ABSTRACT Flooding is a stressful condition that causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, negatively affecting the growth of seedlings of fruit species, including Hymenaea courbaril L. Studies on physiological management, such as exogenous application of phytohormones, to alleviate abiotic stress have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on H. courbaril seedlings subjected to flooding. The seedlings received foliar application of four concentrations of SA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) and were subjected to two water regimes: a) control - non-flooded and irrigated daily and b) flooded - seedlings were placed in a plastic pool, keeping the water depth at ± 5.0 cm above the substrate level. After 35 days, we evaluated the gas exchange, initial growth, quality, and potential ecological resilience of the seedlings. All flooded seedlings survived, but had reduced photosynthesis, carboxylation of Rubisco efficiency, and water-use and stomatal conductance when they received 100-300 mg L-1 SA. The seedlings that received between 100 and 300 mg L-1 SA had greater growth, quality, and phenotypic plasticity. Foliar application of SA did not mitigated the effect of flooding on gas exchange but contributed to the growth of H. courbaril seedlings.

RESUMO O alagamento é um fator estressante e promove danos ao aparato fotossintético, afetando negativamente o crescimento de mudas de espécies frutíferas, dentre elas a jatobazeiro Estudos sobre o manejo fisiológico, tal como aplicação exógena de fitohormônio, para aliviar o estresse abiótico tem aumentado. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) em mudas de H. courbaril submetidas ao alagamento. As mudas receberam aplicação via foliar de quatro concentrações de AS: 0, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, e submetidas a dois regimes hídricos: a) controle: - não alagadas e irrigadas diariamente e b) alagamento - acondicionamento das mudas em piscina com lâmina d’água (5.0 cm) acima do nível do substrato. Decorridos 35 dias avaliamos as trocas gasosas, crescimento inicial, qualidade e o potencial de resiliência ecológica das mudas. Observou-se que todas as mudas alagadas sobreviveram, mas tiveram redução da fotossíntese, eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da Rubisco e de uso da água e condutância estomática e quando receberam aplicação entre 100-300 mg L-1 de AS. As mudas que receberam aplicação das concentrações entre 100 e 300 mg L-1 de AS tiveram maiores características de crescimento, qualidade e plasticidade fenotípica. A aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico não mitigou o efeito do alagamento sobre as trocas gasosas, mas contribuiu no crescimento das mudas de H. courbaril.

Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC, known as “pedra ume-caá” or “pitanguinha do cerrado”, is popularly used to treat infectious diseases like inflammation, and diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to develop and validate an analytical method by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for the seasonal quantification of gallic acid (GA) and ellagic acid (EA), and to co-validate the method for quantification from the ethanol extract and fractions of the E. punicifolia leaves. Chromatographic separations were performed with a mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile/methanol/water acidified with 0.2% formic acid, a flow of 0.8 mL min 1, detection at 254 nm, and a C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm). Method validation parameters were determined following Brazilian legislation. The HPLC-DAD analytical method developed for the quantification of GA and EA was validated and demonstrated to be selective, linear, precise, accurate, robust, and without matrix effect. Accordingly, it is helpful for the analysis of these tannins in crude ethanol extracts and fractions from E. punicifoila leaves. Thus, our results may be of great help for quality control assessment and standardization of raw materials containing Eugenia punicifolia.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the prevalence of practices in childbirth care, obstetric and neonatal adverse events and their association with care models in three public health services. Method: this is a prospective cohort study carried out with 548 dyads, postpartum women and their newborns, whose pregnancy was of usual risk and vaginal birth, admitted to hospital in three public services, one with an exclusive care model by nurse-midwives (service A), one with a collaborative model involving obstetric doctors and nurses (service B) and one with an exclusive medical care model (service C). Initially, an interview was carried out with participants, and a second contact was carried out 42 days after birth to complement the collection of the adverse event outcome. Results: in service A, no woman underwent the Kristeller maneuver, episiotomy, directed pushing or more than one vaginal examination per hour. Meanwhile, in service C, 19.3%, 39.9%, 77.1% and 26.3% of women underwent these interventions, respectively. Adverse events occurred in 19.2% of the dyads. Occurrence of adverse events was associated with not using partograph (p=0.001; OR: 11.03; CI: 2.64-45.99) and episiotomy (p=0.042; OR: 1.72; CI: 1. 02-2.91). The mean probability of experiencing an adverse event was 5% in service A, 21% in service B and 24% in service C. Conclusion: adverse events had a lower mean probability of occurrence in the service exclusively operated by nurse-midwives, in which greater application of recommendations for labor and birth care was identified.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la prevalencia de prácticas en la atención del childbirth, eventos adversos obstétricos y neonatales y su asociación con los modelos de atención en tres servicios públicos de salud. Método: estudio de cohorte prospectivo realizado con 548 binomios, puérperas y sus recién nacidos, cuyo embarazo fue de riesgo habitual y childbirth vaginal, hospitalizados en tres servicios públicos, uno con modelo de atención exclusiva por enfermeras obstétricas (servicio A), otro con modelo colaborativo. modelo con la labor de médicos y enfermeras obstetras (servicio B) y otro con un modelo de asistencia médica exclusiva (servicio C). Inicialmente se realizó una entrevista a los participantes y se realizó un segundo contacto a los 42 días del nacimiento para complementar la recopilación del resultado del evento adverso. Resultados: en el servicio A ninguna mujer fue sometida a maniobra de Kristeller, episiotomía, pujo dirigido o más de un examen vaginal por hora. Mientras tanto, en el servicio C, el 19,3%, 39,9%, 77,1% y 26,3% de las mujeres se sometieron a estas intervenciones, respectivamente. Los eventos adversos ocurrieron en el 19,2% de los binomios. La aparición de eventos adversos se asoció con la no utilización del partographa (p=0,001; OR: 11,03; IC: 2,64-45,99) y episiotomía (p=0,042; OR: 1,72; IC: 1,02-2,91). La probabilidad promedio de experimentar un evento adverso fue del 5% en el servicio A, del 21% en el servicio B y del 24% en el servicio C. Conclusión: los eventos adversos tuvieron menor probabilidad promedio de ocurrencia en el servicio operado exclusivamente por enfermeras obstétricas, en el que se identificó mayor aplicación de las recomendaciones de asistencia al childbirth y nacimiento.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a prevalência de práticas na atenção ao parto, eventos adversos obstétricos e neonatais e sua associação com modelos assistenciais em três serviços de saúde públicos. Método: estudo coorte prospectivo realizado com 548 binômios, puérperas e seus recém-nascidos, cuja gestação foi de risco habitual e o parto vaginal, internados em três serviços públicos, sendo um com modelo de assistência exclusivo por enfermeiras obstetras (serviço A), um com modelo colaborativo com atuação de médicos e enfermeiras obstetras (serviço B) e um com modelo de assistência exclusiva médica (serviço C). Inicialmente, foi realizada uma entrevista com as participantes e um segundo contato foi realizado após 42 dias do parto para complementar a coleta do desfecho evento adverso. Resultados: no serviço A, nenhuma mulher foi submetida à manobra de Kristeller, episiotomia, incentivos a puxos dirigidos ou mais de um toque vaginal por hora. Enquanto, no serviço C, 19,3%, 39,9%, 77,1% e 26,3% das mulheres foram submetidas a essas intervenções, respectivamente. Os eventos adversos ocorreram em 19,2% dos binômios. A ocorrência dos eventos adversos foi associada ao não uso do partograma (p=0,001; OR: 11,03; IC: 2,64-45,99) e episiotomia (p=0,042; OR: 1,72; IC: 1,02-2,91). A probabilidade média de apresentar algum evento adverso foi de 5% no serviço A, 21% no serviço B e 24% no serviço C. Conclusão: os eventos adversos apresentaram menor probabilidade média de ocorrência no serviço com atuação exclusiva de enfermeiras obstetras, no qual se identificou maior aplicação das recomendações para assistência ao parto e nascimento.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the residual action of the insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox, spinetoram, indoxacarb and methoxyfenozide on the predator Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). The bioassays followed the methodologies proposed by the International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). The insecticides were sprayed on grapevine plants cv. Burgundy, using the maximum recommended field dosage for fruit trees. Larvae and adults of the predator were exposed to leaves containing the insecticide residues, at 3, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days after spraying, to determine the residual effect on the following biological parameters: mortality, fecundity and fertility. Based on the toxicity observed during the bioassays, the insecticides were classified according to the IOBC persistence scale. Spinetoram was classified as moderately persistent to larvae and slightly persistent to adults, indoxacarb also he was consideredpersistent for larvae and as a short-lived for the adult stage of the lacewing, thus showing the difference in susceptibility between the stages of development of C. externa. The insecticides acetamiprid + etofenprox and methoxyfenozide are the most suitable for ecologically safe application, in areas where the predator occurs because they are classified as short-lived insecticides for the larval and adult stages of C. externa.

