RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: El ACV es uno de los eventos cardiovasculares más prevalentes en el mundo, en Colombia es la segunda causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad. Uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para tener en cuenta es el control del colesterol, la reducción de los niveles de C-LDL, principalmente por medio del tratamiento con estatinas y otros fármacos hipolipemiantes. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: En esta revisión narrativa de la literatura se ha recogido la información más relevante sobre el uso y los beneficios de este tratamiento y algunas consideraciones adicionales. CONCLUSIÓN: Los hallazgos de esta revisión demuestran el efecto protector de esta terapia cuando se consiguen reducir los niveles de C-LDL y colesterol, además, las otras terapias como ezetimiba o inhibidores de PSCK9. Por otro lado, los estudios mencionan posibles efectos beneficiosos en el contexto de ACV pero se requieren más ensayos clínicos.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Stroke is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular events in the world, in Colombia it is the second cause of death and first in disability. One of the most important risk factors to consider is cholesterol control, the reduction of LDL-C and cholesterol levels, mainly through treatment with statins and other lipid-lowering drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The most relevant information on the use and benefits of this treatment and some additional considerations have been collected in this narrative review of the literature. CONCLUSION: The results of this narrative review show the protective effect of this therapy when it is possible to reduce LDL-C and cholesterol levels, in addition to other therapies such as ezetimibe or PSCK9 inhibitors. On the other hand, studies mention possible beneficial effects in the context of stroke but more clinical trials are required.

Abstract Objective: Bladder cancer represents the seventh most common cancer with highly variable morbidity and mortality due to detection, treatment and follow-up strategies, with radical cystectomy (RC) being the treatment that offers the best oncological control. A morbidity rate between 30-93% has been reported at 30 days, and mortality greater than 8%. This variability is due to the scarcity of standardized reports using scales such as Clavien-Dindo (CD). Due to the little evidence of publications on complications associated with RC, we decided to make a standardized report of these, using the CD scale of the RCs performed in our hospital, with the goal of finding out the incidence and real severity of these. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis was made of a prospectively maintained database of RCs performed in our center between 1994 and 2019. All patients over 18 years of age who underwent RC during the study period were included, and all patients with incomplete documentation of the immediate 30 day-postoperative were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used for data presentation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the data distribution. An inferential mean comparison analysis was performed using the Student's t-test for variables with normal distribution, and non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U-test) for those with non-normal distribution. Results: The mean age of the study population was 61.16 years (SD 10.1). Patients without major complications had a BMI 2.45 kg/m2 lower compared to patients with major complications (95% CI -4.7 to -0.18). Bleeding and surgical time, as well as type of derivation, were not significantly associated with major complications. Study limitations: It was a retrospective study, so the SAS could not be calculated for the entire population. Also, it was a small cohort of patients in a tertiary care center with a restricted number of hospital beds, which considerably reduces the statistical power of the study to find low-frequency events (mortality). Extending the follow-up to more than 30 days could modify the incidence of complications. Originality: Our series is the first to use a standardized system (Clavien-Dindo scale) to report postoperative complications in patients undergoing RC in Mexico. Conclusions: RC continues to be one of the surgeries with the highest morbidity. The use of standardized scales for reporting complications associated with RC would allow us to establish prevention strategies and establish homogeneous surveillance criteria with other specialties.

