the trypsin inhibitors in aqueous extracts of fruits: guava (Psidium guajava L) varieties Kumagai (white) and Paluma (red), yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f.) and watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad). Tests were done in order to detect the presence of antitryptic activity and the dosage of soluble proteins. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in all extracts tested, as well as soluble proteins. Thus, inhibition can be explained by the presence of an inhibitor protein, because it was possible, in seed extracts, in SDS-PAGE, to visualize a wide range of protein bands. It is noteworthy that in the study, the protein bands that coincide with the molecular masses of the trypsin inhibitors did not appear in a majority, showing that seed extracts are likely to have protein inhibitor, however sparingly, justifying the low antitryptic activity (1, 36 to 15.15 IU / mg of dry weight), also shown by the extracts of the pulp. Therefore, having the recommended consumption of fruits including guava, passion fruit and watermelon in sight, possibly this inhibitory activity is more related to benefits than to hazards, regarding one's health. However, it is important to emphasize a careful consumption of large quantities of seeds present in these fruits.

The peanut is an oleaginous plant of high nutritional value, a source of protein and a trypsin inhibitor. Trypsin inhibitors are proteins present in the vegetable kingdom, considered anti-nutritional factors for animals. However, there have been several recent reports about their heterologous and beneficial effects on human health. These important effects have been the focus of studies investigating these inhibitors in foods. The aim of the present study was to isolate and determine the estimated molecular mass and specific inhibitory activity, for trypsin in the Japanese peanut, peanut butter, and peanut nougat using the techniques of precipitation with ammonium sulfate and affinity chromatography on trypsin - Sepharose CNBr 4B. The techniques used in this study were efficient for isolating the protein inhibitors with antitryptic specific activity of 694 UI mg-1, 823 UI mg-1 and 108 UI mg-1 for the Japanese peanut, peanut nougat, and peanut butter, respectively. The techniques featured high selectivity of the adsorbent, with consequent efficiency in isolation, given the low amount of dosed proteins and specific antitryptic activity presented by the products studied. The various health-related benefits show the importance of detecting and isolating efficient trypsin inhibitors in foods, taking into account the health claims attributed to the vegetable and its high consumption by humans.