This work aims to present one of the main results obtained in a master’s level (SILVA, 2020), alongside recent studies related to the theme. Our research had as its scope the study of statements about the permanence and non-permanence of students in the Mathematics Teacher Training course (LM) at UFRGS Michel Foucault's Discourse Analysis (2013) structured the Research theoretically and methodologically. The research data was constructed through questionnaires and interviews with students and former students of that course. When investigating the utterances in these speeches, we noticed the manifestation of the existence of three lines of training promoted by the same LM course, which we call: theoretical training in mathematics; theoretical training in mathematics education/education; and practical training; each one with its statements and discourses on education (mathematics), which could even be excluded (SILVA, 2020). Despite referring to a specific context and originating from the application of Discourse Analysis, this result speaks to one of the findings of Zaidan et al. (2021) study, based on Pedagogical Projects of LM courses from various public higher education institutions in Brazil, that Mathematics Degrees seem to be divided between mathematical training, didactic-pedagogical training and professional practice; and with the observations of Moreira (2012), regarding aspects that also characterize the presence of the “3+1” structure in LM courses.

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar uno de los principales resultados obtenidos en una investigación a nivel de maestría (SILVA, 2020), junto a estudios recientes relacionados con el tema. Nuestra investigación tuvo como alcance el estudio de los enunciados sobre la permanencia y no permanencia de los estudiantes del Curso de Grado en Matemáticas (LM) de la UFRGS y se basó, teórica y metodológicamente, en el Análisis del Discurso de Michel Foucault (2013). Los datos de la investigación se construyeron mediante cuestionarios y entrevistas con alumnos y ex alumnos del curso. Al indagar las enunciaciones en estos discursos, identificamos la manifestación de la existencia de tres líneas de formación promovidas por el mismo curso de LM, que denominamos: formación teórica en matemáticas; formación teórica en educación/educación matemática; y formación práctica; cada una con sus propias enunciaciones y discursos sobre la educación (matemática), que podrían incluso excluirse entre sí (SILVA, 2020). A pesar de referirse a un contexto específico y de provenir de la aplicación del Análisis del Discurso, este resultado conversa con uno de los hallazgos del estudio de Zaidan et al. (2021), basado en la consulta de Proyectos Pedagógicos de cursos de LM de varias instituciones públicas de educación superior en Brasil, el de que las Licenciaturas en Matemáticas parecen estar divididas entre la formación matemática, la formación didáctico-pedagógica y la práctica profesional; y con las observaciones de Moreira (2012), en cuanto a los aspectos que también caracterizan la presencia de la estructura 3+1 en los cursos de LM.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um dos principais resultados obtidos em uma pesquisa em nível de mestrado (SILVA, 2020), ao lado de estudos recentes relacionados à temática. Nossa pesquisa teve como escopo o estudo de enunciados acerca da permanência e não permanência de alunos no curso de Licenciatura em Matemática (LM) da UFRGS e foi embasada, teórica e metodologicamente, na Análise do Discurso, de Michel Foucault (2013). Os dados da pesquisa foram construídos por meio de questionários e entrevistas junto a alunos e ex-alunos do referido curso. Ao investigar as enunciações nessas falas, percebemos a manifestação da existência de três linhas de formação promovidas por um mesmo curso de LM, a que denominamos: formação teórica em matemática; formação teórica em educação/educação matemática; e formação prática; cada uma com seus próprios enunciados e discursos sobre educação (matemática), que poderiam até mesmo se excluir (SILVA, 2020). Apesar de referir a um contexto específico e de ter origem na aplicação da Análise do Discurso, este resultado conversa com uma das constatações do estudo de Zaidan e outros (2021), a partir da consulta a Projetos Pedagógicos de cursos de LM de várias instituições públicas de ensino superior do Brasil, a de que as Licenciaturas em Matemática parecem estar divididas entre formação matemática, formação didático-pedagógica e a prática profissional; e com as observações de Moreira (2012), quanto a aspectos que caracterizam, ainda, a presença da estrutura “3+1” em cursos de LM.