Resumen Objetivo: El cáncer de vejiga representa el séptimo cáncer más frecuente con una morbimortalidad muy variable debido a estrategias de detección, tratamiento y seguimiento, siendo la cistectomía radical (CR) el tratamiento que ofrece el mejor control oncológico. Se ha reportado una tasa de morbilidad entre un 30-93% a 30 días y una mortalidad mayor al 8%. Esta variabilidad obedece a la escasez de reportes estandarizados utilizando escalas como Clavien-Dindo. Debido a la poca evidencia de publicaciones sobre complicaciones asociadas a CR, decidimos realizar un reporte estandarizado de estas, usando la escala de CD de las CR realizadas en nuestro hospital con la meta de averiguar la incidencia y gravedad real de estas. Materiales y métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de una base mantenida prospectivamente de CR realizadas en nuestro centro entre 1994 y 2019. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años, sometidos a una CR en el periodo de estudio y se excluyeron a todos los pacientes con documentación incompleta del postoperatorio inmediato a 30 días. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva para la presentación de los datos. Se aplicó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para determinar la distribución de los datos. Se realizó un análisis inferencial de comparación de medias utilizando la prueba T de Student para las variables con distribución normal y con pruebas no paramétricas (prueba de U de Mann-Whitney) para aquellas con distribución no normal. Resultados: La media de edad de la población de estudio fue de 61.16 años (DE 10.1). Los pacientes sin complicación mayor presentaron un IMC de 2.45 kg/m2 menor en comparación con los pacientes con complicación mayor (IC95% -4.7 a -0.18). El sangrado y tiempo quirúrgico, así como el tipo de derivación no se asoció significativamente con la complicación mayor. Limitaciones del estudio: Estudio retrospectivo, por lo que no se le pudo calcular el SAS a la totalidad de nuestra población. Cohorte reducida de pacientes en un centro de tercer nivel de atención con un número restringido de camas en hospitalización, lo cual disminuye de manera considerable el poder estadístico del estudio para encontrar eventos de baja frecuencia (mortalidad). El ampliar el seguimiento a más de 30 días podría modificar la incidencia de complicaciones. Originalidad: Nuestra serie es la primera en utilizar un sistema estandarizado (escala Clavien-Dindo) para reportar complicaciones posquirúrgicas en pacientes sometidos a CR en México. Conclusiones: La CR continúa siendo una de las cirugías con mayor morbilidad. La aplicación de escalas estandarizadas para el reporte de complicaciones asociadas a la CR nos permitiría establecer estrategias de prevención y establecer criterios homogéneos de vigilancia con otras especialidades.

Abstract The research objective is to demonstrate how treasury management influences the company's liquidity in the insurance sector located in Lima. Through a quantitative, descriptive approach with a non-experimental design and correlational scope, a population of 15 workers in the accounting area is approached, through a questionnaire, using the SPSS statistical software for its processing. The results show that the company's treasury management is favorable, which is reflected in the positive liquidity indicators, confirmed by Spearman's Rho of .787 with a high correlation. In conclusion, Treasury management positively influences the company's liquidity in the insurance sector. Demonstrating optimal income management, registration, and expense control, and allows strengthening accounting activities based on the company's financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La presente investigación tiene como objetivo demostrar de qué manera la gestión de tesorería tiene influencia en la liquidez en una empresa del sector seguross ubicada en Lima. Mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo descriptivo con diseño mo experimental y alcance correlacional, se aborda una población de 15 trabajadores del área contable, por medio de cuestionario, utilizando el software estadístico SPSS para su procesamiento. Los resultados evidencian que la gestión de tesorería de la empresa es favorable, lo que se refleja en los indicadores positivos de liquidez, confirmado con el Rho de Spearman de .787 de correlación alta. Se concluye que la gestión de tesorería influye de manera positiva en la liquidez de la empresa del sector seguross, demostrando el óptimo manejo de los ingresos, su registro y control de los egresos, acciones que permiten fortalecer las actividades contables en base a la sostenibilidad financiera de la empresa.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar as propriedades físico-químicas e a penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários da solução de hipoclorito de cálcio [Ca(OCl)2], com ou sem surfactantes. Os surfactantes cloreto de benzalcônio, cetrimida, Tween 80 e Triton X-100 foram misturados em diferentes concentrações com a solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl), Ca(OCl)2 e água destilada (controle). Uma vez determinada a concentração micelar crítica (CMC) dos surfactantes em Ca(OCl)2 e NaOCl, foram avaliados o pH, cloro livre, tensão superficial e íons de cálcio livre. A penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários de NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2, com ou sem cloreto de benzalcônio e Triton X-100 [surfactantes que promoveram a menor tensão superficial de [Ca(OCl)2] foi avaliada utilizando pré-molares humanos corados com cristal violeta. Os testes estatísticos foram ANOVA de uma via e pós-teste de Tukey, Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn, ANOVA de duas vias e pós-teste de Bonferroni, e teste t; dependendo do ensaio. A adição de surfactantes reduziu a tensão superficial do NaOCl e Ca(OCl)2, e não alterou o pH ou cloro livre das soluções. A adição de todos os surfactantes aumentou a disponibilidade de íons de cálcio livre de Ca(OCl)2, principalmente o cloreto de benzalcônio. Ca(OCl)2 apresentou menor penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários do que NaOCl, e a adição de surfactantes não aumentou a penetrabilidade de Ca(OCl)2, mas aumentou a penetrabilidade de NaOCl. Pode-se concluir que a adição de surfactantes no Ca(OCl)2 não aumentou a penetrabilidade nos túbulos dentinários, mas promoveu menor tensão superficial, sem alterar os valores de pH ou cloro livre, e maior disponibilidade de íons de cálcio livre em Ca(OCl)2.

