RESUMEN Introducción: La mayoría de las calcificaciones en la región de cabeza y cuello son asintomáticas, generalmente detectadas como hallazgos incidentales en estudios imagenológicos. Se han reportado calcificaciones previamente en el rodete tubárico, sin embargo, no hay reportes del hallazgo incidental de una gran calcificación asintomática en el rodete tubárico con seguimiento de 11 años. Objetivo: El propósito del presente artículo es reportar el hallazgo incidental en una radiografía panorámica, de una gran calcificación en el rodete tubárico y discutir sus posibles diagnósticos. Presentación del caso: Mujer de 43 años, sin historia clínica personal ni antecedentes familiares relevantes asiste a una clínica dental privada, para su evaluación antes de un tratamiento dental integral. Se encontró una gran calcificación asintomática en la trompa auditiva, específicamente en el rodete tubárico, como hallazgo incidental en una radiografía panorámica. El presente reporte muestra el enfoque de toma de decisiones para su diagnóstico diferencial. Basado en las imágenes y su comportamiento clínico, es posible que esta lesión corresponda a un tonsilolito o la unión de varios tonsilolitos en el rodete tubárico. No se realizó ningún tratamiento quirúrgico. En su lugar, se ha realizado un seguimiento imagenológico de 11 años. Teniendo en cuenta la evolución del caso, se espera que la lesión se mantenga estable, sin embargo, debe continuar su seguimiento para evaluar sus características clínicas y radiográficas en el tiempo. Conclusiones: La radiografía panorámica permite observar la superposición de estructuras anatómicas externas al territorio maxilofacial. Por lo tanto, es esencial que los radiólogos maxilofaciales tengan conocimiento adecuado del territorio evaluado, para detectar alteraciones como la reportada.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Most of calcifications in head and neck region are asymptomatic and are usually detected as incidental findings in imaging studies. Calcifications have previously been reported in the torus tubarius, however, there are no reports of the incidental finding of a large, asymptomatic calcification located in the torus tubarius that include an 11-years follow-up. Objective: The purpose of the present article is to report the incidental finding in a panoramic radiography, of a large calcification at the previously described location and discuss its presumptive diagnoses. Case presentation: A 43-year-old female patient, with neither personal medical history nor relevant family history attended a private dental clinic, for evaluation prior to the start of a comprehensive dental treatment. A large, asymptomatic calcification in the auditory tube, specifically in thetorus tubarius, was found as incidental finding in a panoramic radiography. The approach for its differential diagnosis decision making is shown. Based on imaging and clinical behavior, it is possible that this lesion corresponds to a tonsilolith, or the coalescence of several tonsiloliths formed in the torus tubarius. No surgical treatment was carried out. A 11-yearsclinical an imaging follow-up has been performed instead. Considering the evolution of this case, it is expected that this lesion will remain stable, however, the status of the patient must be followed-up to assess its clinical and radiographic characteristics. Conclusions: Panoramic radiograph allows clinicians to observe the superimposition of anatomical structures which are external to the maxillofacial territory. Therefore, it is essential that dental radiologists have an appropriate knowledge of the territory being evaluated.

RESUMEN El granuloma central a células gigantes (GCCG) es una lesión osteólitica poco frecuente, no odontogénica, benigna, localizada y potencialmente agresiva, caracterizada por la presencia de células gigantes en un estroma vascular. Se presenta mayoritariamente en mujeres, más frecuentemente en las dos primeras décadas de vida. Radiográficamente el GCCG se puede observar desde una imagen radiolúcida de aspecto quístico, a una imagen multilocular extensa de límites pocos definidos. De acuerdo a la presentación clínica, radiográfica e histológica del GCCG, se ha propuesto un tipo agresivo caracterizado por crecimiento rápido, dolor, parestesia, expansión y perforación de corticales, rizalisis y alta tasa de recidiva. Existe controversia respecto a la etiología. Si bien está descrito como una lesión de carácter reparativo asociada a trauma, se observan características potencialmente destructivas, expansivas e infiltrativas. Se presenta un caso de GCCG agresivo, de presentación atípica en relación con la edad, sexo del paciente y ubicación de la lesión.