ABSTRACT Papilionoideae is the most diverse subfamily of Leguminosae, representing approximately 39 % of its species. Although it is particularly species rich and diverse in the Caatinga, the main phytophysiognomy of the semiarid Northeast Region of Brazil, little is known about the pollen morphology of the species that occur there. This study analyzes and describes the pollen morphology of the 27 species of Papilionoideae endemic to the Caatinga. Pollen grains were acetolyzed, mounted on permanent slides, measured, described and photomicrographed using light and scanning electron microscopy (LM and SEM, respectively). The main variable morphological features were pollen grain size, shape, amb, apertural type and exine ornamentation under LM (microreticulate, reticulate, psilate or finely scabrate) and SEM (microreticulate, reticulate, rugulate, granulate, fossulate and perforate). High intergeneric morphological heterogeneity was observed while morphological variation within each genus was subtle. Nonetheless, size, endoaperture shape, fastigium presence/absence and exine ornamentation were found to be important characteristics for the identification of some species.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As cefaleias se constituem no sintoma neurológico mais comum e de queixa médica mais frequente, sendo a dor de tipo tensional uma das formas mais relatadas e um problema público de saúde. Entre as terapias manuais indicadas ao tratamento da cefaleia de tipo tensional (CTT), está a liberação miofascial (LM), que consiste na liberação da tensão do músculo e da fáscia por meio de técnicas para desativação de pontos-gatilhos (PG). O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a eficácia da fisioterapia utilizando a LM no tratamento das CTT induzidas por PG. CONTEÚDO: A questão norteadora do estudo foi: “Qual o efeito da terapia manual utilizando a liberação miofascial como tratamento em pacientes com cefaleias do tipo tensional”? As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados LILACS e Pubmed/Medline até agosto de 2021. Foram incluídos nessa revisão 16 estudos publicados entre 2003 e 2021, sendo relatos de caso e ensaios clínicos, com um total de 481 pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de LM apresentou resultados positivos como tratamento para CTT, pela diminuição intensidade e frequência da dor.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Headaches are the most common neurological symptom and the most frequent medical complaint, with tension-type pain being one of the most reported forms, being considered a public health problem. Among the manual therapies indicated for the treatment of tension type headaches (TTH) is myofascial release (MRL), which consists of releasing muscle and fascia tension, through techniques that deactivate trigger points (TP). Thus, the objective of this integrative review is to determine the effectiveness of physical therapy using MRL in the treatment of TP-induced TTH. CONTENTS: The guiding question of the study was: “What is the effect of manual therapy using myofascial release as a treatment in patients with tension-type headaches”? Searches were performed in LILACS and Pubmed/Medline databases until August 2021. Sixteen studies published between 2003 and 2021 were included in this integrative review, including case reports and clinical trials, presenting a total of 481 patients. CONCLUSION: It was possible to conclude that the MRL technique showed positive results as a treatment for TTH through the reduction of pain, intensity and frequency.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cancer patients in terminal stages present symptoms related to anemia, other cytopenias, and coagulopathies that deteriorate the quality of life. These symptoms can be multicausal and do not improve in most cases. Objective: Describe the use of blood transfusions in the six months before death as an alternative palliative treatment in patients with an oncological diagnosis in the city of Medellin during the period 2013-2018. Methods: Retrospective cohort, in patients with a cancer diagnosis who received transfusions in the last six months of life, a non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases was executed. The analysis was carried out in SPSS, estimating absolute and relative frequencies and median with interquartile ranges. Results: Out of 3,254 medical records of cancer patients, 151 were included. The time to oncological diagnosis had a median of 2 years (IQR 1 and 3). The symptoms observed in patients before and after the first transfusion were pain, present in 32.1 % (46) and 16.9 % (25) respectively, besides drowsiness was distinguished in 25 % (36) before transfusion and 14.3 % (21) after. Finally, the clinical outcomes before and after the last transfusion prior to death, were a decrease in pain, asthenia/adynamia, drowsiness, among others. Conclusions: The findings of this research allow us to appreciate the current panorama in the institutions in which palliative care medical services are being provided and consider when to offer the blood products to a patient at the end of life as a therapeutic measure in the context of a human being cared by physicians.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los pacientes con cáncer en fase terminal presentan síntomas relacionados con la anemia, otras citopenias y coagulopatías que deterioran la calidad de vida. Estos síntomas pueden ser multicausales y no mejoran en la mayoría de los casos. Objetivo: Describir el uso de transfusiones sanguíneas en los seis meses previos a la muerte como alternativa de tratamiento paliativo en pacientes con diagnóstico oncológico en la ciudad de Medellín durante el periodo 2013-2018. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva, en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer que recibieron transfusiones en los últimos seis meses de vida, se ejecutó un muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. El análisis se realizó en SPSS, estimando frecuencias absolutas y relativas y mediana con rangos intercuartílicos. Resultados: De 3254 historias clínicas de pacientes con cáncer, 151 fueron incluidas. El tiempo hasta el diagnóstico oncológico tuvo una mediana de 2 años (IQR 1 y 3). Los síntomas observados en los pacientes antes y después de la primera transfusión fueron el dolor, presente en el 32,1 % (46) y el 16,9 % (25) respectivamente, además de la somnolencia que se distinguió en el 25 % (36) antes de la transfusión y el 14,3 % (21) después. Finalmente, los resultados clínicos antes y después de la última transfusión antes de la muerte, fueron una disminución del dolor, astenia/adinamia, somnolencia, entre otros. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos de esta investigación permiten apreciar el panorama actual en las instituciones en las que se prestan servicios médicos de cuidados paliativos y considerar cuándo ofrecer los hemoderivados a un paciente al final de la vida como medida terapéutica en el contexto de un ser humano atendido por los médicos.