Abstract The aim was to assess the physicochemical properties and the penetration into dentinal tubules of calcium hypochlorite solution [Ca(OCl)2], with or without surfactants. The surfactants benzalkonium chloride, cetrimide, Tween 80 and Triton X-100 were mixed at different concentrations with sodium hypochlorite solution (NaOCl), Ca(OCl)2 and distilled water (control). Once the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the surfactants in Ca(OCl)2 and NaOCl was determined, pH, free chlorine, surface tension and free calcium ions were evaluated. The penetration into dentinal tubules of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, with or without benzalkonium chloride and Triton X-100 [surfactants that promoted the lowest surface tension of Ca(OCl)2], was assessed using human premolars stained with crystal violet. The statistical tests were one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test, Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post-test, two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-test, and t-test; depending on the assay. The addition of surfactants reduced the surface tension of NaOCl and Ca(OCl)2, and did not alter the pH or the free available chlorine of either solution. The addition of all surfactants increased the availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2, especially benzalkonium chloride. Ca(OCl)2 exhibited lower penetration into dentinal tubules than NaOCl, and the addition of surfactants did not improve the penetration of Ca(OCl)2, but did increase the penetration of NaOCl. It can be concluded that the addition of surfactants to Ca(OCl)2 did not increase the penetration into dentinal tubules, but it did promote lower surface tension, without changing the pH or free available chlorine values, and higher availability of free calcium ions in Ca(OCl)2.

Abstract Objective: To assess the effects of different peracetic acid (PAA) formulations on smear layer (SL) removal, dentine erosion, cytotoxicity, and antibiofilm activity. Methodology: SL removal and dentine erosion were assessed using 90 premolars, distributed into six groups, according to final irrigation: PAA formulations (1% Sigma, 1% Bacterend OX, 1% Arposept, and 0.09-0.15% Anioxyde), 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and water (control). Cytotoxicity was assessed by methyl-thiazol-tetrazolium (MTT) and neutral red assays. Antibacterial and antibiofilm effectiveness was evaluated against Enterococcus faecalis. For cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity assessment, the 2.5% NaOCl was also included. Results: EDTA, Sigma, and Bacterend OX removed more SL than Arposept, Anioxyde, and water (p<0.05). EDTA caused more severe dentine erosion than Sigma and Bacterend OX (p<0.05). Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity than the other solutions (p<0.05). NaOCl, Bacterend OX, Sigma, and Anioxyde significantly reduced E. faecalis colony-forming units (CFU) (p<0.05). The 2.5% NaOCl solution promoted greater biofilm biomass reduction (p<0.05) than the other solutions. All PAA formulations promoted greater biomass reduction than 17% EDTA (p<0.05). Conclusions: Although Sigma and Bacterend OX had higher cytotoxicity, they had a SL removal capability similar to that of EDTA, were as effective as NaOCl against E. faecalis biofilm, and promoted less dentine erosion than EDTA. Arposept and Anioxyde failed to remove the SL, had lower cytotoxicity, and showed less bacterial activity than NaOCl.

