Abstract The development of forensic anthropology in Mexico, intimately related to the context of exacerbated violence, is exposed in different regions of our country from the 1960s to the present day. With a special emphasis on two wars, in which the Mexican State itself directed its forces against its own population. We speak about “dirty war” and the “war against drugs” as two episodes that favored crimes against humanity such as forced disappearance and disappearance by private individuals; these occurred in times that establish an intrinsic relationship with the development and application of forensic anthropology in matters of national security.

Resumen El desarrollo de la antropología forense en México se encuentra relacionada íntimamente con el contexto de violencia exacerbada, manifiesta en distintas regiones de nuestro país desde la década de los años sesenta del siglo XX hasta la actualidad. Con un especial énfasis en dos guerras, donde el propio Estado mexicano dirigió sus huestes contra su propia población, en este sentido, hablamos de la “guerra sucia” y de la “guerra contra el narco” como dos episodios que favorecieron crímenes de lesa humanidad como lo fue la desaparición forzada y, asimismo, la desaparición por particulares; acaecidas en temporalidades que establecen una relación intrínseca con el desarrollo y aplicación de la antropología forense en cuestiones de seguridad nacional.

ABSTRACT The study evaluated the repeatability of the superovulatory response in 12 Australian Merino ewes during the breeding season in one (G1), three (G2), and four (G3) consecutive years. A modified protocol was used based on 200 mg pFSH in eight decreasing doses (12h intervals) and supportive strategies such as changing the CIDR at day 7, spraying the horns with heparinized saline during the procedure, and use of Flunixin Meglumine. No significant differences were found in the total number of structures recovered during the years of application of the superovulation protocol (G1=8±2, G2=18±3, G3=19±4; p>0.05). High repeatability was observed, both for the total number of embryos and for the number of transferable embryos in G2 and G3. Superovulatory treatment for 3 and 4 successive years did not affect the efficacy of embryo retrieval.

RESUMEN El estudio evaluó la repetibilidad de la respuesta superovulatoria en 12 ovejas Merino Australiano durante la estación reproductiva en uno (G1), tres (G2) y cuatro (G3) años consecutivos. Se utilizó un protocolo modificado basado en 200 mg de pFSH en ocho dosis decrecientes (intervalos de 12 h) y estrategias de apoyo tales como el cambio del CIDR al día 7, el rociado de los cuernos durante el procedimiento con solución salina con heparina y el uso de Flunixin Meglumine. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número total de estructuras recuperadas durante los años de aplicación del protocolo de superovulación (G1=8±2, G2=18±3, G3=19±4; p>0.05). Se observó una alta repetibilidad, tanto para el número total de embriones como para el número de embriones transferibles en G2 y G3. El tratamiento superovulatorio durante 3 y 4 años sucesivos no afectó la eficacia de la recuperación de embriones.

Resumen: El síndrome postpolio (SPP) se caracteriza por debilidad progresiva, fatiga muscular, dolor articular y aumento de la discapacidad, que se produce décadas después del episodio agudo de poliomielitis. Se desconoce la causa del deterioro neurológico progresivo; sin embargo, las principales hipótesis sugieren inducción de autoinmunidad. No existen hallazgos patognomónicos ni pruebas específicas para el síndrome post polio, por lo que, el diagnóstico se realiza en base a la clínica y a los antecedentes de un episodio de poliomielitis al menos 15 años antes de la aparición de nuevos síntomas. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un hombre, con antecedente de poliomielitis, que aproximadamente 40 años después presentó una lenta progresión de la debilidad, arreflexia, atrofia y fasciculaciones. Aunque la frecuencia del síndrome postpolio es baja, los síntomas son incapacitantes y provocan un gran deterioro de la funcionalidad del paciente. Dado que no existe un tratamiento específico, el manejo es principalmente sintomático y de soporte.