Resumo Fundamento Pouco se conhece sobre a relação entre sarcopenia e hemodinâmica central em idosos longevos. Objetivo Estudar a relação da rigidez arterial com a composição corporal em idosos longevos. Métodos A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio da absortometria de Raio X de dupla energia (DEXA) e dos parâmetros de circulação central (PCC) obtidos por método oscilométrico não invasivo, com o Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor®. Os parâmetros centrais avaliados foram: velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP), augmentation index (AIx), índice de amplificação da pressão de pulso (iAPP) e pressão de pulso central (PPc). Estes foram correlacionados com massa magra total (MM) e apendicular (MA), percentual de gordura corporal e índice de Baumgartner (IB). Aceitou-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Participaram 124 longevos, com idade média de 87,1 anos (DP±4,3 anos), sendo 74,2% mulheres e 57,3% brancos. Houve correlação inversa do AIx com as variáveis MM (r = - 0,391, p < 0,001), MA (r= -0,378, p< 0,001) e IB (r = -0,258, p 0,004). A PPc apresentou associação inversa com MM (r= -0,268, p =0,003), MA (r=-0,288, p= 0,001) e IB (r= -0,265, p = 0,003). Houve relação direta apenas entre AIx e percentual de gordura corporal (r= 0,197, p= 0,029). Conclusão Em idosos longevos, o percentual de gordura corporal se associa diretamente com a rigidez arterial e tem associação inversa com a quantidade de MM. Esses achados podem estar associados ao maior risco cardiovascular.

Abstract Background Arterial stiffness, obesity and sarcopenia correlate with each other and with cardiac outcomes in younger adults. However, there is little evidence of the association between body composition and markers of central arteries stiffness in long-lived people. Objective To evaluate the relationship between arterial stiffness and body composition in functionally independent long-lived individuals. Methods This is a cross-sectional analysis of the association between markers of arterial stiffness and body composition among participants in a longitudinal cohort of elderly individuals aged 80 years or older who were functionally independent and lived in the community . Body composition measurements were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and central circulation parameters (CCP) obtained by a non-invasive oscillometric method through the Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA Monitor® device. The central parameters evaluated were: pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation Index (AIx), pulse pressure amplification index (PPAi) and central pulse pressure (cPP). These were correlated to total lean mass (LM) and appendicular lean mass (aLM), body fat percentage, and Baumgartner’s Index (BI). The level of significance was set at 5% for all tests. Results Data from 124 elderly people with a mean age of 87.1 years (SD ± 4.3 years) were analyzed, with 74.2% of women and 57.3% of white. There was a statistically significant inverse correlation of AIx with LM (r = -0.391, p <0.001), aLM (r = -0.378, p <0.001), and BI (r = -0.258, p = 0.004). Also, cPP had an inversely proportional association with LM (r = -0.268, p = 0.003), aLM (r = -0.288, p = 0.001), and BI (r = -0.265, p = 0.003). When assessing the relationship between fat mass and CCP, a statistically significant direct relationship was observed only between AIx and body fat percentage (r = 0.197, p = 0.029). Conclusion In long-lived people, body fat percentage is directly associated with arterial stiffness and inversely associated with the amount of LM. These findings may be associated with increased cardiovascular risk.