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has affected the maritime sector due to virus transmission onboard and traffic restrictions. However, reports of SARS-CoV-2 transmission on board have been mostly restricted to those occurring on cruise ships. OBJECTIVES To report COVID-19 outbreaks in eight non-cruise vessels and discuss measures to prevent and control the onboard transmission of SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We investigated outbreaks of COVID-19 on vessels anchoring in Baía de Todos-os-Santos, Salvador, Brazil, between February and November 2021. FINDINGS Most vessels were cargo ships that had docked several times before anchoring in Salvador (five had docked in ≥ 9 ports). The crew ranged from 22 to 63 members. The infection attack rate on each vessel ranged from 9.7 to 88.9%. The risk of symptomatic infection largely varied among the crew of each vessel (0 to 91.6%). Overall, the risk of developing COVID-19 signs and symptoms was lower among crew members vaccinated (age-adjusted risk ratio: 0.19; 95% confidence interval 0.06-0.65). SARS-CoV-2 variants not previously identified in Salvador were detected (C.14, B.1.617.2 and B.1.351). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Despite maritime guidelines to avert COVID-19 on board, outbreaks have happened. The multiple stopovers of non-cruise vessels during their routes may contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants worldwide. Reducing the onboard transmission of SARS-CoV-2 depends on joint efforts by the crew and local health authorities and, equally important, achieving high vaccination coverage to prevent infections and illness.

Resumen Introducción: la señal del EEG suele interpretarse desde una mirada lineal, sin embargo, desde hace algunas décadas se estudia la actividad eléctrica cerebral como un sistema dinámico, basado en la teoría del caos, con matemáticas no lineales. Objetivo: analizar la estabilidad de las correlaciones de los índices de Hurst a través del tiempo en sujetos en reposo con los ojos cerrados. Métodos: se evaluaron 13 varones universitarios con el dispositivo cerebro-interfaz Emotiv Epoc® con frecuencia de muestreo de 128 Hz. Se analizaron los rangos de frecuencia delta (1-3 Hz), theta (3,5-7 Hz), alfa (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) y gamma (>30 Hz). Resultados: los resultados muestran estabilidad en el porcentaje de correlaciones en todas las bandas estudiadas en la mayoría de los sujetos. esta situación ocurre en ventanas temporales de 10, 30 y 60 segundos. Conclusiones: este estudio exploratorio muestra la persistencia en el tiempo de procesos meta-sincrónicos no-lineales que obedecen a la dinámica del balance caos/orden global del cerebro, en condiciones de reposo, basal con ojos cerrados.