Summary: Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by progressive weakness, muscle fatigue, joint pain, and an increase in disability, which occurs decades after an episode of poliomyelitis. The cause of progressive neurological deterioration is unknown; however, the main hypotheses suggest induction of autoimmunity. There are no pathognomonic findings or specific tests that diagnose PPS; therefore, the diagnosis is made based on the clinic and the history of a polio episode at least 15 years before the onset of new symptoms. We present a case of a man,with a history of poliomyelitis who approximately 40 years later presents a slow progression of weakness, areflexia, atrophy, and fasciculation. Although the frequency of PPS is low, symptoms are disabling, and they cause great impairment in the patient’s functionality. Since there is no specific treatment, the management of PPS is mainly symptomatic and supportive.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia, causas y evolución clínica de las pacientes con reintervención quirúrgica por complicaciones durante la cesárea. Material y métodos: Se revisó el archivo de la Unidad de Toco-Quirúrgica del Hospital Ginecobstetricia No. 3 del Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza” Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social para conocer el total de pacientes sometidas a cesárea desde enero hasta diciembre de 2019 y se seleccionaron los casos con reintervención por complicaciones durante la cesárea. Se estudiaron sus datos generales, la causa de reintervención, estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), estancia en hospital y la mortalidad. Los datos se analizaron con estadística descriptiva utilizando el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20. Resultados: Se encontró que 3371 pacientes fueron sometidas a cesárea de las cuales 1.60% (54 casos) se reintervinieron por las siguientes causas: desempaquetamiento 27.79%, hemorragia obstétrica 20.37%, sangrado por atonía uterina 20.37%, hematoma de la comisura de histerotomía 18.52%, infiltración uterina 3.70%, lesión vascular 3.70%, lesión vesical 3.70% y lesión colónica 1.85%. La estancia en UCI fue 3.79 ± 2.03 días, estancia en hospital 13.67 ± 11.16 días y mortalidad 1.85%. Conclusión: La prevalencia de reintervención fue reducida, el sangrado fue la principal causa y la evolución clínica resultó satisfactoria con baja mortalidad.

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study is to identify the prevalence, causes, and clinical evolution of patients with surgical reintervention due to complications during cesarean section. Materials and methods: The file of the Toco-Surgical Unit of the Gynecological Obstetrics Hospital No. 3 of the National Medical Center “La Raza” Mexican Institute of Social Security was reviewed to know the total number of patients undergoing cesarean section from January to December 2019 and cases with reintervention due to complications during cesarean section were selected. Their general data, the cause of reintervention, stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), hospital stay, and mortality were studied. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics using the statistical program SPSS version 20. Results: It was found that 3371 patients underwent cesarean section, of which 1.60% (54 cases) underwent reoperation for the following reasons: Unpacking 27.79%, obstetric hemorrhage 20.37%, bleeding due to uterine atony 20.37%, hysterotomy commissure hematoma 18.52%, uterine infiltration 3.70%, vascular injury 3.70%, bladder injury 3.70%, and colonic injury 1.85%. The ICU stay was 3.79 ± 2.03 days, hospital stay was 13.67 ± 11.16 days, and mortality was 1.85%. Conclusion: The prevalence of reintervention was reduced, bleeding was the main cause, and the clinical evolution was satisfactory with low mortality.

Resumen La actinomicosis es una condición inflamatoria rara que puede simular patologías abdominales benignas o malignas. Paciente de sexo masculino de 61 años, con dolor abdominal y constipación. En la tomografía con disminución de la luz del íleon terminal y colapso del colon sigmoides. Colonoscopia con biopsia, reportando granos de actinomyces. Se inicia manejo con ampicilina. Al no observar mejoría, se realiza laparotomía exploradora, encontrando tumor en la válvula ileocecal (adenocarcinoma). Paciente con mala evolución, fallece. La actinomicosis abdominal es una gran simuladora; consideramos necesario continuar el protocolo de estudio para determinar la existencia de otras patologías subyacentes y evitar retraso en el diagnóstico.

Abstract Actinomycosis is a rare inflammatory condition, which can simulate benign or malignant abdominal pathologies. A 61-year-old male patient with abdominal pain and constipation. In the tomography with decreased lumen of the terminal ileum and collapse of the sigmoid colon. Colonoscopy with biopsy, reporting actinomyces grains. Management with ampicillin was started. When no improvement was observed, an exploratory laparotomy was performed, finding a tumor in the ileocecal valve (adenocarcinoma). Patient with poor evolution, he dies. Abdominal actinomycosis is a great simulator; we consider necessary to continue the study protocol to determine the existence of other underlying pathologies and avoid delay in diagnosis.