Resumo A Lesão Medular (LM) caracteriza-se pela falta de funcionamento total ou parcial da medula espinhal em consequência de uma lesão abrupta, ferimentos, luxações, doenças autoimunes entre outras causas. O estudo teve por objetivo investigar o uso indevido de medicamentos por pessoas com lesão medular, de acordo com a literatura. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, em junho de 2019, seguindo as recomendações do PRISMA. Buscaram-se estudos publicados nas bases de dados MedLine, Scopus, Bdenf, Lilacs e Web of Science por meio de dois cruzamentos realizados com os termos “Analgesics, Opioid and Spinal Cord Injuries” e “Drug Misuseand Spinal Cord Injuries”, bem como estudos encontrados nas referências dos artigos selecionados. Identificaram-se 187 artigos, sendo selecionados dez. Nove estudos foram realizados nos Estados Unidos e um no Canadá, e todos foram publicados na língua inglesa, de 2014 a 2018. O uso indevido foi constatado nas pesquisas e esteve relacionado com os seguintes fatores: dor, raça não branca, utilização frequente de opióides, tabagismo, alcoolismo, consumo de maconha, dependência, eventos adversos, depressão, lesões lombares/sacrais, faixa etária jovem, baixa escolaridade, polifarmácia, erro na prescrição, automedicação e falhas na dispensação, mesmo com prescrição por profissionais de saúde. As pessoas com LM fazem uso indevido de medicamentos, sobretudo com excesso de analgésicos.

Abstract Spinal cord Injury (SCI) is characterized by total or partial spinal cord malfunction due to an abrupt lesion, injury, dislocation, auto-immune diseases among other things. The objective of this study was to investigate the improper use of medications bypersons with spinal cord injury, according to the literature. A literature review was conducted, in June 2019, following the recommendations of PRISMA. Sought studies published in Medline, Scopus, Bdenf, Lilacs and Web of Science databases by crossing the terms “Analgesics, Opioid and Spinal Cord Injuries” and “Drug Misuse and Spinal Cord Injuries”, and studies found in references of the selected articles. Had been identified 187 articles, and selected ten. Nine studies were performed in USA and one in Canadá and all researches selected had been performed in USA and published in English, between 2014 and 2018. Misuse was found in research and was related to the following factors: pain, black race, frequent use of opioids, smoking, alcoholism, cannabis use, addiction, adverse events, depression, lumbar/sacral injury, young age group, low education, polypharmacy, prescription errors, self-medication and dispensation failures, even with prescription by health professionals. People with SCI make misuse of medicines, especially with excess painkillers.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar a estabilidade de cor e oxidativa de músculos claros (LM) e escuros (DM) de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) armazenados a 4° C por oito dias. Cinco repetições diferentes de amostras de LM e DM foram analisadas quanto aos atributos instrumentais de cor (luminosidade, teor de vermelho e teor de amarelo), incluindo a estabilidade de cor na superfície através da razão de refletâncias nos comprimentos de onda 630 e 580 nm (R630/580), concentração de mioglobina, lipídios totais, perfil de ácidos graxos, atividade de redução da metamioglobina (MRA), pH, oxidação lipídica e oxidação proteica. Os resultados do presente estudo indicam que músculos escuros (DM) de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) apresentam menor estabilidade oxidativa e de cor durante o armazenamento refrigerado, quando comparados aos músculos claros (LM).

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to compare the color and oxidative stability of light (LM) and dark (DM) muscles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) stored at 4 °C for eight days. Five different trials of LM and DM samples were analyzed for instrumental color attributes (lightness, redness and yellowness), including the surface color stability through ratio of reflectance at 630/580 nm (R630/580), myoglobin concentration, total lipid content, fatty acid profile, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), pH, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation. Results of the present study indicated that DM of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) present lower oxidative and color stability during refrigerated storage than LM.

Abstract Objective: To perform an in vitro analysis of antibacterial and antifungal potential of an alcoholic extract from the leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. against oral microorganisms and determine its chemical composition. Material and Methods: A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves form G. graciliflora was obtained through maceration, vacuum concentration and freeze-drying. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and strains of Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis determined the total phenolic compounds, protein concentration and total of sugars present in the extract. Results: G. Graciliflora demonstrated antifungal activity against the LM 11 and LM 410 clinical isolates of C. albicans (MIC 0.5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively). The other microorganisms tested were resistant to the extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed 3% proteins, 13% total sugars and 17% phenolic compounds. Conclusion: G. Graciliflora has antifungal activity against clinical strains of C. albicans and exhibits proteins, sugars and phenolic compounds in its chemical composition.

