Resumen Ficus americana y F. obtusifolia, se encuentran entre las especies arbóreas más importantes de los Bosques Tropicales Estacionalmente Secos (BTES) por su condición de siempre verdes y sus altos niveles de biomasa. Sin embargo, el BTES de Lambayeque y el norte de Perú está disminuyendo enormemente debido al avance de la agricultura migratoria, la minería ilegal y la deforestación. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar los aspectos taxonómicos de ambas especies, así como la germinación de semillas, la micropropagación y la conservación de germoplasma in vitro. La germinación de semillas fue de 100 % en ambas especies hasta tres meses después de la recolección. Respecto a la micropropagación, el enraizamiento y la conservación de germoplasma, el medio de cultivo de Piper resultó efectivo, el cual está conformado por sales minerales MS con IAA 0.02 mg.L-1 y GA3 0.02 mg.L-1. La conservación in vitro de germoplasma duró más de 24 meses en ambas especies. La aclimatación en condiciones de invernadero alcanzó 50 % de supervivencia en ambas especies.

Abstract Ficus americana and F. obtusifolia are among the most important tree species in Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) due to their evergreen condition and high levels of biomass. However, the SDTF of Lambayeque and northern Peru is greatly diminishing due to the advance of migratory agriculture, illegal mining, and deforestation. The objective of this work was to study the taxonomic aspects of both species, as well as seed germination, micropropagation, and in vitro germplasm conservation. Seed germination was 100% for both species up to three months after collection. As for micropropagation, rooting, and germplasm conservation, the Piper culture medium was effective, as it was constituted by MS mineral salts with 0.02 mg.L-1 IAA and 0.02 mg.L-1 GA3. In vitro germplasm conservation lasted more than 24 months for both species. Acclimatization under greenhouse conditions reached 50% survival for both species.

Abstract Amongst the sustainable alternatives to increase maize production is the use of plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Azospirillum brasilense is one of the most well-known PGPB being able to fix nitrogen and produce phytohormones, especially indole-3-acetic acid - IAA. This work investigated if there is any contribution of the bacterium to the plant’s IAA levels, and how it affects the plant. To inhibit plant IAA production, yucasin, an inhibitor of the TAM/YUC pathway, was applied. Plantlets’ IAA concentration was evaluated through HPLC and dual RNA-Seq was used to analyze gene expression. Statistical differences between the group treated with yucasin and the other groups showed that A. brasilense inoculation was able to prevent the phenotype caused by yucasin concerning the number of lateral roots. Genes involved in the auxin and ABA response pathways, auxin efflux transport, and the cell cycle were regulated by the presence of the bacterium, yucasin, or both. Genes involved in the response to biotic/abiotic stress, plant disease resistance, and a D-type cellulose synthase changed their expression pattern among two sets of comparisons in which A. brasilense acted as treatment. The results suggest that A. brasilense interferes with the expression of many maize genes through an IAA-independent pathway.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to: (I) to identify the state of the art of publications on animal-assisted interventions (AAI) in Latin America; and (II) to critically evaluate the methodological quality of clinical studies on AAI in Latin America. This is a scoping review. Data were collected from Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, CAPES Journal Portal and BIREME. Eligibility criteria allowed the inclusion of 146 articles, 34 of which were submitted to the Cochrane Collaboration Method of Critical Appraisal of Studies. The studies covered the period from 1997 to 2021, mainly produced in Brazil, and designed as review, case, and descriptive studies. Regarding clinical studies, the child population was the largest population submitted to AAI. Horses and canidae represented the main cotherapists species. A significant part of the intervention studies demonstrated replicability criteria; however, there was a lack of methodological rigor, limiting the possibility of evaluating the effectiveness of the interventions. This study points to the potential use of AAI in Latin America and an increase in the number of studies over time; however, it is suggested that future studies should emphasize the use of experimental methodology, such as randomized clinical trials, in order to allow the evaluation of the effectiveness of AAI.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo: (I) identificar o estado de arte das publicações sobre intervenções assistida por animais (IAA) na América Latina; e (II) realizar a avaliação crítica da qualidade metodológica dos estudos clínicos sobre IAA na América Latina. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo. Os dados foram coletados nas bases Redalyc, SciELO, LILACS, Periódicos CAPES e BIREME. Atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade 146 artigos, sendo 34 submetidos ao Método de Avaliação Crítica de Estudos da Colaboração Cochrane. Os estudos abrangeram o período de 1997 a 2021, principalmente produzidos no Brasil, com delineamentos do tipo estudos de revisão, de caso e descritivo. Em relação aos estudos clínicos, a população infantil foi o maior público submetido às IAA. Equinos e canídeos e representaram as principais espécies de coterapeutas. Parte significativa dos estudos de intervenção demonstrou critérios de replicabilidade, porém constatou-se a ausência de rigor metodológico, limitando a possibilidade de avaliação da eficácia das intervenções. Este estudo aponta o potencial uso da IAA na América Latina e aumento do número de produções ao longo do tempo; todavia, sugere-se que estudos futuros privilegiem a utilização de metodologia experimental, como os ensaios clínicos randomizados, de forma a permitir a avaliação da eficácia das IAA.