ABSTRACT Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) is an infrequent benign, localized, potentially aggressive, non-odontogenic osteolytic lesion, characterized by the presence of giant cells in a vascular stroma. CGCG is seen mainly in women, more frequently in the first two decades of life. Radiographically, CGCG can be seen from a cystic-like radiolucent image, to an extensive multilocular image, with less defined margins. According to clinical, radiographic and histological aspects of CGCG, an aggressive type has been proposed, which is characterized by rapid growing, pain, paresthesia, expansion/perforation of cortical bone, rizalisis, and high rates of recurrence. Of controversial etiology, CGCG has been described as a reparative lesion, associated to trauma. However, potentially destructive, expansive and infiltrative characteristics have been observed in CGCG. An atypical case of an aggressive CGCG is presented.

ABSTRACT Introduction: At the late 1990s, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was introduced in dentistry, and has applications in different specialities, including implant dentistry. Among the advantages of CBCT are its lower radiation dose in comparison with conventional medical computed tomography. However, these doses are higher than with conventional radiographic techniques. The aim of this study was to perform a narrative review of the guidelines developed by international organisations on the use of CBCT in the pre-surgical assessment in implant dentistry. Review: CBCT is mainly used in the pre-surgical evaluation in implant dentistry to: (1) determine the quantitative characteristics of the residual alveolar ridge; (2) determine the qualitative characteristics of the residual alveolar ridge; (3) determine the morphologic characteristics of the residual alveolar ridge; (4) determine the anatomical/pathological characteristics of the residual alveolar ridge. Several institutions have developed guidelines on the use of CBCT in implant dentistry. Despite the efforts to unify criteria, this has not yet been possible, due to the different positions adopted by these institutions, mainly based in consensus. Conclusions: There is no consensus regarding the use of CBCT in the pre-surgical evaluation of dental implants. The decision on the use of CBCT should consider the context of the patient, it should also be based in a careful case-to case analysis and a proper evaluation of the scientific evidence available, considering the recommendations given by expert institutions.

RESUMEN Introducción: A fines de la década de 1990 se incorporó a la odontología la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico (CBCT, del inglés cone-beam computed tomography), con aplicaciones en distintas especialidades, incluyendo la implantología. Entre las múltiples ventajas de la CBCT destaca su menor dosis de radiación en comparación con la tomografía computarizada médica, pero a la vez esta dosis es mayor que la utilizada en técnicas radiográficas convencionales. El objetivo de la presente revisión es analizar las diversas guías desarrolladas por organizaciones a nivel mundial en relación al uso de CBCT en la evaluación pre-quirúrgica en implantología. Revisión: La CBCT es empleada principalmente en la evaluación pre-quirúrgica en implantología para: (1) determinar las características cuantitativas del proceso alveolar; (2) determinar las características cualitativas del proceso alveolar; (3) determinar las características morfológicas del proceso alveolar; (4) determinar las características anatómicas y/o patológicas del proceso alveolar. Diversas instituciones han desarrollado guías para el uso de la CBCT en el tratamiento con implantes dentales. Pese a los esfuerzos por unificar criterios, esto aún no es posible, producto de las distintas posiciones adoptadas por las instituciones, en su mayoría basadas en consensos de opinión. Conclusiones: No existe consenso respecto del uso de la CBCT en la evaluación pre-quirúrgica de implantes dentales. La decisión de su uso debe considerar el contexto del paciente, fundamentándose en un análisis de cada caso y en la comprensión de la evidencia científica, teniendo presentes las recomendaciones realizadas por los organismos expertos.

SUMMARY The mandibular infected buccal cyst is an infrequent lesion, of unknown etiology, presented usually in 6-13-year-old children. Generally, this cyst occurs unilaterally, in association with tooth eruption of first lower permanent molars. With a lower frequency, it can affect second lower permanent molars. The associated tooth is found to be vital, with an altered eruption pattern. This tooth may show some symptoms, such as sensitivity, clinical appearance of periodontal pocket, swelling of the buccal vestibule and suppuration. Moreover, a delayed eruption of the involved molar can be seen, with its crown buccally tilted. The imaging examination shows a radiolucent lesion over the crown and rootsof the involved tooth, surrounded by a concave up radiopaque inferior margin. This cyst does not have any specific histological features; thus, its diagnosis should be performed based on its clinical, histological and imaging features. An unusual clinical case of a mandibular infected buccal cyst involving both second permanent mandibular molars is reported.