Resumo Dados comparando medidas antropométricas, análise de impedância bioelétrica (BIA) e parâmetros de absorciometria de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA) são de alguma forma limitados e conflitantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar parâmetros antropométricos de BIA e de DXA entre adultos obesos brasileiros, com foco na comparação com tecido adiposo visceral (TAV) obtido na DXA e no valor das medidas antropométricas. Cinquenta participantes voluntários foram inscritos. O teste de correlação de Spearman foi utilizado para avaliar a correlação do TAV com medidas antropométricas, da BIA e de outros parâmetros da DXA. O coeficiente de correlação intra-classe (ICC) foi usado para avaliar a concordância entre massa magra (MM), massa gorda (MG), % de gordura corporal (%GC) e % de gordura corporal na parte superior do corpo (%GSC) obtidos por BIA e DXA. A maioria era do sexo feminino (80%) e apresentava índice de massa corporal médio (IMC) de 39,0 (± 6,4) kg / m2. As únicas medidas antropométricas que mostraram uma forte correlação com o TAV foram a circunferência abdominal (CA) e a relação cintura / estatura (RCE), mas apenas no sexo feminino. Houve uma correlação muito boa para MM [ICC = 0,951 (IC = 0,913 - 0,972)], MG [ICC = 0,987 (IC = 0,977 - 0,993)], % GC [ICC = 0,961 (IC = 0,931-0,978)], e % GSC [ICC = 0,873 (IC = 0,776 - 0,928)], entre os dados coletados através de BIA e DXA. Dentre as medidas antropométricas avaliadas, apenas a CA e a RCE parecem estimar pacientes com distribuição de gordura abdominal e maior TAV no sexo feminino. A DXA e a BIA mostraram-se semelhantes para a avaliação de MM, MG,% GC e % GSC, embora a DXA tenha a vantagem de estimar o VAT.

