Resumo O fósforo (P) é um elemento essencial para a produtividade dos vinhedos. Este estudo avaliou a influência do material de origem nas frações orgânicas de P em solos de vinhedos formados e áreas de solos origem basáltica e riodacítica. O estudo foi conduzido em quatro municípios localizados nas regiões montanhosas de Santa Catarina, Brasil: Urubici, São Joaquim, Campos Novos e Água Doce. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas entrelinhas das videiras nas profundidades de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10, 0,10-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m. Foram avaliados os atributos químicos do solo (pH em H2O, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, P, K + e H+Al), carbono orgânico total (COT), P disponível e residual, P lábil (extraído com bicarbonato de sódio), moderadamente lábil (extraído com ácido sulfúrico) e P moderadamente resistente (extraído com hidróxido de sódio). Nas áreas de solos formados a partir de material de origem de natureza basáltica foram verificados os maiores teores de COT, P disponível e residual, e P moderadamente lábil e moderadamente resistente, enquanto naqueles formados a partir de rochas como riodacitos observaram-se valores de P lábil mais elevados. Os altos níveis das frações P moderadamente lábeis e moderadamente resistentes nos solos formados a partir de basalto foram atribuídos ao seu alto COT, P disponível e conteúdo residual de P. Verificou-se que o material de origem dos solos influencia as frações orgânicas de P nos solos dos vinhedos.

Abstract Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for vineyard productivity. This study assessed the influence of parent material on organic P fractions in vineyard soils of basaltic and rhyodacitic origin. The experiment was conducted in four municipalities located in mountainous regions in Santa Catarina, Brazil: Urubici, São Joaquim, Campos Novos, and Água Doce. Disturbed soil samples were collected between grapevine rows at depths of 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.40 m. Soil chemical attributes (pH in H2O, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, P, K+, and H + Al), total organic carbon (TOC), available and residual P, labile P (extracted with sodium bicarbonate), moderately labile P (extracted with sulfuric acid), and moderately resistant P (extracted with sodium hydroxide) were determined. Soil parent material influenced the dynamics of phosphorus in vineyard soils. Both P forms (available and solution equilibrium P) and P organic fractions (labile, moderately labile, and moderately resistant P), are affected by the parent material. Basaltic soils had higher TOC, available and residual P, and moderately labile and moderately resistant P, whereas rhyodacitic soils showed higher labile P. The high levels of moderately labile and moderately resistant P fractions in basaltic soil were attributed to its high TOC, available P, and residual P contents. Parent material was found to influence organic P fractions in vineyard soils.

ABSTRACT Quantification of soil properties is essential for better understanding of the environment and better soil management. The conventional techniques of laboratory analysis are sometimes costly and detrimental to the environment. Thus, development of new techniques for soil analysis that do not generate residues, such as spectroscopy, is increasingly necessary as a viable way to estimate a wide range of soil properties. The objective of this study was to predict the levels of organic carbon (OC), clay, and extractable phosphorus (P), from the spectral responses of soil samples in the visible and near infrared (Vis-NIR), medium infrared (MIR), and Vis-NIR-MIR using different preprocessing methods combined with five prediction models. Soil samples were collected in Iconha, Espírito Santo State, Brazil, in the Ribeirão Inhaúma basin. A total of 184 samples were collected from 92 sites at two depths (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.30 m). Physical, chemical, and spectral analyses were performed according to routine soil laboratory methods. Random selection was made of 70 % of total samples for training and 30 % for validation of the models. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated in order to assess model performance. The standardized indexes of prediction error RPD and RPIQ were also calculated. For clay and OC, the best R2 was found in the MIR spectrum, at 0.69 and 0.65, respectively, and for P, it was 0.57 in Vis-NIR. The MSC (Multiplicative Scatter Correction), CR (Continuum removal), and SNV (Standard Normal Variate) preprocesses were most efficient for predicting clay, OC, and P, respectively, while the PLSR - Partial Least Squares Regression (OC and P) and SVM - Support Vector Machine (clay) gave the best predictions and are therefore recommended for modeling these properties in the study area. The models identified in this study can be used to discriminate soils according to a critical test value for clay, OC, and P.

RESUMO Este trabalho quantificou a biomassa aérea e o conteúdo de nutrientes de bromélias terrestres na floresta de duna na Restinga da Marambaia, RJ. Dados de indivíduos em “quadrats” (4 m2) demarcados numa linha perpendicular ao mar foram coletados em agosto de 2001. Diâmetro (d) e altura (h) foram as variáveis que melhor se correlacionaram com a biomassa aérea de Quesnelia quesneliana, que apresentou a maior biomassa e concentrações de K. Número total de folhas foi a variável que melhor se correlacionou com a biomassa em Billbergia amoena e Neoregelia cruenta. N. cruenta apresentou as maiores concentrações de N e P. O conteúdo de nutrientes foi maior em Q. quesneliana.