Abstract Mutisia L. f. (Mutisiinae, Mutisieae, Mutisioideae, Asteraceae) is a South American genus that contains several medicinal species. Mutisia acuminata Ruiz & Pav. and M. orbignyana Wedd. are known sources of the 12-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumestan and 5-methylcoumarin-4-glucoside respectively. The 12-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumestan exhibited notable antihepatotoxic activity in a previous study. In the present work, 5-methylcoumarin-4-glucoside and 12-dihydroxy-5-methylcoumestan were isolated from a Peruvian collection of M. orbignyana. Additionally, the relative concentrations of those two isolated compounds in six Peruvian species of Mutisia (M. acuminata, M. cochabambensis Hieron., M. lanata Ruiz & Pav., M. orbignyana, M. venusta S.F. Blake and M. wurdackii Cabrera) were determined by an HPLC method. The highest concentrations of both constituents were observed in the sample of M. orbignyana.

RESUMEN. Introducción: El envejecimiento de la población conlleva una mayor prevalencia de trabajadores con patología psicofísica y cognitiva con riesgo de fragilidad. Objetivo: Estimar la relación entre envejecimiento asociado a la edad en hombres y mujeres, y la salud psicofísica, emocional y deterioro cognitivo en población laboral y su repercusión según tipo de trabajo y turnicidad. Material y Método: Estudio transversal en 389 trabajadores. Se valora <50 y ≥50 años con prensión manual, circunferencia del gemelo, Fragilidad-Frail, depresión-Beck, Ansiedad-Estado-Rasgo y deterioro cognitivo-Pfeiffer y la influencia del tipo de trabajo y turnicidad. Resultados: Existe mayor fragilidad-Frail en hombres ≥ 50 años (p<0,05). El resto de variables relacionadas con estado físico, emocional y cognitivo no muestra diferencias por edad, ni con el tipo de trabajo y turnicidad (p>0,05). Conclusiones: La fragilidad estimada con el cuestionario de Frail muestra los resultados más precoces de fragilidad en hombres ≥ 50 años.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The aging of the population leads to a higher prevalence of workers with psychophysical and cognitive pathologies at risk of frailty. Objective: To estimate the relationship between age-associated aging in men and women and psychophysical, emotional health, and cognitive impairment in the working population and its impact according to the type of work and shift work. Material and Method: Cross-sectional study with 389 workers. We assessed individuals aged <50 and ≥50 years using handgrip strength, calf circumference, Frailty-Frail assessment, Beck Depression Inventory for depression, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for anxiety, and Pfeiffer test for cognitive impairment, while also considering the influence of the type of work and shift work. Results: There is a higher prevalence of frailty in men aged ≥50 years (p<0.05). The rest of the variables related to physical, emotional, and cognitive status do not show significant differences based on age, type of work, or shift work (p>0.05). Conclusions: Frailty, as assessed by the Frail questionnaire, reveals the earliest signs of frailty in men aged ≥50 years.

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the correlation of cardiac troponin T levels with comorbidities and in-hospital outcomes in patients with coronavirus disease-2019 in Brazil. METHODS: Data from a cohort of 3,596 patients who were admitted with suspected coronavirus disease-2019 in a Brazilian tertiary center, between March and August 2020, were reviewed. A total of 2,441 (68%) patients had cardiac troponin T determined in the first 72 h of admission and were stratified into two groups: elevated cardiac troponin T (cardiac troponin T >0.014 ng/mL) and normal cardiac troponin T. Associations between troponin, comorbidities, biomarkers, and outcomes were assessed. Regression models were built to assess the association of several variables with in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: A total of 2,441 patients were embraced, of which 924 (38%) had normal cardiac troponin T and 1,517 (62%) had elevated cardiac troponin T. Patients with elevated cardiac troponin T were older and had more comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, arrhythmia, renal dysfunction, liver disease, stroke, cancer, and dementia. Patients with abnormal cardiac troponin T also had more altered laboratory parameters on admission (i.e., leukocytes, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, and B-type natriuretic peptide), as well as more need for intensive care unit, vasoactive drugs, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, and blood transfusion. All-cause mortality was markedly higher among patients with increased cardiac troponin T (42 vs. 16%, P<0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that in-hospital mortality was not independently associated with troponin elevation. CONCLUSION: This study showed that cardiac troponin T elevation at admission was common and associated with several comorbidities, biomarkers, and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-2019, but it was not an independent marker of in-hospital mortality.