Abstract Data comparing anthropometric measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absortiometry (DXA) parameters are somehow limited and conflicting. The objective of this study was to correlate anthropometric, BIA and DXA parameters among obese Brazilian adults with focus on the comparison with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) obtained from DXA and in the value of antropometric measurements. Fifty voluntary participants were enrolled. The Spearman correlation test was used to assess the correlation of VAT with anthropometric measurements, BIA and other DXA parameters. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate concordance between lean mass (LM), fat mass (FM), %body fat (%BF) and %upper body fat (%UBF) obtained from BIA and DXA. Most were female (80%) and had an average body index mass (BMI) of 39.0 (± 6.4) kg/m2. The only anthropometric measurements showing a strong correlation with VAT were abdominal circumference (AC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), but just in females. There was a very good correlation for LM [ICC = 0.951 (CI = 0.913 - 0.972)], FM [ICC = 0.987 (CI = 0.977 – 0.993)], %BF [ICC = 0.961 (CI = 0.931-0.978)], and %UBF [ICC = 0.873 (CI = 0.776 – 0.928)], between data collected through BIA and DXA. Among the anthropometric measurements assessed, only AC and WHtR seems to estimate patients with abdominal fat distribution and higher VAT in females. DXA and BIA proved similar for the evaluation of LM, FM, %BF and %UBF, although DXA has the advantage of estimating VAT.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the performance, intestinal morphology and carcass yield of broilers fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) diet or corn-SBM-soybean hull (SH) with or without b-mannanase supplementation. Thousand four hundred and forty Cobb Slow-male- chicks were housed design following a factorial scheme 2 x 2 (corn-SBM diet and corn-SBM-SH diet vs with and without b-mannanase), composing 4 treatments and 9 replicates each treatment, with 40 birds each replicate. At 21 days, corn-SBM diet supplemented with b-mannanase resulted in better (p<0.05) feed conversion. At 42 days, the weight gain (p<0.05) and feed intake (p<0.05) of the birds fed diets containing SH was 2.6% and 2.9% higher than that of birds fed corn-SBM diets, respectively, independent of b-mannanase supplementation. Birds supplemented with b-mannanase had a lower length of villi (p<0.05) and absorption area (p<0.05) of jejunum mucosa, and higher (p<0.05) relative liver weight. Diets with SH and without addition of b-mannanase resulted in higher relative liver weight (p<0.05) and lower percentage of fat in the carcass. It was not found statistical differences (p>0.05) in the quality of the poultry litter with the inclusion of the enzyme in the diet. The use of b-mannanase in diets with higher concentration of fiber improves the feed conversion of broilers from 1 to 21 days and can be an important nutritional and economic strategy in situations of unavailability of raw material of better quality. Corn-SBM-SH diet resulted in greater weight gain at 42 days than corn-SBM diet.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad de la AChE en sangre total y los niveles de FRAP en muestras de perros con tumores mamarios antes y después de la cirugía, así como la relación entre estas variables con marcadores inmunohistoquímicos de tumores (E-caderina, ki-67 , COX - 2). Materiales y métodos. En este estudio, 13 perros con tumores mamarios se dividieron en dos grupos (A y B). El grupo A estaba formado por perros con tumores menores de 3 cm de diámetro y el grupo B estaba formado por perros con tumor de 3 cm de diámetro o más. La actividad de AChE y los niveles de FRAP se evaluaron antes y después de la cirugía y la inmunohistoquímica se realizó en los tumores. Resultados. La actividad de la AChE aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) en perros con cáncer mamario en comparación con los animales control, y ni la cirugía ni el tamaño tumoral afectaron la actividad de la AChE (p>0.05). Los niveles de FRAP antes de la cirugía fueron significativamente más bajos (p<0.05) en comparación con los animales control. Además, los niveles de FRAP aumentaron significativamente después de la cirugía en animales del grupo A en comparación con los datos antes de la cirugía, hecho que no se observó en perros del grupo B. La E-cadherina mostró correlación positiva baja con los niveles de FRAP (r = 0.37, valor p=0.05); COX-2 mostró una moderada correlación positiva significativa con FRAP (r = 0.55, p-valor<0.05); Y la COX-2 mostró una correlación positiva de baja significación con la AChE (r = 0.32, p-valor = 0.01). Conclusiones. AChE y los niveles de antioxidantes se modifican en perros con cáncer de mama. Estas variables están implicadas en diversas funciones fisiológicas, y por lo tanto, pueden estar relacionadas con la patogénesis de la enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate AChE activity in total blood and the FRAP levels in samples from dogs with mammary tumors before and after surgery, as well as the relationship between these variables with immunohistochemical markers of tumor (E-caderina, ki-67, COX-2). Materials and methods. In this study, 13 dogs with mammary tumors were divided into two groups (A and B). The group A was formed by dogs with tumors smaller than 3 cm of diameter, and the group B was formed by dogs with tumor of 3 cm of diameter or larger. The AChE activity and FRAP levels were evaluated before and after surgery and the immunohistochemistry were performed at the tumors. Results. The AChE activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in dogs with mammary cancer compared to control animals, and neither surgery or tumor size affected the AChE activity (p>0.05). FRAP levels before surgery were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to control animals. Also, FRAP levels increased significantly after surgery in animals of the group A compared to data before surgery, a fact not observed in dogs from the group B. E-cadherin showed low significant positive correlation with FRAP levels (r=0.37, p-value=0.05); COX-2 showed a moderate significant positive correlation to FRAP (r=0.55, p-value<0.05); and COX-2 showed a low significant positive correlation to AChE (r=0.32, p-value=0.01). Conclusions. AChE and antioxidant levels are modified in dogs with mammary cancer. These variables are involved in various physiological functions, and thus, they might be related to disease pathogenesis.

Resumo A cadeia de produção suína vem crescendo assim como a exigência do fornecimento de produtos de qualidade, isentos de qualquer risco para os consumidores. A Salmonella spp. representa um risco biológico e é apontada como o agente responsável por diversos casos de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. O suíno é considerado um importante reservatório de Salmonella spp., o que torna imprescindível o conhecimento da dinâmica dessa bactéria em toda a cadeia de produção suína. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em suínos abatidos no Distrito Federal. Para isso, foram coletadas 240 amostras de linfonodos mesentéricos (LM) e 240 swabs de carcaça (SC) em um abatedouro com inspeção distrital. As amostras foram submetidas à PCR (Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase) para detecção da bactéria, revelando uma prevalência de 68,75% em LM de suínos abatidos e de 29,17% em SC suína. A análise dos dados obtidos demonstrou que a distância entre granja de origem e abatedouro apresentou correlação positiva moderada com a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em LM de suínos abatidos. Foi constatada, ainda, uma correlação positiva fraca entre a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em LM de suínos abatidos e a prevalência de Salmonella spp. em SC. Esses resultados apontam a necessidade da implantação de programas de controle para diminuir a prevalência nos animais destinados ao abate, bem como evitar a contaminação cruzada nos estabelecimentos manipuladores de alimentos.