Resumo O objetivo foi avaliar a ação residual dos inseticidas acetamipride + etofenproxi, espinetoram, indoxacarbe e metoxifenozida sobre o predador Chrysoperla externa Hagen, 1861 (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Os bioensaios seguiram as metodologias propostas pela International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control (IOBC). Os inseticidas foram pulverizados em plantas de videira cv. Borgonha, usando a dosagem máxima de campo recomendada para frutíferas. Larvas e adultos do predador foram expostos às folhas contendo os resíduos do inseticida, aos 3, 10, 17, 24 e 31 dias após a pulverização, para determinar o efeito residual sobre os seguintes parâmetros biológicos: mortalidade, fecundidade e fertilidade. Com base na toxicidade observada durante os bioensaios, os inseticidas foram classificados de acordo com a classificação de persistência da IOBC. Espinetoram foi classificado como moderadamente persistente para larvas e levemente persistente para adultos, indoxacarbe também foi considerado moderadamente persistente para larvas e, como de vida curta para a fase adulta do crisopídeo, mostrando assim a diferença de suscetibilidade entre os estágios de desenvolvimento de C. externa. Os inseticidas acetamiprido + etofenproxi e metoxifenozida são os mais indicados para aplicação ecologicamente segura, em áreas onde o predador ocorre naturalmente, pois são classificados como inseticidas de vida curta (classe 1) para os estágios larval e adulto de C. externa.

In the present work, dried aerial parts of Baccharis ligustrina (Asteraceae) were subjected to microwave assisted extraction (MAE) using aqueous solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (BMImBr) and the obtained extract was successively partitioned using hexane and EtOAc. Using reduced amounts of extracts and efficient chromatographic steps, four acyl C6C3 derivatives (n-hexacosyl ferulate, n-hexacosyl, n-octacosyl, and n-triacontyl p-coumarates) were obtained from hexane phase whereas two C6C3 acids (ferulic and p-coumaric) were obtained from EtOAc phase. Isolated phenylpropanoids were evaluated against amastigote forms of parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. As result, it was observed that p-coumaric and ferulic acids were inactives whereas alkyl derivatives displayed EC50 values of 6.5 µmol L-1 (n-octacosyl p-coumarate), 9.3 µmol L-1 (n-triacontyl p-coumarate), 15.7 µmol L-1 (n-hexacosyl p-coumarate), and 32.2 µmol L-1 (n-hexacosyl ferulate). All tested compounds displayed reduced toxicity against NCTC cells (CC50 > 200 mmol L-1).

Abstract Purpose: The study aims to analyze the relationship between profitability and conservative leverage of Brazilian companies. Originality/value: The study contributes to the literature by investigating profitability as a fundamental determinant of the conservative leverage of Brazilian companies, making it possible to understand whether this influence is based on a perspective of flexibility or financial constraint. Design/methodology/approach: The research is characterized as descriptive, archival, and quantitative. The study sample consisted of 271 public companies and 8,823 private companies. Data were collected in the Refinitiv Eikon database between 2012 and 2019 (eight years). For data analysis, the study used logistic regression in Stata software. Findings: The results indicate that, on average, 5.05% of public companies have zero leverage, and 29.08% of private companies have book leverage below 5%; in the context of public companies, the more profitable the company, the greater the probability of having almost zero leverage, corroborating the perspective of financial flexibility. Less profitable private companies are likelier to have zero leverage, which is consistent with the view of financial constraint.