Abstract Background The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) may vary significantly among countries. Although populous, Brazil is often underrepresented in international records. Objectives This study aimed to describe the quality of care and the two-year incidence of cardiovascular events and associated prognostic factors in CIHD patients in a tertiary public health care center in Brazil. Methods Patients with CIHD who reported for clinical evaluation at Instituto do Coração (São Paulo, Brazil) were registered and followed for two years. The primary endpoint was a composite of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death. A significance level of 0.05 was adopted. Results From January 2016 to December 2018, 625 participants were included in the study. Baseline characteristics show that 33.1% were women, median age 66.1 [59.6 – 71.9], 48.6% had diabetes, 83.1% had hypertension, 62.6% had previous MI, and 70.4% went through some revascularization procedure. At a median follow-up (FU) of 881 days, we noted 37 (7.05%) primary endpoints. After adjustments, age, previous stroke, and LDL-cholesterol were independently associated with the primary endpoint. Comparing baseline versus FU, participants experienced relief of angina based on the Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) scale according to the following percentages: 65.7% vs. 81.7% were asymptomatic and 4.2% vs. 2.9% CCS 3 or 4 (p < 0.001). They also experienced better quality of medication prescription: 65.8% vs. 73.6% (p < 0.001). However, there was no improvement in LDL-cholesterol or blood pressure control. Conclusion This study shows that CIHD patients had a two-year incidence of the primary composite endpoint of 7.05%, and the reduction of LDL-cholesterol was the only modifiable risk factor associated with prognosis.

Resumo Fundamento A incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em pacientes com doença cardíaca isquêmica crônica (DCIC) pode variar significativamente entre os países. Embora populoso, o Brasil é frequentemente sub-representado nos registros internacionais. Objetivos Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever a qualidade do atendimento e a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares em dois anos, além de fatores prognósticos associados em pacientes com DCIC em um centro terciário de saúde pública no Brasil. Métodos Pacientes com DCIC que compareceram para avaliação clínica no Instituto do Coração (São Paulo, Brasil) foram cadastrados e acompanhados por dois anos. O desfecho primário foi um composto de infarto do miocárdio (IM), acidente vascular encefálico ou morte. Um nível de significância de 0,05 foi adotado. Resultados De janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018, 625 participantes foram incluídos no estudo. As características basais mostram que 33,1% eram mulheres, a idade mediana era de 66,1 [59,6 – 71,9], 48,6% tinham diabetes, 83,1% tinham hipertensão, 62,6% tinham IM prévio e 70,4% passaram por algum procedimento de revascularização. Em um acompanhamento mediano de 881 dias, 37 (7,05%) desfechos primários foram observados. Após ajustes, idade, acidente vascular encefálico prévio e colesterol LDL foram independentemente associados ao desfecho primário. Comparando a linha de base com o acompanhamento, os participantes relataram alívio da angina com base na escala da Sociedade Cardiovascular Canadense (SCC) de acordo com as seguintes porcentagens: 65,7% vs. 81,7% eram assintomáticos e 4,2% vs. 2,9% eram SCC 3 ou 4 (p < 0,001). Eles também relataram melhor qualidade na prescrição de medicamentos: 65,8% vs. 73,6% (p < 0,001). No entanto, não houve melhora no colesterol LDL ou no controle da pressão arterial. Conclusão O presente estudo mostra que pacientes com DCIC apresentaram uma incidência de 7,05% do desfecho primário composto em um período de dois anos, sendo a diminuição do colesterol LDL o único fator de risco modificável associado ao prognóstico.