Abstract The main factors governing Hevea brasiliensis germination and seedling establishment remains unclear. We examined the effect of growth regulators Indole 3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), and their interactions on germination and the development of mature zygotic embryos (MZE) and protein profile of Hevea brasiliensis seedlings from wild and cultivated (clone PB 250) genotypes. Embryonic axes excised from seeds (wild and clone PB 250) were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog medium (control) and supplemented with IAA (3 µM) and BAP (6 µM) individually and their combination (3 µM IAA + 6 µM BAP). For both genotypes, the mature embryos displayed a high percentage of germination and establishment, and the seedlings were characterized by protein bands ranging from 7 to 30 kDa. Notably, the wild genotype showed proteins in the 14 kDa range, which may be associated with one of the major rubber elongation factors (REF). The wild and clone genotypes presented different behavior and strategies in relation to the protein profile in the presence of different growth regulators. Although the latex biosynthetic pathway and its mechanisms of regulation still remain largely unknown, our results aid in our understanding of the dynamics of proteins in different rubber tree clones in vitro.

Resumo As rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de plantas (RPCP) são capazes de proporcionar o melhor desenvolvimento vegetal por meio de diversos mecanismos. Um desses mecanismos trata da produção de reguladores de crescimento vegetal, como por exemplo, o ácido indolacético (AIA). Com isso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o isolamento, a caracterização fenotípica e a avaliação do potencial de produção de AIA de rizobactérias, obtidas da rizosfera de oliveiras (Olea europaea L.), visando a sua aplicação na indução do enraizamento durante a produção de mudas. Para isso, amostras de rizosfera de 17 diferentes cultivares de oliveira, do banco de germoplasma da Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), em Maria da Fé - MG, foram utilizadas para o isolamento de RPCP em meios de cultura JNFb, NFb e LGI, posteriormente caracterizadas fenotipicamente em meio batata-dextrose-ágar e submetidas ao teste de produção de AIA. Pôde-se observar efeito das cultivares no número de RPCP nos diferentes meios de cultura. Na caracterização fenotípica, os isolados de RPCP apresentaram alta similaridade entre si (93% a 100%). Quanto à produção de AIA, esses isolados apresentaram índices relevantes (0,16 e 29,08 μg mL-1) quando comparados a outros estudos, sendo aqueles obtidos no meio JNFb os maiores produtores. Pôde-se concluir que 11 isolados (KRJ2, GLJ2, G57J2, MFJ1, ADJ2, G57N1, AUSAL3, FTJ1, AUSAN1, AUSAJ2, KRN1), com produção acima de 20 μg mL-1 de AIA, apresentam potencial de utilização em futuros testes na indução de enraizamento de estacas de plantas de oliveira.

Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are capable of enhancing plant development through various mechanisms. One of them is the production of plant-growth regulators, e.g., indole acetic acid (IAA). On this basis, this study proposes to isolate, phenotypically characterize and evaluate the IAA production potential of rhizobacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of olive trees (Olea europaea L.), aiming at its application in the induction of rooting during seedling production. Samples of the rhizosphere of 17 olive cultivars from the germplasm bank of the Agricultural Research Corporation of Minas Gerais (EPAMIG), in Maria da Fé - MG, Brazil, were used for isolation of PGPR in JNFb, NFb and LGI culture media. Subsequently, they were characterized phenotypically in potato dextrose agar and subjected to an IAA production trial. There was an effect of cultivars on the number of PGPR in the different culture media. In phenotypic characterization, the PGPR isolates showed high similarity to each other (93% to 100%). These isolates showed relevant IAA production rates (0.16 and 29.08 μg mL-1) when compared with reports of other studies, and the isolates obtained in JNFb medium had the highest IAA production. In conclusion, 11 isolates (KRJ2, GLJ2, G57J2, MFJ1, ADJ2, G57N1, AUSAL3, FTJ1, AUSAN1, AUSAJ2 and KRN1), with IAA production rates above 20 μg mL-1, have potential for use in future rooting induction trials in olive cuttings.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the autoimmunity in first degrees relatives (FDR) of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and the progression to T1DM after 10 years of follow up in the Brazilian population. Subjects and methods: Non-diabetic FDR of T1DM patients were interviewed and blood was drawn for autoantibodies measurement (GADA, IA-2A, IAA, ZnT8A). Serum samples were analyzed by standard radioligand binding assays performed at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (GADA, IAA and IA2A), and at the Skäne University Hospital, Sweden (ZnT8A). The FDR were interviewed by phone after 10 years to determine if they had developed T1DM. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed and results were described as means and standard deviation (SD). Results: 81 individuals were analyzed. Thirteen subjects had positive autoantibodies associated with T1DM.10 were positive for 1 autoantibody and 3 subjects were positive for multiple autoantibodies (1 of them showed positivity for 2 autoantibodies – GADA, ZnT8A – and the other two were positive for 3 autoantibodies – GADA, IA2A, ZnT8A). The 3 subjects with multiple positive autoantibodies developed T1DM within 10 years. Conclusions: In Brazilian FDR of T1DM patients, the positivity for multiple autoantibodies indicate a greater chance of progression to T1DM, similar to observed in Caucasians. ZnT8A was helpful in the risk assessment for T1DM development.

RESUMO O uso de bactérias na promoção do crescimento e no controle biológico de doenças em plantas pode minimizar a contaminação ambiental causada pela aplicação indiscriminada de pesticidas e fertilizantes químicos. Objetivamos avaliar a promoção do crescimento e o controle biológico de Corynespora cassiicola em mudas de tomate mediadas por bactérias benéficas isoladas de solo amazônico não-rizosférico contendo diferentes dosagens de biocarvão, e identificar a quais grupos de bactérias os isolados pertencem. Obtivemos 200 isolados de parcelas experimentais contendo doses de biocarvão de 0, 40, 80 e 120 t ha-1. Destes, 53 foram selecionados por testes de colonização radicular. Com base nos parâmetros de promoção do crescimento, 25 isolados foram selecionados, identificados através de análise molecular e avaliados para produção de ácido indolacético (AIA), solubilização de fosfato e controle biológico. A melhor dose de biocarvão para a formação de colônias foi 40 t ha-1, e um modelo de regressão indicou 34 t ha-1como dose ótima. A produção de AIA foi observada em 18 (75%) isolados e dois (8%) isolados foram capazes de solubilizar fosfato. A eficiência na promoção do crescimento das raízes foi de até 125%, e a porcentagem de proteção das plantas variou de 50,3 a 59,0%. A caracterização molecular indicou que as bactérias utilizadas nesse estudo pertencem aos gêneros Bacillus e Lysinibacillus.