Resumo Objetivo: O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre a rentabilidade e a alavancagem conservadora das empresas brasileiras. Originalidade/valor: O estudo contribui para a literatura ao investigar a rentabilidade como um determinante fundamental da alavancagem conservadora das empresas brasileiras, sendo possível entender se essa influência é baseada numa perspectiva de flexibilidade ou de restrição financeira. Design/metodologia/abordagem: A pesquisa se caracteriza como descritiva, documental e quantitativa. A amostra do estudo foi constituída por 271 empresas de capital aberto e 8.823 empresas de capital fechado. Os dados foram coletados na base Refinitiv Eikon para o período entre 2012 e 2019 (oito anos). Para a análise dos dados, o estudo utilizou a regressão logística no software Stata. Resultados: Os resultados indicam que, em média, 5,05% das empresas de capital aberto possuem alavancagem zero, e 29,08% das empresas de capital fechado possuem alavancagem contábil inferior a 5%. No contexto das empresas de capital aberto, quanto mais rentável a empresa, maior a probabilidade de apresentar alavancagem quase zero, corroborando a perspectiva da flexibilidade financeira. Já para as empresas de capital fechado que são menos rentáveis, há maior probabilidade de apresentarem alavancagem zero, o que coaduna com a perspectiva da restrição financeira.

Abstract Although widely used in medicine, separation technology, and other fields, the effects of cyclodextrins on the activities of phosphoryl transfer enzymes have not been previously evaluated. In vivo studies evaluated the function of cyclodextrins as active compounds. Despite the use of cyclodextrins as active compounds, the effects of cyclodextrins on hepatic and renal tissues remain to be fully elucidated. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of β- cyclodextrins, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (M-β- cyclodextrins), and (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-cyclodextrins) on enzyme activities regulating the maintenance of energy homeostasis in the kidney and liver tissues in relation to toxicity. Serum levels of liver and kidney markers were measured, and oxidative stress parameters were assessed. After 60-day treatments, we observed that the administration of β-cyclodextrins and M-β-cyclodextrins inhibited the hepatic activity of pyruvate kinase, an irreversible enzyme within the glycolytic pathway. Additionally, administration of HP-β-cyclodextrins inhibited creatine kinase activity and increased the total sulfhydryl content in kidneys. Here, we demonstrated for the first time that β-cyclodextrins, M-β-cyclodextrins, and HP-β-cyclodextrins cause bioenergetic dysfunction in renal and hepatic tissues. These findings suggest that understanding the balance between cyclodextrins’ efficacy and adverse effects is essential for better accepting their use in medicine.

RESUMO O óleo de Caryocar villosum é usado na medicina popular amazônica para tratar dores e condições inflamatórias. Assim, avaliamos as propriedades antiinflamatórias e antinociceptivas do extrato etanólico obtido das cascas dos frutos desta espécie. Os testes de contorções induzidas por ácido acético, hiperalgesia mecânica induzida por carragenina, formalina, edema de pata induzido por carragenina e peritonite induzida por carragenina foram usados em camundongos. O extrato etanólico de C. villosum obtido das cascas dos frutos inibiu significativamente o número de contorções abdominais, a hiperalgesia mecânica e o tempo de lambida da pata na segunda fase do teste de formalina. Na dose de 300 mg kg-1, o extrato também reduziu significativamente o volume de edema formado na fase tardia e reduziu o recrutamento de leucócitos e neutrófilos na cavidade peritoneal, bem como os níveis de quimiocina CXCL1. Sugere-se que o extrato atenua o recrutamento de leucócitos por meio da inibição da ativação de CXCL1. A atividade antinociceptiva periférica ocorre por meio da modulação da via opioide pois o pré-tratamento com o extrato etanólico de C. villosum reverteu a antinocicepção induzida pela naltrexona.

ABSTRACT The oil of Caryocar villosum is used in Amazonian folk medicine to treat pain and inflammatory conditions. So, we assessed the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties of the ethanolic extract obtained from the fruit peels of this species. The acetic acid-induced writhing, carrageenan-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, formalin, carrageenan-induced paw edema and carrageenan-induced peritonitis tests were used on mice. The C. villosum ethanolic extract significantly inhibited the number of abdominal writhes, mechanical hyperalgesia and paw licking time in the second phase of the formalin test. At a dose of 300 mg kg-1, the extract also significantly reduced the volume of edema formed in the late phase and reduced the recruitment of leukocytes and neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity, as well as CXCL1 chemokine levels. It is suggested that the extract attenuates the leukocyte recruitment by inhibiting the CXCL1 activation. The peripheral antinociceptive activity occured through opioid pathway modulation because pretreatment with C. villosum ethanolic extract reversed the naltrexone-induced antinociception.