RESUMEN El quiste bucal mandibular infectado corresponde a una lesión poco frecuente, de etiología desconocida, que se presenta en niños de 6 a 13 años, generalmente de forma unilateral, durante el proceso de erupción de los primeros molares permanentes. Con menor frecuencia puede afectar a segundos molares permanentes. El diente asociado a la lesión se encuentra vital, presentando un patrón alterado de erupción. Puede presentarse sintomatología, sensibilidad, incremento en la profundidad del saco periodontal, aumento de volumen en fondo de vestíbulo y supuración. Además, puede observarse un retraso en la erupción del molar involucrado, con inclinación de su corona hacia vestibular. Al examen imagenológico se observa una lesión radiolúcida sobre la corona del molar comprometido, rodeada por un halo radiopaco de concavidad superior sobreproyectado parcialmente sobre sus raíces. Este quiste no presenta características histológicas específicas, por lo que el diagnóstico de esta lesión debe realizarse en base a las características clínicas, imagenológicas e histopatológicas. Se presenta un particular caso clínico de quiste bucal mandibular infectado bilateral en segundos molares permanentes.

ABSTRACT In broiler production, the litter is reused for consecutives flocks, and it is treated during down time between flocks to reduce its microbial load. Although covering the litter with a plastic canvas is a common litter treatment in the field, there is little scientific information available on its efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of covering broiler litter with a plastic canvas for eight days on litter microbiological, physical, and chemical parameters, and on the intestinal microbiota and immunity of broilers. In the first trial, reused litter from a previous flock was distributed into three treatments, with six replicates each: L1 (negative control, litter free from Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and Eimeria maxima (EM) and not covered), L2 (positive control, litter with SE and EM, and not covered), and L3 (litter with SE and EM, and covered with plastic canvas for eight days). Litter total bacteria, Enterobacteria, Lactobacillus, SE, and EM counts, and litter pH, temperature, moisture, and ammonia emission were determined on days 1 and 8. In the second trial, broilers were housed on those litters according to the treatments described above, and their intestinal microbiota, gut CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes and macrophages, and liver and intestinal pro-inflammatory interleukin (IFN-γ, IL-1β e IL-18) levels were evaluated on days 14 and 28. A significant reduction of litter bacterial populations was observed in the litter covered with plastic canvas. A significantly higher mRNA IFN-γ gene expression (12.5-fold) was observed in the jejunum and liver of broilers reared on the litter with Enterobacteria counts. No EM reduction was observed in the covered litter. Covering reused broiler litter with plastic canvas reduces initial litter bacterial load as a result of the interaction between physical and chemical parameters.

RESUMO A adoção da prática da adubação verde pode significar uma estratégia importante na busca da sustentabilidade dos agroecossistemas pelos benefícios proporcionados ao solo, como melhoria das características físicas e químicas e controle de plantas invasoras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cultivo de plantas de cobertura de inverno em atributos químicos do solo, no ciclo, na produção de primeira safra e na qualidade dos frutos de bananeira cv. Nanicão Jangada, em Andirá-PR. O experimento foi realizado em pomar comercial e o plantio das bananeiras ocorreu na primeira quinzena de março de 2011, com espaçamento entre linhas de 2,40 m e de 1,90 m entre plantas, com mudas de rizomas da própria área do produtor. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições e seis plantas úteis por parcela. Foram utilizados seis diferentes sistemas de manejo de solo: aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus), consórcio aveia preta mais nabo forrageiro, cama de frango, restos culturais da bananeira e limpeza total da área. Foram realizadas avaliações de massa fresca e massa seca dos adubos verdes; ciclo e características vegetativas da bananeira, produção e qualidade dos frutos e características químicas do solo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e, quando significativos, as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Não se observou efeito dos tratamentos sobre a produtividade e a qualidade da banana, e nem sobre os atributos químicos do solo. A aveia preta e aveia preta mais nabo forrageiro foram superiores em produção de massa fresca. Os tratamentos exerceram influência sobre o ciclo da bananeira. Os períodos entre o plantio e o florescimento e entre o plantio e a colheita foram mais curtos no tratamento da cobertura do solo com restos culturais da bananeira e mais longos com o tratamento de nabo forrageiro, e intermediários nos demais tratamentos.