Abstract Introduction: the signal of the EEG is usually interpreted from a linear perspective, however, for some decades now the electrical activity of the brain has been studied as a dynamic system, based on the theory of chaos, with non-linear mathematics. Objective: analize the stability of correlations of hurst indices over time in resting subjects with closed eyes. Methods: 13 male university students were evaluated with the brain-interface device Emotiv Epoc® with sampling frequency of 128 Hz. the frequency ranges delta (1-3 Hz), theta (3.5-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz) and gamma (>30 Hz) were analyzed. Results: the results show stability in the percentage of correlations in all the bands studied in most of the subjects. this situation occurs in temporary windows of 10, 30 and 60 seconds. Conclusion: this exploratory study shows the persistence intime of non-linear meta-synchronous processes that obey the dynamics of balance chaos/global order of the brain, in resting conditions, basal with closed eyes.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : During the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), elderly people in long-term care facilities and their health workers constitute a vulnerable subpopulation with a high risk of hospitalization and death. The objective is to describe the epidemiological approach carried out in a long-term care facility for older adults under active surveillance, in the Mar del Plata-Batán urban area, on December 2020. METHODS : The approach strategy combined the indication to isolate suspected cases, perform RT-PCR and detection of IgG antibodies. RESULTS : 4 detectable results were obtained by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 corresponding to health workers; only one had a history of RT-PCR detection during the initial outbreak that occurred 95 days previously; results in residents were undetectable. There were 40 cases with IgG type antibodies (63.5%); 12 (30%) had no history of detection by RT-PCR in any of the outbreaks. DISCUSSION : Findings indicate that having had a first outbreak episode at the facility conferred immunity on people who had no clinical signs of the disease, possibly preventing the second outbreak from spreading among residents.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : Durante la pandemia de enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) los adultos mayores residentes en instituciones semicerradas y su personal de salud constituyen una subpoblación vulnerable con riesgo elevado de hospitalización y muerte. OBJETIVO : Describir el abordaje epidemiológico efectuado en un establecimiento de estancia prolongada para adultos mayores bajo vigilancia activa, en el aglomerado urbano Mar del Plata-Batán, en diciembre de 2020. MÉTODOS : La estrategia de abordaje combinó la indicación de aislamiento de los casos sospechosos, la realización de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) y la detección de anticuerpos del tipo inmunoglobulina G (IgG). RESULTADOS : Se detectaron 4 casos de infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) por RT-PCR en miembros del personal de salud; solo 1 tenía antecedente de detección por RT-PCR durante el brote inicial ocurrido 95 días antes; los resultados en los residentes fueron negativos. Se encontraron 40 casos con anticuerpos de tipo IgG (63,5%); 12 de ellos (30%) no tenían antecedente de detección mediante RT-PCR en ninguno de los brotes. DISCUSIÓN : Los hallazgos indican que el hecho de haber atravesado un primer episodio de brote en el establecimiento confirió inmunidad a personas que no habían tenido manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad, lo cual, probablemente, contribuyó a evitar la propagación del segundo brote entre los residentes.

RESUMO: Avanços nos campos glicobiologia e imunologia forneceram muitas informações sobre o papel das interações da proteína-carboidrato na modulação do sistema imunológico. A jacalina extraída de Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) e a manoproteína da parede celular de Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) são moléculas com propriedades imunomoduladoras. JCA é uma lectina com afinidade pela IgA humana e tem ação mitogênica sobre células do sistema imunológico estimulando a produção de citocinas, a quimiotaxia e a ativação de leucócitos. Estudos sobre as propriedades imunomoduladoras de JCA e MPS em mamíferos e peixes sugerem que essas moléculas podem ter um efeito sobre a produção de anticorpos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação da JCA e MPS sobre a produção de anticorpos específicos em galinhas poedeiras. Para isso, galinhas poedeiras foram inoculadas por via intra-abdominal com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) em associação com o JCA (0,075 µg, 0,75 µg, e 7,5 µg) ou MPS (20 µg e 100 µg). Os níveis de anticorpos anti-SRBC das classes IgY, IgM, e IgA foram avaliados por ELISA. Os resultados mostraram que a JCA e a MPS têm um efeito imunomodulador sobre a produção IgY, IgM, ou IgA anti-SRBC. Um efeito imunoestimulador da JCA foi observado sobre a produção de anticorpos IgY na resposta imune primária, enquanto um efeito imuno inibitório da JCA e da MPS sobre a produção de IgM e IgA anti-SRBC na resposta imune secundária. Estes resultados sugerem que o MPS e JCA tem efeito modulador sobre a produção de anticorpos e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros sobre a imunidade humoral em aves comerciais.

