Amino sugars are chemical compounds that have a sugar backbone, in which one of the hydroxyl groups is replaced by an amino group. Derivatives of amine-containing sugars, such as N-acetylglucosamine, are also considered amino sugars. The synthetic introduction of amino functionalities in a regio- and stereoselective manner ontosugar scaffolds represents a substantial challenge. Most of the modern methods for the preparation of 1-, 2- and 3-amino sugars are those starting from glycals, 2,3-unsaturated O-glycosides epoxy-sugars, keto-sugars among others. This review summarizes recente developments in the current state of knowledge concerning the occurrence, biosynthesis, synthesis and application of amino sugars.

An efficient and non-expensive method for conversion of diverse potassium organotrifluoroborates to their corresponding boronic acids promoted by montmorillonite K10 using water as the reaction solvent is described. Further interconversion of potassium organotrifluoroborates to their corresponding boronic esters, via boronic acid intermediates was also successfully accomplished. The products were obtained in good yields, being the rate of hydrolysis influenced by the type of substituent present in the boronic acid.

RESUMOPropôs-se avaliar a influência das condições microclimáticas do tempo de espera na sala de pintos do incubatório sobre a qualidade final dos pintos de um dia, oriundos de matrizes de diferentes idades. Foi mensurada a massa de 1440 ovos férteis, divididos em três lotes de 480 ovos cada um referentes às idades de matrizes (46, 54 e 64 semanas). Após o nascimento os pintos foram selecionados, sexados e subdivididos nas três idades de matrizes e em três tempos de espera (0, 14 e 28 h). Também foram instalados dataloggers na sala de espera e nas caixas de pintos para o monitoramento da temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e entalpia específica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 3 com 50 repetições. As variáveis respostas analisadas foram: massa corporal dos pintos, temperatura cloacal, temperatura superficial média e frequência respiratória. O tempo de espera e as condições microclimáticas da sala de pintos do incubatório influenciaram no conforto térmico dos pintos. O melhor tempo de espera dos pintos foi o de 0 h. O maior percentual de perda de massa dos pintos devido ao tempo de espera foi observado nos pintos oriundos de matrizes com 54 semanas de idade.

ABSTRACTIt is proposed to evaluate the influence of microclimatic conditions of the lairage time in the hatchery chicks room on the final quality of one day-old chicks, that came from different ages of breeders. The mass of 1440 fertile eggs was divided into three batches of 480 eggs each, according to the age of breeders (46, 54 and 64 weeks). After birth, the chicks were selected, sexed and divided into the three ages of breeders and three lairage times (0, 14 and 28 h). Dataloggers were also installed in the lairage room and in the chick’s boxes to monitor the air temperature, relative humidity, specific enthalpy. A completely randomized design was used in factorial scheme of 2 x 3 x 3 with 50 repetitions. The analysed response variables were: body mass of chicks, cloacal temperature, average surface temperature and respiratory rate. The lairage time and the microclimatic conditions of the hatchery chick’s room influenced the thermal comfort of the chicks. The best lairage time was 0 h. The highest percentage of weight loss due to the lairage time was observed in chicks from breeders with 54 weeks of age.

RESUMO Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o efeito combinado de duas unidades de tratamento na remoção de nitrogênio total Kjeldahl (NTK) e fósforo total (PT). As unidades avaliadas receberam alimentação contínua, sendo um reator anaeróbio de manta de lodo e fluxo ascendente tipo RAFA, com volume útil de 96 L, seguido de um sistema alagado construído (SAC) com capacidade para 237 L. O experimento foi conduzido em três fases, variando o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) no reator anaeróbio de: 59 h, 19,5 h e 5 h, e no SAC 146 h, 48 h e 13 h, respectivamente, nas fases I, II e III. A carga orgânica volumétrica (COV) aplicada foi de 1,2; 1,3 e 13,0 kg m-3 d-1 de DQO no RAFA, e as taxas de aplicação superficial (TAS) no SAC foram de 120, 130 e 464 kg ha-1d-1 de NTK e 13; 51 e 240 kg ha-1 d-1de PT e de 850; 656 e 6.335 kg ha-1 d-1 de DQO. As eficiências de remoção de NTK e PT no sistema como um todo foram de, aproximadamente, 35%, não havendo diferença significativa entre as fases. Porém, em termos de COV removida, houve maior remoção com o aumento da carga aplicada. As características apresentadas pelo efluente do sistema nas diferentes fases não alcançaram os padrões ambientais para lançamento em cursos de água no Estado de Minas Gerais, dentre as variáveis avaliadas, mas seu potencial nutricional deve ser utilizado para produção agrícola.

ABSTRACT In this study, we assessed the combined effect of two treatment units on removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). Continuous feeding was provided to the units which consisted of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor with a working volume of 96 L and a constructed wetland system (WS) with a capacity of 237 L. The experiment was performed in three phases with variation in hydraulic retention time (HRT). UASB reactor had a HRT of 59, 19.5 and 5 hours; and for the WSs, HRTs were 146, 48 and 13 hours. Volumetric organic loading rates (VOLR) applied to the reactor were 1.2, 1.3 and 13.0 kg.m-3d-1 of COD. Surface application rates (SAR) in the WS were 120, 130 and 464 kg ha-1 d-1 of TKN, and 13, 51 and 240 kg ha-1 d-1 of TP. Removal efficiency of TKN and TP reached approximately 35% for the entire system with no significant differences among phases. However, such removal rates achieved higher values with increasing loads. Regarding the evaluated variables, we concluded that the effluent generated by the combined system at all phases did not reach the environmental standards proposed by the state of Minas Gerais (Brazil) to be released into water bodies. On the other hand, this waste has a great nutritional potential that should be used to enhance agricultural production.