ABSTRACT This study quantified the aboveground biomass and nutrient contents in terrestrial bromeliads in a dune forest at Restinga da Marambaia, RJ. Data of individuals in “quadrats” (4 m2) marked on a line perpendicular to the sea were collected in August 2001. Diameter (d) and height (h) were the variables that best correlated with the biomass of Quesnelia quesneliana, which presented highest biomass and concentrations of K. The total number of leaves was the variable that best correlated with the biomass of Billbergia amoena and Neoregelia cruenta. N. cruenta presented the highest concentrations of N and P. Nutrient contents were higher in Q. quesneliana.

Abstract This article proposes a deterministic radio propagation model using dyadic Green's function to predict the value of the electric field. Dyadic is offered as an efficient mathematical tool which has symbolic simplicity and robustness, as well as taking account of the anisotropy of the medium. The proposed model is an important contribution for the UHF band because it considers climatic conditions by changing the constants of the medium. Most models and recommendations that include an approach for climatic conditions, are designed for satellite links, mainly Ku and Ka bands. The results obtained by simulation are compared and validated with data from a Digital Television Station measurement campaigns conducted in the Belém city in Amazon region during two seasons. The proposed model was able to provide satisfactory results by differentiating between the curves for dry and wet soil and these corroborate the measured data, (the RMS errors are between 2-5 dB in the case under study).

Uma análise cladística do relacionamento entre as espécies sul-americanas do grupo Sitalces (Sitalces Stål, 1878, Eusitalces Bruner, 1911, Parasitalces Bruner, 1911, Psilocirtus Bruner, 1911, Liebermannacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Robustusacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Arimacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Salvadoracris Costa & Carvalho, 2006 e Caruaruacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006) é apresentada. A análise incluiu 14 espécies com três grupos-externos e 34 caracteres morfológicos. A monofilia do grupo é suportada por três sinapomorfias com índices de consistência e retenção de 100%: prozona maior que a metazona, borda posterior do pronoto não angulada e placa supranal mais curta em relação aos cercos. A análise resultou em um único cladograma: (P. olivaceus (E. vittatus (L. dorsualis; L. punctifrons) (R. balzapambae (A. trinitatis (S. nigritus; C. bivittatus) (S. volxemi (P. vulneratus; P. sexnotata)))))). Comentários biogeográficos são apresentados e relacionados com padrões pré-estabelecidos.

A cladistic analysis of the relationships among the species of the South American genera of the group Sitalces (Sitalces Stål, 1878, Eusitalces Bruner, 1911, Parasitalces Bruner, 1911, Psilocirtus Bruner, 1911, Liebermannacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Robustusacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Arimacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006, Salvadoracris Costa & Carvalho, 2006 and Caruaruacris Costa & Carvalho, 2006) is presented. The analysis included 14 species with three outgroups and 34 morphological characters. The monophyly of the group is supported by three sinapomorphies with 100% consistency and retention indices: prozona larger than the metazona, posterior border of the pronotum not angulated and supranal plate shorter than cerci. The analysis resulted in a single cladogram: (P. olivaceus (E. vittatus (L. dorsualis; L. punctifrons) (R. balzapambae (A. trinitatis (S. nigritus; C. bivittatus) (S. volxemi (P. vulneratus; P. sexnotata)))))). Biogeographic comments are presented and related with pre-established standards.

A paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é infecção granulomatosa sistêmica, causada pelo fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, prevalente na América Latina, particularmente no Brasil. Acomete o sistema nervoso central (SNC) em 10% dos casos. Foram estudados 13 pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose no SNC, entre 1991 e 2001, com ênfase para os aspectos clínicos, neuroradiológicos e terapêuticos. Onze pacientes eram do sexo masculino (84,6%) e dois do feminino (15,4%), com idade entre 30 e 71 anos (M= 47,1 ± 11,6 Me= 46). Os sintomas mais freqüentes foram déficits motores (53,8%), alterações cognitivas (53,8%), emagrecimento (46,1%), cefaléia (46,1%) e crises convulsivas (46,1%). O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela detecção do P. brasiliensis no SNC. Todos os pacientes apresentavam a forma granulomatosa e quatro (30,8%) tinham a forma meningoencefalítica associada. Todos foram estudados com tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio e um caso com ressonância magnética (RM) encefálica. Dez pacientes (76,9%) realizaram sorologia para o HIV, todos com resultados negativos. A anfotericina B foi utilizada em 12 casos (92,3%), em um deles por via intratecal. Em oito casos (61,5%) o sulfametoxazol-trimetropim foi utilizado; em dois (15,4%) a sulfadiazina e pirimetamina, e o fluconazol, cetoconazol e itraconazol, cada um deles em um paciente. Seis pacientes (46,1%) morreram e sete evoluíram satisfatoriamente. O tempo de seguimento variou de 2 a 74 meses (M=30,9). Conclui-se que as manifestações clínicas assim como os exames de imagem na PCM do SNC são inespecíficos.