ABSTRACT: Advances in the fields of glycobiology and immunology have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. Jacalin of Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) and structural mannoprotein of Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. JCA is an IgA human lectin binding molecule that causes the mitogenic stimulation of immune cells, production of cytokines, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. Studies on the immunomodulatory properties of JCA and MPS in mammals and fish suggest that they have an action on antibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of JCA and MPS on the production of specific antibodies in laying hens. For this, laying hens were inoculated with an intra abdominal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with either JCA (0.075 µg, 0.75 µg, and 7.5 µg) or MPS (20 µg and 100 µg). Levels of anti-SRBC antibodies of the IgY, IgM, and IgA classes were evaluated by ELISA. Results showed that JCA and MPS have immunomodulatory effects on levels of anti-SRBC IgM, IgA, and IgY. An immunostimulatory effect of JCA was observed in primary immune response on anti-SRBC IgY, while an inhibitory effect of JCA and MPS was observed in secondary immune response on the production of IgM and IgA anti-SRBC. These results suggested that MPS and JCA have immunomodulatory effects on antibody production and could be used in future studies on humoral immune response in poultry.

ABSTRACT Rehabilitating degraded arid lands requires overcoming biotic and abiotic limitations. The objective of this study was to determine if low-cost protective shelters improve the survival and growth of palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) plants during the first year of reforestation at degraded sites in the Sonoran Desert. Protective shelters were built using pruning waste and plastic containers. For one year, 264 palo verde plants were subjected to differential protection treatments against herbivores: unprotected, and protected by branch shelters, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) shelters or both), and their survival and height were monitored. The survival of plants with the use of protective shelters was greater than that of unprotected plants (34.9-56.7 vs. 1.8%, x2 = 63.5; p < 0.0001); also, the heights of protected plants were greater. The use of shelters is an alternative for reforestation with palo verde in degraded lands in the Sonoran desert.

RESUMEN Rehabilitar terrenos degradados áridos, demanda superar limitaciones bióticas y abióticas. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer si refugios protectores de bajo costo, mejoran la supervivencia y el crecimiento de plantas de palo verde (Parkinsonia microphyllá), durante el primer año de reforestación en sitios degradados del Desierto Sonorense. Se construyeron refugios protectores reutilizando desechos de poda y envases plásticos. Durante un año, 264 plantas de palo verde fueron sometidas a tratamientos diferenciales de protección contra herbívoros (sin protección, y con protección por refugios de ramas, PET o ambos), y se monitoreó su supervivencia y altura. La supervivencia de plantas con el uso de refugios protectores fue mayor que la de las plantas sin protección (34.9-56.7 vs. 1.8%, x2 = 63.5; p < 0.0001); también las alturas de las plantas protegidas fueron mayores. El uso de refugios es una alternativa para la reforestación con palo verde en terrenos degradados del desierto Sonorense.

Schizophrenia is a severe chronic disease that affects approximately 1 % of the world's population. Those who suffer this disease have serious deficits in social cognition (DSC), deficits that have been observed in first psychotic episode patients and first-degree relatives. The DSC determine the long-term prognosis in this disease and are susceptible to rehabilitation if they are detected early. Only recent studies have characterized deficits of social cognition in subjects with a high risk of developing chronic psychosis. These subjects present a unique opportunity to modify their social insertion and medical prognosis, as they have not been affected by the chronicity of the disease and present a milder symptomatology than in residual stages. This paper aims to make a review about how the DSC are present in schizophrenia from its prodromal stages and about its importance in the early detection of this disease.

Resumen La esquizofrenia es una enfermedad crónica, severa y que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de la población mundial. Pacientes con esta enfermedad presentan severos déficits en la cognición social (DCS). Estos déficits han sido observados en pacientes de primer episodio y familiares de primer grado. Los DCS determinan el pronóstico a largo plazo en esta enfermedad y son susceptibles de rehabilitación si es que se detectan precozmente. Solo recientemente se han caracterizado los déficits de la cognición social en sujetos de alto riesgo de desarrollar psicosis crónica. Estos sujetos presentan una oportunidad única para modificar la inserción social y modificar el pronóstico, pues no han sido afectados mayormente por la cronicidad de la enfermedad y presentan una sintomatología más leve que en etapas residuales. El presente trabajo pretende realizar una revisión de cómo los DCS están presentes desde etapas prodrómicas de la esquizofrenia y su importancia en la detección precoz de esta enfermedad.