ABSTRACT The use of bacteria in growth promotion and biological control of plant diseases can minimize environmental contamination caused by the indiscriminate use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. We aimed to evaluate growth promotion and biological control of Corynespora cassiicola in tomato seedlings mediated by beneficial bacteria isolated from a non-rhizospheric Amazon soil containing different amounts of biochar, and to identify to which groups of bacteria the strains belong. We obtained 200 strains of bacteria from experimental plots containing biochar doses of 0, 40, 80 and 120 t ha-1. Of these, 53 strains were selected by root colonization tests. Based on growth promotion parameters, 25 strains were screened, identified by molecular characterization and evaluated for indoleacetic acid (IAA) production, phosphate solubilization and biological control. The best dose of biochar for colony formation was 40 t ha-1, and a regression model indicated 34 t ha-1 as the optimal dose. The production of IAA was observed in 18 (75%) strains, and two (8%) strains were able to solubilize phosphate. The efficiency in root growth promotion was up to 125%, and the percentage of plant protection ranged from 50 to 59%. Molecular characterization showed that the bacteria used in this study belong to the genera Bacillus and Lysinibacillus.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of application of Bacillus cereus combined with the use of substrate and reduction in conventional fertilization on the growth of green dwarf coconut seedlings in Brazil, the Santa Isabel nursery in the state of Pará, Brazil. The experiment design was completely randomized with four treatments: soil+100% fertilizati+on; soil+ 50% fertilization + B. cereus; coconut fiber+100% of fertilization; and coconut fiber+33% of fertilization plus B. cereus, with 5 replications. Biochemical tests were performed with B. cereus and in the field where the following were evaluated: biometrics, hormonal and nutritional profile compared by t Test (P lt;0.05). Isolate B. cereus produced siderophores, IAA and phosphate solubilizer. In the field, the treatmwxent with inoculated coconut fiber and B. cereus stood out where nursery time was reduced by two months. Increments by 190% in IAA, 31% in GA3, and 17% in GA4 were found. This combination resulted in an increase by 98% in N, 42% in P, 82% in K, 103% in Ca, 68% in Mg, 84% in B, 41% in Fe, compared to control plants in coconut fiber+100% fertilization. Therefore, the use of B. cereus to obtain coconut seedlings is a technology that provides greater development in a shorter time in nursery and reduction in application of inputs.

RESUMEN La cajá-manga (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) se considera una fruta exótica originaria de las Islas Polinesias. Es una fruta climatérica, y la vida poscosecha de sus frutos es muy corta, debido a su rápida maduración, por tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto de las concentraciones de auxina en retrasar el proceso de maduración de las frutas cajá-manga. Ciento veinte frutos cajá-manga inmaduros obtenidos de Hidrolândia-GO, 16°55'32.35" S; 49°21' 39.76" W) se utilizó un diseño esquema factorial 5×2+2 de AIA (0, 50, 100, 150 y 200 mg L-1), dos momentos de evaluación (a los 5 y 10 días después de aplicado en AIA) y dos tratamientos adicionales (frutas maduras e inmaduras) con cinco concentraciones. Las evaluaciones se llevaron a cabo cada cinco días, por triplicado. Se evaluaron las variables fisicoquímicas, la firmeza de la pulpa, la acidez titulable, los sólidos solubles, el contenido de ácido ascórbico y el color de la pulpa y la cáscara. Las concentraciones de 50 y 100 mg L-1 de AIA presentaron los mejores resultados, causando un retraso en la maduración y las pérdidas sensoriales más bajas en los frutos de cajá-manga.

ABSTRACT The cajá-manga (Spondias dulcis Parkinson) is an exotic fruit originally from the Polynesian islands. It is a climacteric fruit with a very short postharvest shelf-life as the result of rapid ripening. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of auxin concentrations on delaying the ripening process in cajá-manga fruits. One hundred and twenty cajá-manga fruits were obtained from Hidrolândia-GO, Brazil (16°55'32.35" S and 49°21'39.76" W). A completely randomized design with a 5×2+2 factorial scheme was used. Five indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1), two evaluation days (5 and 10 days after IAA applications), and two additional treatments (ripe and unripe fruits) were evaluated. Evaluations were carried out every 5 days, in triplicate. The physicochemical variables pulp firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, and color of pulp and peel were evaluated. The concentrations 50 and 100 mg L-1 of IAA presented the best results, causing a delay in ripening and the lowest sensory losses in the cajá-manga fuits.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de seis concentrações do ácido indol-3-acético (AIA), em três tempos de imersão em soluções de AIA, na propagação vegetativa por estaquia de Spondias dulcis e Spondias tuberosa. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente causalizados, em esquema fatorial (6 x 3), em seis concentrações (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 g L-1) do AIA e três intervalos de imersão (8, 16 e 24 segundos), com dez estacas por parcela de S. dulcis e S. tuberosa, com três repetições, em casa de vegetação. A porcentagem de sobrevivência das estacas, porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, número de brotações jovens foliares, número de raízes por estacas, comprimento geral das raízes e massa fresca total foram avaliadas aos 180 dias após o plantio. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste de F e ajustados em equações de regressão. Concluiu-se que a propagação vegetativa na espécie Spondias dulcis não obteve resultados satisfatórios utilizando a técnica proposta no trabalho. Concluiu-se, também, que a técnica de propagação vegetativa na espécie Spondias tuberosa obteve resultados satisfatórios, porém, com pouca eficiência para o aumento e emergência de novos brotos e raízes, e mais efetiva na concentração 10 g L-1 de AIA, com 16 segundos de imersão.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of six indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations and three immersion times in IAA solutions on the vegetative propagation of Spondias dulcis and Spondias tuberosa by stem cuttings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, using a completely randomized design, with a 6×3 factorial arrangement consisting of six indole-3-acetic acid concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g L-1) and three immersion times (8, 16, and 24 seconds), with ten cuttings of S. dulcis and S. tuberosa per plot, and three replications. Percentage of surviving cuttings, and percentage of rooted cuttings, number of leaf buds, number of roots per cutting, root length, and total fresh weight were evaluated at 180 days after planting. Data were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test and to regression analysis. Vegetative propagation from woody cuttings of S. dulcis is not viable to produce seedlings, thus, new studies on this technique for this species are needed. Vegetative propagation from woody cuttings of S. tuberosa is satisfactory, but with low efficiency for improvement and emergence of new shoots and roots; it is more effective when using a concentration of 10 g L-1 of indole-3-acetic acid and immersion time in the solution of 16 seconds.