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, prevalent in Latin America, particularly in Brazil. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement occur in about 10% of cases. Thirteen patients with PCM involving CNS were studied considering clinical manifestation, neuroradiology and treatment modalities. Age ranged from 30 to 71 years-old (M= 47.1 ± 11.6 Me= 46). There were eleven men and two women. The most frequent symptoms were motor deficits (53.8%), cognitive disturbance (53.8%), weight loss (46.1%), headaches (46.1%) and seizures (46.1%). The diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of P. brasiliensis. Granulomatous forms were present in all patients. Four (30.8%) of them had also meningeal involvement (mixed form). Computerized tomography (CT) scans were obtained in all cases and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in one case. Serology for HIV was done in ten patients (76.9%), and all the tests were negatives. Amphotericin B was used in twelve patients (92.3%), one of them by intraventricular infusion. In eight patients (61.5%), trimethopim and sulfamethoxazole were used, and, in two (15.4%), sulfadiazine and pirimetamine. Fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole were each one used in a different patient as well. Six patients died (46.1%) and seven (53.9%) had satisfatory outcome. The follow-up period ranged from 2 to 74 (M=30.9) months. In conclusion, the CNS involvement in paracoccidioidomycosis is more frequent and more serious than thought before. The clinical manifestations, CT scans and MRI findings are not specific of paracoccidioidomycosis.

Revisão dos gêneros Sitalces, Eusitalces e Parasitalces (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Abracrini) e descrição de três novos gêneros. Os gêneros sulamericanos de Abracrini Sitalces Stål, 1878, Eusitalces Bruner, 1911, Parasitalces Bruner, 1911, Liebermannacris gen. nov., Robustusacris gen. nov., e Arimacris gen. nov. são revisados, descritos, redescritos e redefinidos. Quatro espécies são novas combinações: Liebermannacris dorsualis (Giglio-Tos, 1898) comb. nov., Liebermannacris punctifrons (Stål,1878) comb. nov., Robustusacris balzapambae (Rehn, 1913) comb. nov., e Arimacris trinitatis (Bruner, 1906) comb. nov., todas removidas de Sitalces Stål, 1878. Nove espécies são novos sinônimos: Sitalces robustus Bruner, 1908 (de S. volxemi Stål, 1878); S. infuscatus Bruner, 1908, S. nudus Bruner, 1908, S. ovatipennis Bruner, 1908, S. madeirensis Rehn, 1916 (de Liebermannacris dorsualis (Giglio-Tos, 1898); S. rubripes Hebard, 1924 (de Robustusacris balzapambae (Rehn, 1913); E. amazonicus Günther, 1940 e S. apolinari Hebard, 1923 (de Eusitalces vittatus Bruner, 1911); E. rubripes Günther, 1940 (de P. vulneratus (Bruner,1919)). Lectótipos e paralectótipos são designados. São fornecidas chaves para identificação, medidas, mapa de distribuição geográfica e ilustrações dos gêneros e espécies.

Revision of the genera Sitalces, Eusitalces and Parasitalces (Orthoptera, Acrididae, Abracrini) and description of three new genera. The South American Abracrini genera Sitalces Stål, 1878, Eusitalces Bruner, 1911, Parasitalces Bruner, 1911, Liebermannacris gen. nov., Robustusacris gen. nov., and Arimacris gen. nov. are reviewed, described, redescribed and redefined. Four species are new combinations: Liebermannacris dorsualis (Giglio-Tos, 1898) comb. nov., Liebermannacris punctifrons (Stål,1878) comb. nov., Arimacris trinitatis (Bruner, 1906) comb. nov., and Robustusacris balzapambae (Rehn, 1913) comb. nov., all removed of Sitalces Stål, 1878. Nine species are new synonymous: Sitalces robustus Bruner, 1908 (of S. volxemi Stål, 1878); S. infuscatus Bruner, 1908; S. nudus Bruner, 1908; S. ovatipennis Bruner, 1908; S. madeirensis Rehn, 1916 (of Liebermannacris dorsualis (Giglio-Tos, 1898); S. rubripes Hebard, 1924 (of Robustusacris balzapambae (Rehn, 1913); E. amazonicus Günther, 1940 and S. apolinari Hebard, 1923 (of Eusitalces vittatus Bruner, 1911); E. rubripes Günther, 1940 (of P. vulneratus (Bruner, 1919)). Lectotypes and paralectotypes are designated. Keys to identification of the genera and species, measurements, map of the geographical distribution and illustrations are added.