Abstract: This article analyses the construction of sexuality education in the discourses of religious organizations (ROs) that participated in the discussion around the Bill that Establishes General Norms in Matters of Education on Affectivity, Sexuality and Gender for Educational Establishments Recognized by the State of Chile, developed between March 2019 and October 2020. A qualitative study was conducted with a textual corpus made up of the verbatim transcripts of the seven hearing sessions where nine ROs participated in the debate of the bill. The results show four categories around which their approaches are configured: the family as a place of shelter at risk; childhood as unprepared and vulnerable subjects; the risk of the irruption of perversion and paedophilia by sexuality educators; and the “gender ideology” constructed as a deceitful authoritarianism. It discusses the ways in which, in contemporary societies, ROs defend the value of the family as an institution that deprives the right to sexual education, and how this neoconservative discourse is aligned and articulated with the values of contemporary neoliberalism on the privative right of the family on sexuality education, to reject state intervention in sexual and reproductive rights.

Resumen: Este artículo analiza la construcción de la educación de la sexualidad en los discursos de las organizaciones religiosas (OR) que participaron en la discusión en torno al Proyecto de Ley que Establece Normas Generales en Materia de Educación sobre Afectividad, Sexualidad y Género para los Establecimientos Educacionales Reconocidos por el Estado de Chile, desarrolladas entre marzo del 2019 y octubre del 2020. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo con un corpus textual conformado por las trascripciones literales de las siete sesiones de audiencia en donde nueve OR participaron en el debate del proyecto de ley. Los resultados dan cuenta de cuatro categorías en torno a las cuales se configuran sus planteamientos: la familia como lugar de resguardo en riesgo; la infancia como sujetos no preparados y vulnerables; el riesgo de la irrupción de la perversión y la pedofilia por parte de educadores en sexualidad; y la “Ideología de Género” construida como un autoritarismo engañoso. Se discuten los modos en los cuales, en las sociedades contemporáneas las OR defienden el valor de la familia como institución privativa del derecho a la educación sexual, y cómo este discurso neoconservador se alinea y articula con los valores del neoliberalismo contemporáneo sobre el derecho privativo de la familia sobre la educación en sexualidad, para rechazar la intervención estatal en derechos sexuales y reproductivos.

Abstract The ethical perceptions of university students considering administrative careers are critical because they will be the managers and officials of organizations in the future. The study has a mixed approach of a descriptive and cross-cutting type; a probabilistic sample of teachers and students from the Faculty of Administration Sciences of a private university was used. The results show that teachers have a higher ethical perception than students. The highest ethical perception score in the group of students is observed in those coming from public schools; from five faculty careers, accounting students highlight, similarly, the female gender, the students of the last levels, and non-single students.

Resumen La percepción que tengan sobre la ética los estudiantes universitarios de las carreras administrativas es de vital importancia, pues serán los empresarios y funcionarios de las organizaciones en el futuro. El estudio realizado tiene un enfoque mixto de tipo descriptivo y transversal; se trabajó con una muestra probabilística de docentes y estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Administración de una universidad privada. Los resultados muestran que los docentes tienen una mayor percepción ética que los estudiantes. En el grupo de estudiantes, se observa un mayor nivel de percepción ética en los jóvenes que proceden de colegios públicos, de igual forma, entre cinco carreras de la facultad destacan los estudiantes de Contabilidad, el género femenino, los estudiantes de los últimos niveles y los que no son solteros.

Resumen Los ecosistemas costeros como las playas, son áreas estratégicas, que soportan una gran diversidad biológica y promueven el desarrollo económico de las comunidades, a partir del aprovechamiento y la explotación de sus recursos naturales (turismo, pesca, agricultura, asentamientos humanos). No obstante, el ejercicio incontrolado de estas actividades desencadena un manejo inadecuado del ecosistema generando impactos ambientales como la contaminación por Residuos Sólidos (RS), la modificación de los paisajes, el deterioro en la calidad de los cuerpos de agua, la sobreexplotación de los recursos costeros, y el tráfico de la fauna y flora. Está situación no solo se ha convertido en un problema a nivel ambiental, sino que también afecta la estética y el crecimiento de la economía costera. Con esta revisión se abordarán algunos de los tópicos anteriormente mencionados, evaluando el estado actual del arte con respecto al uso de las playas y su contaminación por RS para el Caribe colombiano, identificando las principales problemáticas que aquejan a las playas de esta región del país. Obteniendo como resultado que las actividades como el turismo y la pesca son una de las principales fuentes contaminantes de las playas. Se requiere ampliar estudios que permitan visibilizar y ampliar el estado de esta problemática en la región, dado que no se observan registros sobre el impacto de las actividades socioeconómicas como fuentes generadoras de RS, y la degradación de las playas, así mismo se evidencia la necesidad de integrar el contexto social y económico para poder reconocer la dinámica propia de cada contexto, que permitan diseñar e implementar herramientas eficientes para la planificación de las zonas costeras y el desarrollo sostenible de las actividades socioeconómicas a lo largo de las playas.