Abstract Grass from the genus Brachiaria spp. predominates in pastures with low fertile soils. This scenario highlights the importance of the association with microorganisms to foster plant growth, which becomes essential to the successful establishment of this forage in such environments. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability and identify the mechanisms of plant growth promotion, in vitro, of bacteria associated with Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. and Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt in Pernambuco, Brazil. We evaluated 20 isolates of diazotrophic bacteria obtained from the endophyte or rhizosphere communities. The genetic characteristics were determined via sequencing the 16S rRNA region, which allowed us to identify ten different bacterial genera: Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Microbacterium sp., Pantoea sp., Ralstonia sp., Rhizobium sp., Sinomonas sp., and Sphingomonas sp., with a specificity of the genus Rhizobium sp. to Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.. The phenotypic and functional characteristics revealed that 100% of the bacterial strains produced indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) with the addition of L-tryptophan, and 60% presented IAA production independent of the L-tryptophan pathway. We also detected that 70% of the isolated bacteria possessed the capacity to solubilize phosphorus. The analysis of the enzymatic output revealed that 30% of the bacterial isolates produced cellulase, 60% produced pectate lyase, 15% produced polygalacturonase, and 30% produced amylase. We also detected the production of N-acyl homoserine lactones in 65% of bacterial strains. In summary, our results showed that plants of B. decumbens Stapf. and B. humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt interacted with different bacterial genera capable of promoting plant growth.

Resumen Pastos del género Brachiaria spp. predomina en pasturas con suelos poco fértiles. Este escenario resalta la importancia de la asociación con microorganismos para fomentar el cultivo de plantas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la variabilidad genética e identificar los mecanismos de promoción del crecimiento de las plantas, in vitro, de bacterias asociadas con Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. y Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt en Pernambuco, Brasil. Evaluamos 20 aislamientos de bacterias diazotróficas obtenidas de la comunidad de endofitas o rizosfera. Las características genéticas se determinaron mediante la secuenciación de la región 16S rRNA, lo que permitió identificar diez géneros bacterianos diferentes: Bacillus sp., Burkholderia sp., Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella sp., Microbacterium sp., Pantoea sp., Ralstonia sp., Rhizobium sp., Sinomonas sp., y Sphingomonas sp., con una especificidad del género Rhizobium sp. a Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.. Las características fenotípicas y funcionales revelaron que el 100% de las cepas bacterianas producían ácido indol-3-acético (AIA) con la adición de L-triptófano y el 60% presentaban producción de AIA independientemente de la vía de L-triptófano. También detectamos que el 70% de las bacterias aisladas poseían la capacidad de solubilizar el fósforo. El análisis de la producción enzimática reveló que el 30% de los aislados producían celulasa, 60% pectato liasa, 15% poligalacturonasa y el 30% producía amilasa. También detectamos la producción de N-acyl homoserine lactones en el 65% de las cepas bacterianas. En resumen, las plantas de B. decumbens Stapf. y B. humidicola (Rendle.) Schweickerdt interactuó con diferentes géneros de bacterias capaces de promover el crecimiento de la planta.