Resumen La parasitosis intestinal (PI) es un problema de salud pública en países en desarrollo que afecta un cuarto de la población mundial. Las PI son comúnmente estudiadas en niños, olvidando que los adultos están también en riesgo y a su vez pueden ser fuentes de transmisión. Se realizó un estudio de tamizaje con una muestra escogida por conveniencia en tres regiones de Colombia: Guachené (Cauca), Quibdó (Chocó) y Urabá (Antioquia). Las muestras de materia fecal de 284 voluntarios mayores de 18 años, fueron estudiadas por microscopía para identificar parásitos, huevos y quistes. La frecuencia de las PI fue del 14.5%, 52.1% de los positivos fueron hombres. 63.2% de los individuos parasitados tenían asociación significativa con diarrea, y/o dolor abdominal. 39.5% tuvieron infección por un solo parásito y 60.5% fueron positivos para varios parásitos: Blastocystis hominis (63.9%), Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar (39.4%), Endolimax nana (33.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (22.2%), Giardia lamblia (19.4%), Entamoeba coli (13.9%), Trichuris trichiura (11.1%), Strongyloides stercolaris (5.6%), y Iodamoeba butschlii (2.8%). Se realizó un análisis multivariado para determinar factores predictores para PI: el género masculino, el agua lluvia para consumo, y la disposición de excretas diferente a sanitario, letrina o pozo séptico, están asociados positivamente a la PI. Este estudio evidencia que la población adulta, no solo la infantil, residentes en áreas vulnerables de Colombia, deben incluirse como población de riesgo al parasitismo intestinal.

Abstract Intestinal parasitosis (IP) is a public health problem in developing countries affecting one fourth of the global population. IP are common studied in children, neglecting the adults that are also at high risk and source of transmission. A screening study was performed with a convenience sample in three Colombian regions: Guachené (Cauca), Quibdó (Chocó), and Urabá (Antioquia). Feces samples from 284 volunteers (older than 18 years old) were tested by microscopy to identify parasite ova and cysts. The IP frequency was 14.5%, and 52.1% were males. 63.2% of the parasitized patients exhibited diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain with significant association. 39.5% had single parasitic infection and 60.5% had multiple parasites: Blastocystis hominis (63.9%), Entamoeba hystolitica/dispar (39.4%), Endolimax nana (33.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides (22.2%), Giardia lamblia (19.4%), Entamoeba coli (13.9%), Trichuris trichiura (11.1%), hookworm species (11.1%), Strongyloides stercolaris (5.6%), and Iodamoeba butschlii (2.8%). A multivariate approach was used to determine predictor factors for IP: male gender, rainwater as drinking source, and feces disposal different to toilet, latrine or septic tank were positively associated with infection. This study evidences that adult population, not only children from vulnerable areas of Colombia, must have to include as a risk for intestinal parasitism.

Abstract The aim of this study is to improve energy performance at a battery factory in Colombia by introducing the energy management approach defined in ISO 50001. In the study, the main energy consumptions were identified in the battery formation, the compressed air system and the large electric motors. An energy review was performed in the factory using measurement equipment and statistical techniques. Different actions were proposed to improve energy performance. As a result, a 3.48% reduction in electricity consumption was achieved during the implementation of the proposed measures.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es mejorar el rendimiento energético en una fábrica de baterías en Colombia mediante la introducción del enfoque de gestión energética definido en ISO 50001. En el estudio, los principales consumos de energía se identificaron en la formación de la batería, el sistema de aire comprimido y la gran red eléctrica motores. Se realizó una revisión energética en la fábrica utilizando equipos de medición y técnicas estadísticas. Se propusieron diferentes acciones para mejorar el rendimiento energético. Como resultado, se logró una reducción del 3,48% en el consumo de electricidad durante la implementación de las medidas propuestas.