As bactérias recombinantes Escherichia coli KO11 e Klebsiella oxytoca P2 fermentaram sacarose a etanol. Em meio mínimo com 2% ou 12% de sacarose, KO11 apresentou, respectivamente, 75% e 41% do rendimento máximo teórico (0,54g de etanol/g de sacarose). No caldo Luria-Bertani (LB) com até 8% de sacarose, KO11 apresentou rendimento de aproximadamente 94-96% e com 12% de sacarose, KO11 apresentou cerca de 69% de rendimento (44,5g de etanol/L). A porcentagem do rendimento máximo teórico obtida com P2 em meio mínimo com 2% de sacarose foi de 55% e com 12% de sacarose foi de 47%. Em LB com 2 ou 4% de sacarose, P2 apresentou 94-95% do rendimento máximo teórico, porém somente cerca de 73% com 8% de sacarose (31,4g de etanol/L) e 58% com 12% de sacarose (37,5 g/L). A produtividade volumétrica em LB contendo 2% de sacarose foi de 0,41 g/L/h para KO11 e de 1,1 g/L/h para P2, enquanto que em LB com 12% de sacarose, a produtividade foi 0,96 g/L/h (KO11) e 1,4 g/L/h (P2). Durante a fermentação do caldo de cana, E. coli KO11 e K. oxytoca P2 produziram, respectivamente, 39,4 g de etanol/L e 42,1 g/L quando suplementado com 0,5% de extrato de levedura, micronutrientes e tiamina. No caldo de cana suplementado com os reagentes do meio LB, KO11 apresentou forte inibição da fermentação alcoólica, produzindo apenas 23,0 g de etanol/L, enquanto que P2 produziu 44,2 g/L. A produção de etanol por KO11 e P2, no caldo de cana suplementado com a) 0,2% de sulfato de amônio foi, respectivamente: 25,3 e 30,2 g/L, b) com sulfato de amônio e micronutrientes: 24,9 e 31,6 g/L, c) com sulfato de amônio, micronutrientes e tiamina: 25,6 e 37,5 g/L. Durante a fermentação do melaço, E. coli KO11 apresentou baixa produção de etanol e alta produção de ácido láctico. K. oxytoca P2 produziu 25 g de etanol/L a partir de melaço diluído 10X em água, com ou sem adição de 0,5% de extrato de levedura e 27,8 g/L com reagentes do caldo LB após 96h. P2 produziu 24,5, 26,9, e 28,0 g de etanol/L em melaço diluído 10X em vinhoto, vinhoto com 0,5% de extrato de levedura e com os reagentes do caldo LB, respectivamente.

Escherichia coli KO11 and Klebsiella oxytoca P2 recombinants fermented sucrose to ethanol. In minimal medium with 2% or 12% added sucrose KO11 produced 75% and 41%, respectively, of the maximum theoretical yield (0.54g ethanol/g sucrose). In Luria-Bertani (LB) broth with up to 8% sucrose, KO11 presented a 94-96% yield and with 12% sucrose, KO11 presented about 69% yield (44.5g ethanol/L). P2 presented 55% of the theoretical maximum yield in minimal medium supplemented with 2% sucrose and 47% of the maximum in 12% sucrose. In LB broth with 2 or 4% sucrose, P2 presented 94-95% of the theoretical maximum yield, which fell to 73% with 8% added sucrose (31.4g ethanol/L) and 58% with 12% sucrose (37.5 g/L). Volumetric productivity in LB broth containing 2% sucrose was 0.41 g/L/h for KO11 and 1.1 g/L/h for P2, while in LB broth with 12% added sucrose, productivity was 0.96 g/L/h (KO11) and 1.4 g/L/h (P2). During fermentation of sugar cane juice by E. coli KO11 and K. oxytoca P2 produced 39.4 g/L and 42.1 g/L ethanol when supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, micronutrients and thiamine. In sugar cane juice supplemented with LB broth ingredients, KO11 ethanol fermentation was inhibited with production of only 23.0 g ethanol/L, while P2 produced 44.2 g/L. Ethanol production by KO11 and P2, respectively, in sugarcane juice was a) 25.3 and 30.2 g/L with 0.2% ammonium sulfate, b) 24.9 and 31.6 g/L with ammonium sulfate and micronutrients, c) 25.6 and 37.5 g/L with ammonium sulfate, micronutrients and thiamine. During molasses fermentation E. coli KO11 presented low ethanol production and high lactic acid production. K. oxytoca P2 produced 25 g ethanol/L in molasses diluted 10-fold in water, with or without addition of 0.5% yeast extract, and 27.8 g/L with addition of LB broth ingredients after 96h. P2 produced 24.5, 26.9, and 28.0 g ethanol/L in molasses diluted 10-fold in vinasse, vinasse with 0.5% added yeast extract and with LB broth ingredients, respectively.