RESUMO A produção de farinha por meio da moagem é uma alternativa para o processamento do feijão-caupi, na busca de um produto com maior valor agregado. Objetivou-se determinar a composição química, a granulometria e avaliar microbiologicamente farinhas integrais de cinco cultivares (BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Novaera e BRS Itaim) comerciais de feijão-caupi. Para a obtenção das farinhas procedeu-se a secagem dos grãos em estufa (marca Fanem, modelo 320-SE) a 50 °C, por 6 horas; com posterior moagem, primeiramente em moinho de facas tipo ciclone (marca Tecnal, modelo TE-651/2) e posteriormente, em moinho semi-industrial tipo pulverizador (marca Fritsch, modelo Pulverisette 14). Analisaram-se a composição centesimal, o valor energético total, o conteúdo mineral, a granulometria, as características microbiológicas, e as tecnológicas quanto a absorção e solubilidade em água das farinhas. As análises foram realizadas em triplicata e os resultados expressos em média ± desvio padrão. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p≤0,05). Os valores encontrados para composição centesimal foram: umidade entre 7,13 a 10,33 g/100g; cinzas de 2,06 a 3,65 g/100g; lipídios variaram de 1,53 g a 2,90 g/100g; proteínas entre 21,73 a 25,77 g/100g e o conteúdo de carboidratos variou de 58,08 a 64,02 g/100g. As farinhas ofertaram em média 359,04 Kcal/100g e apresentaram elevado teor de ferro, zinco, cobre, manganês, fósforo e magnésio, sendo as das cultivares BRS Cauamé e BRS Xiquexique fontes de cálcio. Sob o aspecto microbiológico as farinhas apresentaram-se inócuas. Os valores de IAA variaram de 1,77 a 2,20 g/g e ISA de 17 a 23%. Concluiu-se que todas as farinhas apresentaram bom perfil nutritivo, tecnológico e microbiológico, apresentando, portanto potencial para utilização no desenvolvimento de produtos de panificação.

ABSTRACT Flour production through milling is an alternative for the cowpea processing, when the aim is to obtain a product with higher added value. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition, the granulometry, and evaluate the microbiological characteristics of whole-bean flours from five cowpea cultivars (BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Novaera and BRS Itaim). Cowpea beans were dried in a oven (Fanem, 320-SE) at 50 °C for 6 hours, milled in a cyclone-type rotor mill (Tecnal, TE-651/2) and, subsequently, in a pulverizer-type semi-industrial mill (Fritsch, Pulverisette 14) to obtain the flour. The flour centesimal composition, total energetic value, mineral content, granulometry, microbiological characteristics, and technological properties-flour water absorption and solubility in water-were analyzed. All analyzes were performed in triplicate and the results expressed in mean ± standard deviation. The means were compared by the Scott-Knott test (p ≤ 0.05). The flour centesimal composition presented (g per 100 g of flour): 7.13 to 10.33 of moisture, 2.06 to 3.65 of ashes, 1.53 g to 2.90 of lipids, 21.73 to 25.77 of proteins, and 58.08 to 64.02 of carbohydrate. The flours had on average 359.04 Kcal (100 g) and presented high iron, zinc, copper, manganese, phosphorus and magnesium contents. The whole-bean flours from the cultivars BRS Cauamé and BRS Xiquexique are sources of calcium. Regarding the microbiological characteristics, all flours are innocuous. The water absorption index were within 1.77 and 2.20 g g-1 and the water solubility index within 17 and 23%. All whole-bean flours had good nutritional, technological and microbiological characteristics, and thus potential for use in bakery products.

RESUMO. O cultivo in vitro de embriões é uma importante técnica para viabilizar o resgate de embriões de cruzamentos incompatíveis. Trabalhos analisando os fatores que afetam o cultivo in vitro de embriões zigóticos são escassos. Desta forma este trabalho avaliou o efeito do genótipo (Capsicum baccatum e C. frutescens), da composição do meio de cultura (meio MS e ½ MS com diferentes concentrações de sacarose, IAA e GA3) e do estádio de desenvolvimento (globular, cordiforme, torpedo e cotiledonar) no cultivo in vitro de embriões imaturos. A germinação dos embriões foi influenciada principalmente pelo estádio de desenvolvimento do embrião e pela composição do meio de cultura. Independente da espécie o meio de cultura mais indicado para a germinação de embriões globulares e cordiformes é ½ MS com 0,05 mg L-1 de GA3, 0,05 mg L-1 de IAA e 40 g L-1 de sacarose. Para os embriões torpedo e cotiledonares, recomenda-se a germinação em meio de cultura ½ MS com 20 g L-1 de sacarose sem fitorreguladores. Estes resultados foram superiores aos descritos na literatura para todos os estádios de desenvolvimento das duas espécies. Os resultados deste trabalho são úteis para geneticistas e melhoristas interessados em aplicar a técnica de germinação in vitro de embriões imaturos em Capsicum.