Abstract The production of pork has been increasing in recent years as well as the requirement for quality products, free of any hazard for consumers. Salmonella spp. represents a biological hazard and has been identified worldwide as the agent responsible for many cases of foodborne diseases. Swine are considered to be an important reservoir of Salmonella spp. and hence knowledge of the dynamics of the bacteria throughout the pork production chain is essential. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in pigs slaughtered in the Federal District of Brazil. A total of 240 samples of mesenteric lymph nodes (LM) were collected and also 240 carcass swabs (SC), in a slaughterhouse submitted to official inspection. The samples were subjected to the PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) assay for bacterial detection, revealing a prevalence of 68.75% in the mesenteric lymph nodes of the slaughtered pigs and 29.17% in the SC. Moreover, the data analysis revealed that the distance between farm and slaughterhouse showed a moderately positive correlation with the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the LM of the pigs at slaughter. A low positive correlation was also found between the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the LM of the slaughtered pigs and the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in the SC. These results show the need to implement monitoring programs to reduce the prevalence in the animals sent to slaughterhouses and to avoid cross-contamination in food establishments.

Resumo Avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo de leite materno (LM), fórmulas lácteas (FL) e leite de vaca (LV). Estudo de coorte com 247 crianças acompanhadas no 1°, 4° e 6° mês de vida, em Viçosa-MG. Para o LV e FL contabilizouse o consumo independentemente da ingestão de LM. Para o LM, considerou-se apenas o consumo exclusivo ou predominante. Do 1° ao 6° mês observou-se o aumento do não consumo de LM de forma exclusiva ou predominante (31,6%), bem como do consumo de LV (27,2%) e FL (9,3%). O LM associou-se ao uso de chupeta no 1° mês, e ao trabalho materno e uso de chupeta no 4° e 6° mês. O uso de chupeta foi fator de risco para o consumo de FL em todos os meses, enquanto pertencer ao grupo de menor renda foi inversamente associado no 6° mês. Para o LV, o número de consultas pré-natal foi fator de risco em todos os meses, o trabalho materno e o uso de chupeta no 4° mês, a renda familiar, trabalho materno, baixo peso ao nascer, número de consultas pré-natal e uso de chupeta no 6° mês. Desde o 1° mês a introdução de outros tipos de leite é elevada, revelando que ainda há muito a se percorrer para a garantia do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses.

Abstract This study evaluated factors associated with the consumption of breast milk (BM), infant formula (IF) and cow milk (CM) in children. This was a cohort study with 256 children followed-up at the 1st, 4th and 6th month of age in Viçosa (MG), Brazil. With respect to CM and IF, consumption was recorded regardless of BM intake. Regarding BM, only exclusive or predominant consumption was considered. From the 1st to the 6th month, an increase was recorded in the number of children who did not consume BM exclusively or predominantly (31.6%), as well as the consumption of CM (27.2%) and IF (9.3%). BM was associated with pacifier use at 1st month, and mother's employment status and pacifier use in the 4th and 6th month. Pacifier use was a risk factor for IF consumption in every month, while belonging to the lower income group was inversely associated in the 6th month. As for CM, the number of prenatal visits was a risk factor in every month, the mother's employment status and use of pacifier in the 4th month, family income, mother's employment status, low birth weight, number of prenatal visits and pacifier use in the 6th month. Since the 1st month, the introduction of other milk types is high, revealing that there is still much to go to ensure exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months.