Abstract Coastal ecosystems such as beaches are strategic areas that support great biological diversity and promote the economic development of communities, based on the use and exploitation of their natural resources (tourism, fishing, agriculture, human settlements). However, the uncontrolled management of these activities have generated a disequilibrium of the ecosystem, generating environmental impacts such as contamination by Solid Waste (RS), modification of landscapes, deterioration in the quality of water bodies, overexploitation of resources coastal areas, and the traffic of fauna and flora. That situation not only become an environmental problem, but also affects the culture of the near populations and growth of the coastal economy. This literature review will address some of the mentioned aspects, evaluating the current state of the art regarding the use of beaches and their contamination by RS for the Colombian Caribbean, identifying the main problems that afflict the beaches of this region of the country. Obtaining as a result that those activities such as tourism and fishing are one of the main polluting sources of the beaches. In conclusion, it is necessary to expand studies that do it possible to make visible and expand the status of this problem in the region, since there are no records on the impact of socioeconomic activities as generating sources of RS, and the degradation of beaches. Likewise the need is evident to integrate the social and economic context in order to recognize the dynamics of each context, which allow the design and implementation of efficient tools for planning coastal areas and the sustainable development of socio-economic activities along the beaches.

Resumen En este artículo, se presentan los resultados de investigación, referidos a la percepción de un grupo de estudiantes chilenos de educación secundaria sobre la convivencia escolar, los cuales son pertenecientes a establecimientos de alta vulnerabilidad. Este ejercicio se desarrolló comparando la percepción de aquellos que presentan necesidades educativas especiales de tipo transitorio (n = 47) y permanente (n = 24), respecto de aquellos con desarrollo típico (n = 546). Se analizó entonces, el grado de predictibilidad que podría tener la convivencia escolar percibida respecto de su desempeño académico. Los análisis constatan que los estudiantes con Necesidades Específicas de Apoyo Educativo tienen una percepción más desfavorable en casi todas las dimensiones analizadas. Un análisis de regresión lineal muestra que el 26.2 % de la varianza de su desempeño académico puede ser explicada por las variables incorporadas en el modelo, destacando el rol importante y positivo de la asistencia a clases y el peso negativo de las situaciones de indisciplina percibidas al interior del aula.

Resumo Neste artigo, apresentam-se os resultados de um estudo de pesquisa sobre a percepção de um grupo de estudantes chilenos do ensino médio sobre a convivência escolar, os quais são pertencentes a escolas altamente vulneráveis. Este exercício desenvolveu-se comparando a percepção daqueles que apresentam necessidades educacionais especiais de natureza transitória (n = 47) e permanente (n = 24) com aqueles com desenvolvimento típico (n = 546). Analisou-se o grau de previsibilidade que a convivência escolar poderia ter com relação ao seu desempenho académico. As análises mostram que os estudantes com necessidades específicas de apoio educacional têm uma percepção mais desfavorável em quase todas as dimensões analisadas. Uma análise de regressão linear mostra que 26,2 % da variação de seu desempenho acadêmico pode ser explicado pelas variáveis incorporadas no modelo, destacando o papel importante e positivo da frequência às aulas e o peso negativo das situações de indisciplina percebidas dentro da sala de aula.

Abstract This article shows the results of an investigation referred to the perception of Chilean students at school coexistence, belonging to highly vulnerable establishments are presented, comparing the perception of those who present special educational needs of a transitory type (n = 47) and permanent type (n = 24), compared to those with typical development (n = 546). The degree of predictability that the perceived school coexistence could have regarding its academic performance was analyzed. The analyzes confirm that students with Specific Educational Support Needs have a more unfavorable perception in almost all the dimensions analyzed. A linear regression analysis shows that 26.2 % of the variance of their academic performance can be explained by the variables incorporated in the model, highlighting the important and positive role of class attendance and the negative weight of situations of indiscipline perceived when inside the classroom.