ABSTRACT. The in vitro culture of embryos is an important technique to enable the rescue of embryos from incompatible crosses. Studies analyzing the factors that affect the in vitro culture of zygotic embryos are scarce. This study evaluated the effect of the genotype (Capsicum baccatum and C. frutescens), the composition of the culture medium (MS and ½ MS medium with different concentrations of sucrose, IAA and GA3) and the stage of development (globular, cordiform, torpedo and cotyledonary) in the in vitro culture of immature embryos. Embryo germination was influenced primarily by the stage of development of the embryo and the composition of the culture medium. Regardless of the species, the most suitable culture medium for the germination of globular and cordiform embryos was ½ MS with 0.05 mg L-1 of GA3 and IAA and 40 g L-1 of sucrose. For torpedo and cotyledonary embryos, ½ MS culture medium with 20 g L-1 of sucrose without phytoregulators is recommended for germination. These results were better than those described in the literature for all development stages in the two species. The results in the present study will be useful for geneticists and genetic enhancers interested in applying germination techniques conducted in vitro for immature Capsicum embryos.

ABSTRACT Microorganisms are of great importance for the development of plants through the production of various compounds, such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), synthesized by bacteria. However, research on the effect of inoculation of these bacteria on plants is still lacking. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro production of IAA by diazotrophic bacteria grown in the presence or absence of tryptophan (Trp) and the effect of inoculation of these strains on lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.). Initially, a completely randomized design experiment (DIC) was installed in a 19 × 2 factorial scheme, with 19 bacterial strains grown in media containing or not containing Trp, with four replications. It has been observed that Trp contributes to a higher production of IAA by most strains. Subsequently, six of these strains were selected for inoculation in lettuce seeds in two experiments: the first in gerbox and the other in trays containing commercial substrate. DIC was used in a 8 × 2 factorial scheme, with seven bacterial strains and one control without inoculation and the presence or absence of Trp in the culture medium, with four replications. Inoculation with most of the strains contributed to an increase in the seed germination rate, root length and shoot dry matter weight; however, the excess of IAA produced by some strains when grown in the presence of Trp may interfere with the development of lettuce seedlings.

RESUMO Os microrganismos exercem grande importância para o desenvolvimento dos vegetais por meio da produção de diversos compostos, como o ácido 3-indol acético (AIA), sintetizado por bactérias. No entanto, ainda são incipientes as pesquisas relatando o efeito da inoculação destas bactérias nas plantas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a produção in vitro de AIA por bactérias diazotróficas cultivadas na presença ou ausência do triptofano (Trp) e o efeito da inoculação destas estirpes em sementes de alface (Lactuca sativa L.). Inicialmente, foi instalado um experimento em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 19 × 2, sendo 19 estirpes bacterianas cultivadas em meios contendo ou não o Trp, com quatro repetições. Foi observado que o Trp contribui para a maior produção de AIA pela maioria das estirpes. Posteriormente, seis dessas estirpes foram selecionadas para inoculação em sementes de alface em dois experimentos, o primeiro em gerbox e o outro em bandejas contendo substrato comercial. Foi utilizado o DIC em esquema fatorial 8 × 2, sendo sete estirpes bacterianas e um controle sem inoculação e presença ou ausência do Trp no meio de cultivo, com quatro repetições. A inoculação com a maioria das estirpes contribuiu para o aumento da taxa de germinação das sementes, comprimento radicular e peso da matéria seca da parte aérea, no entanto, o excesso de AIA produzido por algumas estirpes quando cultivadas na presença de Trp pode interferir no desenvolvimento das mudas de alface.