Resumo Avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo de leite materno (LM), fórmulas lácteas (FL) e leite de vaca (LV). Estudo de coorte com 247 crianças acompanhadas no 1°, 4° e 6° mês de vida, em Viçosa-MG. Para o LV e FL contabilizouse o consumo independentemente da ingestão de LM. Para o LM, considerou-se apenas o consumo exclusivo ou predominante. Do 1° ao 6° mês observou-se o aumento do não consumo de LM de forma exclusiva ou predominante (31,6%), bem como do consumo de LV (27,2%) e FL (9,3%). O LM associou-se ao uso de chupeta no 1° mês, e ao trabalho materno e uso de chupeta no 4° e 6° mês. O uso de chupeta foi fator de risco para o consumo de FL em todos os meses, enquanto pertencer ao grupo de menor renda foi inversamente associado no 6° mês. Para o LV, o número de consultas pré-natal foi fator de risco em todos os meses, o trabalho materno e o uso de chupeta no 4° mês, a renda familiar, trabalho materno, baixo peso ao nascer, número de consultas pré-natal e uso de chupeta no 6° mês. Desde o 1° mês a introdução de outros tipos de leite é elevada, revelando que ainda há muito a se percorrer para a garantia do aleitamento materno exclusivo até os 6 meses.

Abstract This study evaluated factors associated with the consumption of breast milk (BM), infant formula (IF) and cow milk (CM) in children. This was a cohort study with 256 children followed-up at the 1st, 4th and 6th month of age in Viçosa (MG), Brazil. With respect to CM and IF, consumption was recorded regardless of BM intake. Regarding BM, only exclusive or predominant consumption was considered. From the 1st to the 6th month, an increase was recorded in the number of children who did not consume BM exclusively or predominantly (31.6%), as well as the consumption of CM (27.2%) and IF (9.3%). BM was associated with pacifier use at 1st month, and mother's employment status and pacifier use in the 4th and 6th month. Pacifier use was a risk factor for IF consumption in every month, while belonging to the lower income group was inversely associated in the 6th month. As for CM, the number of prenatal visits was a risk factor in every month, the mother's employment status and use of pacifier in the 4th month, family income, mother's employment status, low birth weight, number of prenatal visits and pacifier use in the 6th month. Since the 1st month, the introduction of other milk types is high, revealing that there is still much to go to ensure exclusive breastfeeding up to 6 months.

RESUMO O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase com o escurecimento enzimático do quiabo e analisar o envolvimento da catalase com o aparecimento de injúria por frio, em frutos das cultivares Amarelinho e Mammoth Spineless imersos em água quente. Frutos de quiabo das duas cultivares foram imersos em água a 40°C por 15 e 30 minutos. O tratamento controle não foi imerso, e todos os frutos foram armazenados a 5°C. Realizou-se a análise visual dos frutos e determinou-se os teores de clorofilas totais e compostos fenólicos totais. Analisou-se a atividade da enzima catalase, peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. Em todos os tratamentos, a cultivar Mammoth Spineless apresentou valores de clorofila e compostos fenólicos superiores em relação à cultivar Amarelinho. A catalase apresentou maior atividade, para as duas cultivares, nos últimos dias de armazenamento, para frutos imersos ou não. Porém, a atividade da catalase foi maior em ‘Mammoth Spineless’ que foi a que apresentou maior tolerância à injúria chilling. O escurecimento dos frutos coincidiu com o aumento da atividade da enzima PPO e do conteúdo de compostos fenólicos. Para a peroxidase, esta relação, não foi observada. O tratamento térmico durante 15 e 30 minutos proporcionou maior período de conservação para as cultivares Amarelinho e Mammoth Spineless, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the involvement of peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase on the enzymatic browning of okra and the role of catalase in the appearance of chilling injury in cultivars Amarelinho and Mammoth Spineless treated with hot water. Okra fruits from two cultivars were immersed in water at 40°C, during 15 and 30 minutes. The control treatment was not immersed, and all fruits were stored at 5°C. Visual analysis of fruits was carried out and total chlorophyll content and total phenolic compounds were determined. The activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase was analyzed. In all treatments, the cultivar Mammoth Spineless showed higher values of chlorophyll content and soluble phenolic compounds compared to cultivar Amarelinho. For both cultivars, catalase activity was higher at the last days of storage, regardless if the fruits were immersed or not in hot water. However, the catalase activity was higher in ‘Mammoth Spineless’, which presented the higher tolerance to chilling injury. The fruit skin browning was coincident with the increase on polyphenoloxidase activity and phenolic compounds content. This relationship was not observed for the peroxidase activity. The heat treatment during 15 minutes increased the length of storage of cultivar Amarelinho, and for 30 minutes of the cultivar Mammoth Spineless.