Resumen La crianza de conejos contribuye a la obtención de proteína animal, así como de ingresos por la venta de dicha especie. La descripción y caracterización de los sistemas de producción de estos animales arrojan información valiosa para el diseño de planes de intervención y mejoras. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las principales variables que influyen en la heterogeneidad de los sistemas productores de conejos en el municipio Ciego de Ávila, Cuba. La muestra estuvo formada por 49 fincas. Se obtuvo la información cuantitativa de indicadores productivos, reproductivos y sociales, a través de un análisis de factores, usando componentes principales (CP). Se calcularon las puntuaciones factoriales de cada caso, en cada CP, y los estadísticos descriptivos de los indicadores medidos. En las condiciones del territorio estudiado, la eficiencia estuvo determinada por 6 CP que explicaron el 77.6 % de la varianza: 1) tamaño del rebaño y áreas de forrajes; 2) comportamiento reproductivo; 3) edad del productor y manejo reproductivo; 4) mortalidad; 5) edad al destete y sacrificio y 6) número de montas para gestar las conejas. La caracterización a partir del uso de CP, y el índice factorial de cada caso de estudio en cada CP, sirve de base para interpretar la gran heterogeneidad existente en los indicadores estudiados, así como su similitud, y contribuye a definir relaciones y comportamientos en la caracterización de fincas cunícolas en esta región, lo que permitirá implementar planes de mejora productiva.

Abstract The breeding of rabbits contributes to obtaining animal protein and generating income from the sale of this species. The description and characterization of the production systems of these animals provide valuable information for the design of intervention and improvement plans. The aim of this study was to determine the main variables that influence the heterogeneity of the rabbit production systems in the Ciego de Ávila municipality, Cuba. The sample consisted of 49 farms. Quantitative data on productive, reproductive and social indicators were obtained through factor analysis using principal components (PC). The factor scores of each case were calculated, in each PC, and descriptive statistics of the indicators measured. In the conditions of the studied territory, the efficiency was determined by 6 PC that explained 77.6 % of the variance: 1) size of the herd and forage areas; 2) reproductive behavior; 3) age of the producer and reproductive management; 4) mortality; 5) age at weaning and age at slaughter and 6) number of mounts to gestate the breeders. The characterization from the use of PC, and the factor index for each case study in each PC, serve as the basis for interpreting the great existing heterogeneity in the indicators studied, as well as their similarity. It also contributes to defining relationships and behaviors in the characterization of rabbit farms in this region, which will allow the implementation of productive improvement plans.

Abstract: The primary aim of this study is to determine the impact of organizational learning capacity as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction. A three-scale instrument, previously validated, is applied to a sample of 304 teachers working at subsidized private schools in the city of Antofagasta (Chile). Data are examined by means of a reliability analysis and structural equation modeling. The results show that transformational leadership has a direct impact on job satisfaction. This is mediated through organizational learning capacity. However, organizational learning ability has a stronger direct effect on job satisfaction than transformational leadership. It is concluded that educational organizations should promote the development of transformational leadership by developing their organizational learning capability with the aim of improving teacher satisfaction and performance to positively enhance student education.

Resumen: El principal objetivo del presente estudio es determinar el impacto de la capacidad de aprendizaje organizativo como mediador de la relación entre el liderazgo transformacional y la satisfacción laboral. Se aplica un instrumento que contiene tres escalas, previamente validadas, a 304 profesores de colegios particulares subvencionados de la ciudad de Antofagasta (Chile). Se realiza un análisis de fiabilidad y modelo de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados muestran que el liderazgo transformacional tiene un impacto directo en la satisfacción laboral, el cual es mediado a través de la capacidad de aprendizaje organizativo. Sin embargo, la capacidad de aprendizaje organizativo tiene un efecto directo sobre la satisfacción laboral más fuerte que el liderazgo transformacional. Se concluye que las organizaciones educativas deben promover el desarrollo del liderazgo transformacional, siendo clave desarrollar su capacidad de aprendizaje organizativo para impactar en la satisfacción de los profesores y, con ello, generar un mejor desempeño que transcienda positivamente en la formación de los estudiantes.