RESUMO Bactérias diazotróficas não simbióticas (BDNS) atuam no desenvolvimento das plantas principalmente por meio da fixação biológica de nitrogênio e pela produção e liberação de substâncias reguladoras do crescimento vegetal. Não há descrito na literatura internacional o efeito dessas bactérias no enraizamento de estacas de oliveira, o qual tem sido proporcionado pelo uso de tratamento hormonal à base de ácido indolbutírico (AIB). Em vista disso, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a diversidade fisiológica de isolados obtidos em amostras de solo da Reserva Biológica Serra dos Toledos (Itajubá - MG) e de estirpes-tipo de BDNS, e o potencial de substituição do hormônio AIB no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de oliveira na Fazenda Experimental de Maria da Fé (FEMF-EPAMIG). Os isolados foram distribuídos em 5 grupos (G1 a G5) de acordo com suas características fenotípicas culturais baseadas em cor, diâmetro e consistência das colônias, e as estirpes-tipo utilizadas foram Azospirillum brasilense (BR11001t), Azospirillum amazonense (BR11040t), Herbaspirillum seropedicae (BR11175t) e Burkholderia brasilensis (BR11340t). A diversidade fisiológica foi avaliada através de experimentos de solubilização de fosfato, tolerância a diferentes condições de pH, temperatura e produção de ácido indolacético (AIA). Para avaliação do potencial de enraizamento nas estacas semilenhosas de oliveira foram utilizados as cultivares Ascolano 315, Arbequina e Grappolo 541, oriundas do banco de germoplasma da FEMF-EPAMIG. Aplicaram-se 33 tratamentos, nos quais as estacas foram inoculadas com os grupos de isolados bacterianos, com as estirpes-tipo, sem inoculação (controle) e apenas com AIB, comercialmente utilizado na FEMF-EPAMIG. Apenas dois isolados mostraram capacidade de solubilização de fosfato. Os grupos de isolados e das estirpes-tipo apresentaram exigências ambientais muito similares com amplas faixas de condições ótimas de pH (5,0 a 9,0) e temperatura (15-35ºC) para máximo crescimento. Os isolados e estirpes-tipo apresentaram uma produção de AIA variando de 110,53 a 383,58 µg mL-1, sendo que os grupos dos isolados, em geral, não diferiram significativamente dos valores obtidos pelas estirpes-tipo. Todos os grupos de isolados apresentam potencial de enraizamento de estacas de oliveira, sendo aqueles dos grupos 1 e 4 mais indicados para a cultivar Arbequina, grupo 2 para a Grappolo 541 e grupos 1 e 5 para a Ascolano 315, com desempenhos semelhantes àquele proporcionado pelo AIB.

ABSTRACT Non-symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria (NSDB) influence plant growth mainly through biological nitrogen fixation and production and release of plant growth-regulating substances. The effect of these bacteria on rooting of olive is not described in the international literature, which has been provided by the use of hormonal treatment based on indole butyric acid (IBA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological diversity of isolates obtained from soil samples of the Biological Reserve Serra dos Toledos, Itajubá, MG state, and of reference strains of NSDB, and their potential of substitution of IBA on rooting of olive semi-hardwood cuttings from the experimental farm 'Maria da Fé' (FEMF-EPAMIG). The isolates were divided into five groups (G1 to G5) according with cultural phenotypic characteristics based on color, diameter and consistence of colonies, and reference strains used were Azospirillum brasilense (BR11001t), Azospirillum amazonense (BR11040t), Herbaspirillum seropedicae (BR11175t) and Burkholderia brasilensis (BR11340t). The diversity of physiological was performed using phosphate solubilization, tolerance to different conditions of temperature and pH and production of indole acetic acid (IAA). To evaluate the potential of semi-hardwood cuttings rooting in olive cultivars were used the cultivars Ascolano 315, Arbequina and Grappolo 541, from the germoplasm blank of the FEMF-EPAMIG. There were 33 treatments, and the cuttings were inoculated with the bacterial isolate groups, with the reference strains, without inoculation (control) and only IBA, commercially used in rooting. Only two isolates showed ability to solubilize phosphate. Groups of isolates and of reference strains showed very similar environmental requirements, with wide ranges of optimum conditions of pH (5,0-9,0) and temperature (15-35ºC) for maximum growth. The isolates and reference strains showed a production IAA ranging from 110.53 to 383.58 µg mL-1, and the groups of isolates generally did not differ significantly from the values obtained by reference strains. All the groups of isolates present potential of rooting of olive cuttings, and those of groups 1 and 4 are more indicated to Arbequina, group 2 to Grappolo 541 and groups 1 and 5 to Ascolano 315, with performances similar to those obtained from IBA.