ABSTRACT The use of cover crops species may be an important strategy in the pursuit of sustainability of agroecosystems, considering benefits to soil, such as improvements of physical and chemical characteristics, and weed control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops and other soil managements on chemical soil properties, on the cycle, on the production of the first cycle and on the fruit quality of banana cv. Nanicão Jangada in Andirá – PR, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in a commercial. Planting of banana suckers from the grower area occurred in the first half of March 2011, with a spacing of 2.40 m between rows and 1.90 m between plants. The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with four replications and six plants per plot. The six treatments were: black oat (Avenastrigosa Schreb), forage turnip (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiferus), consortium of black oat and forage turnip, chicken litter, residues of banana plants, and bare ground. The evaluations were vegetative development and life cycle of banana plants, yield and quality of fruits, soil chemical characterstics, and fresh and dry mass of green manures. The results were submitted to ANOVA (F Test), and Tukey test at 5 % probability. Black oat and black oat with forage turnip consortium were superior in biomass production. Systems of soil management had no effect on the variables, except in the periods between planting and flowering and between planting and harvest, which were shorter in the treatment of soil management with crop residues, longer in the treatment with forage turnip, and intermediate in the other treatments.

O trabalho teve como objetivo determinar as características físicas, químicas e produtivas das videiras 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Tannat' (Vitis vinifera), cultivadas na região norte do Paraná. A área experimental foi instalada em uma propriedade comercial pertencente à Vinícola Intervin®, localizada no município de Maringá, Estado do Paraná. O vinhedo foi estabelecido em julho de 2000, tendo o 'IAC 766 Campinas' como porta-enxerto. Para cada variedade foram utilizadas 20 plantas uniformes, conduzidas em latada em espaçamento de 4 x 1,5 m. A maturação das uvas foi avaliada quanto à evolução de pH, teor de sólidos solúveis (SST), acidez titulável (AT) e relação SST/AT do mosto das bagas, a partir dos 50 dias aproximadamente após o florescimento, até 7 dias após colheita. Em função do número de cachos por planta, massa dos cachos e número de plantas por hectare, foram estimadas a produção por planta e a produtividade de cada variedade. O diâmetro e a massa das bagas foram também caracterizadas. Verificou-se que a uva 'Tannat' apresenta características químicas e produtivas adequadas para o processamento, sendo as principais características da 'Cabernet Sauvignon' e 'Tannat': comportamento da maturação melhor ajustado à regressão cúbica; pH, teor de SST, AT e relação SST/AT do mosto de 3,3 e 3,2; 14,1 e 17,2ºBrix; 0,76 e 0,70% de ácido tartárico e 18,7 e 29,6; estimativas da produção por planta, produtividade, massa média dos cachos, número de cachos por planta, diâmetro e massa das bagas de 9,5 e 6,1 kg; 15,9 e 10,1 t ha-1; 0,12 e 0,16 kg; 78 e 36 cachos por planta; 12,0 e 12,9 mm, respectivamente.

The aim of this research was to determine the physic-chemical and productive characteristics of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Tannat' grapes (Vitis vinifera) cultivated in the north of Paraná. The experimental area was established in a commercial vineyard owned by Intervin® Cellar, located in Maringá, state of Paraná. The vineyard was established in July, 2000, using the 'IAC 766 Campinas' as the rootstock. For each variety, 20 uniform grapevines were used, cultivated in pergola system in a 4.0 x 1.5 m spacing. The maturation of the grapes was evaluated considering the evolution of the following contents of the must overtime: pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and the TSS/TA ratio, from around 50 days after flowering up to 7 days after harvest. Considering the total cluster per tree, cluster mass and number of trees per hectare, the production per tree and productivity of each variety were estimated. The diameter and the mass of berries were also characterized. It was verified that 'Tannat' showed appropriate characteristics for grape processing. The behavior of ripening of both varieties was better fitted to the cubic regression. At harvest, it was determined that the pH, TSS content, TA, TSS/TA ratio, estimates of production per tree, productivity, cluster mass, number of cluster per tree, diameter and mass of berries of the 'Cabernet Sauvignon' and 'Tannat' grapes were 3.3 and 3.2; 14.1 and 17.2ºBrix; 0.76 and 0.70% of tartaric acid, 18.7 and 29.6, 9.5 and 6.1 kg; 15.9 and 10.1 t ha-1; 0.12 and 0.16 kg; 78 and 36 clusters per tree; 12.0 and 12.9 mm, respectively.