Quando as condições microclimáticas e de transporte são combinadas inadequadamente, os componentes dos ovos férteis podem ser danificados. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, caracterizar e analisar a dependência espacial dos perfis microclimáticos no transporte de ovos férteis em diferentes layouts de caixas. A pesquisa foi conduzida na empresa integradora avícola, em Mogi Mirim, SP, por meio do acompanhamento de cinco carregamentos. Utilizou-se um caminhão climatizado do tipo baú, com capacidade para 592 caixas de ovos e se avaliaram dois layouts da carga (caixas superiores e inferiores) de 9 pilhas com seis caixas de ovos férteis. Um microprocessador foi instalado dentro das caixas de ovos, totalizando 18 microprocessadores. As variáveis meteorológicas analisadas foram: temperatura (ºC) umidade relativa (%) e entalpia específica (kJ kg-1 ar seco). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdividas e realizada a análise geoestatística (krigagem ordinária). No layout das caixas superiores foram registrados valores elevados de temperatura e baixos valores de umidade relativa e entalpia específica. As regiões de piores condições microclimáticas nos dois layouts se situaram nas partes central e traseira do caminhão, durante o transporte dos ovos férteis.

The fertile egg components may be damaged when the microclimatic conditions and transportation characteristics are combined inadequately. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize and to assess the spatial dependence of microclimatic profiles during transport of fertile eggs with different layout of boxes. A trial was conducted in a commercial poultry industry in Mogi Mirim in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, through monitoring five loads of hatching eggs. An air conditioned truck was used, with maximum capacity of 592 egg boxes. Two layout of boxes were assessed in the present study. One data logger was installed inside the egg boxes, totalizing 18 data loggers. The following thermal variables were studied: dry-bulb temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and specific enthalpy (kJ kg-1 dry air). A completely randomized design was adopted , with a split-plot structure and was analysed through geostatistics (ordinary kriging). Inside the superior box layout, high values of temperature and lower values of relative humidity and specific enthalpy were registered. The worst regions for microclimatic in both layouts were located in the central and rear part of the truck during transport of fertile eggs.

Foi avaliada a eficiência do fixador esquelético externo Tipo II para o tratamento de fratura de tibiotarso em oito galinhas adultas da raça Plymouth Rock Branca. As aves foram pré-medicadas com sulfato de morfina e anestesiadas com halotano. Em seguida, foi realizada osteotomia na diáfise do tibiotarso esquerdo, por meio de serra oscilatória. Quatro pinos de Kirschner foram inseridos através das corticais ósseas, dois proximalmente e dois distalmente ao foco da fratura. Após a redução desta, as extremidades dos dois pinos proximais e distais foram torcidas em direção distal ou proximal, respectivamente, sendo os pinos conectados externamente por meio de duas barras de acrílico autopolimerizável, nas faces lateral e medial externa do membro. O retorno da plena capacidade de utilização do membro foi observado em 20,00±7,09 dias, e a cicatrização óssea, avaliada por exame radiográfico, ocorreu em 35,12±8,72 dias. Os resultados do experimento demonstraram que redução aberta e aplicação de fixador esquelético externo Tipo II é método efetivo para o tratamento de fraturas de tibiotarso em galinhas da raça Plymouth Rock Branca.

The efficiency of the Type II external skeletal fixator for the treatment of tibiotarsus fracture in eight adult White Plymouth Rock chickens was evaluated. The individuals were pre-medicated with morphine sulfate and anesthetized with halothane, and submitted to a diaphysary osteotomy in the left tibiotarsus, performed with an oscillatory saw. Four Kirschner wires were inserted through the bone cortices, being two proximally and two distally to the fracture. After the fracture reduction the ends of both proximal and distal wires were twisted in distal or proximal direction, respectively, being the wires connected by two bars of autopolymerizing acrylic resin, in the external lateral and medial faces of the limb. The return to full capability to use the member was observed in 20.00±7.09 days, and the bone healing occurred in 35.12±8.72 days. The results of this study showed that open reduction and use of Type II external skeletal fixator is an effective method for the treatment of tibiotarsus fractures in White Plymouth Rock chickens.

BRCA1 mutations are known to be responsible for the majority of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers in women with early onset and a family history of the disease. In this paper we present a mutational survey conducted in 47 Brazilian patients with breast/ovarian cancer, selected based on age at diagnosis, family history, tumor laterality, and presence of breast cancer in male patients. All 22 coding exons and intron-exon junctions were sequenced. Constitutional mutations were found in seven families, consisting of one insertion (insC5382) in exon 20 (four patients), one four base-pair deletion (3450-3453delCAAG) in exon 11 resulting in a premature stop codon (one patient), one transition (IVS17+2T> C) in intron 17 affecting a mRNA splicing site (one patient), and a C> T transition resulting in a stop-codon (Q1135X) in exon 11 (one patient). The identification of these mutations which are associated to hereditary breast and ovarian cancers will contribute to the characterization of the mutational spectrum of BRCA1 and to the improvement of genetic counseling for familial breast/ovarian cancer patients in Brazil.