Abstract Curcumin, contained at Turmeric (Curcumalonga), can exert many beneficial pleiotropic activities in the gastrointestinal tract. This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of C. longa on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced oral mucositis (OM) in hamsters. Phytochemical analysis of crude C. longa extract (CLE) was performed to detect the presence of curcumin by TLC and HPLC. Golden Syrian hamsters were orally pre-treated with CLE (5, 50, or 100mg/kg). Cheek pouch samples were subjected to macroscopic and histopathological evaluation. ELISA was performed to quantify the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were assessed by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis. Behavior analysis was conducted by the open field test. Curcumin content in the CLE was 0.55%m/m ± 0.0161 (2.84%). The group treated with 5mg/kg CLE showed healing evidence with macroscopic absence of ulceration (p<0.05) and microscopic aspect of re-epithelialization, discrete inflammatory infiltrate and absence of edema. Treatment with 5mg/kg CLE significantly increased GSH levels, and reduced MDA levels and SOD activity (p˂0.05), and decreased IL-1β (p˂0.05) and TNF-α (p˂0.01) levels. A significant reduction in walking distance, ambulation, speed, and rearing was observed for motor activity. Curcumin reduced oxidative stress, inflammation, and motor activity in hamsters with 5-FU-induced OM.

Resumo: Neste artigo exploramos a operacionalização da paradiplomacia financeira no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Analisamos a trajetória institucional em três períodos (1987-1990, 2007-2010 e 2011-2014), para compreender quais instituições foram criadas e/ou modificadas, como ocorreu a atuação destas instituições estatais na captação de recursos financeiros no exterior e como se deu a efetivação da paradiplomacia financeira no estado, a partir do volume de recurso captado por meio de operações financeiras internacionais. Nossa hipótese principal é que a existência de instituições responsáveis pela paradiplomacia financeira foram relevantes para a captação de recursos pelo estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Realizamos para isto uma abordagem qualitativa, com suporte de estudo de caso, com rastreamento de processos com suporte documental, de dados financeiros e de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Encontramos que primeiro há criação de dois órgãos responsáveis pela paradiplomacia financeira, SEAI e DCP, depois ocorre um drift (ou derivação) institucional que as modifica em SEDAI e DECAP e, por fim, um displacement (ou deslocação) institucional com a divisão da SEDAI em três novas instituições a ACRI, a SDPI e a SESAMPE e uma conversion (ou conversão) do DECAP, para sua continuidade. Também encontramos, a partir das entrevistas, que a efetividade da paradiplomacia financeira no estado foi afetada diretamente por três fatores inter-relacionados: (i) a influência do personalismo; (ii) a limitação da capacidade de endividamento e pagamento das operações financeiras; e (iii) a restrição de instituições financeiras cofinanciadoras de projetos no Rio Grande do Sul.

Abstract: This article explores the operationalization of the financial paradiplomacy in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. We analyzed institutional change in three periods (1987-1990, 2007-2010 and 2011-2014) to understand the characteristics of the institutions that were created and modified. This involved asking questions about the capacity of these institutions to attract financial resources from abroad, and how funds were raised through international financial operations. Our main hypothesis is that institutions responsible for financial paradiplomacy were key actors in the efforts of the state of Rio Grande do Sul to raise revenues. To test this hypothesis, we carried out qualitative case study research and process tracing based on the analysis of documentation and financial data and on semi-structured interviews. We explored the creation and evolution of two agencies responsible for the financial paradiplomacy (SEAI and DCP). We identified three forms of institutional change: a process of institutional drift that modified each agency (SEDAI and DECAP); a process of institutional displacement, leading to the division of SEDAI into three new institutions (ACRI, SDPI and SESAMPE); and a process of institutional conversion affecting DECAP. We also found, from the interviews, that the effectiveness of financial paradiplomacy in the state was directly affected by three interrelated factors: (i) personalism; (ii) the state’s creditworthiness and repayment capacity; and (iii) the restriction on the financial institutions allowed to co-finance state government projects.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the biometric and productive characteristics of carrot (Daucus carota L.) under different irrigation levels and soil covers. Experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Viçosa in 2019 and 2020, to evaluate the effect of five irrigation levels (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the daily irrigation depth) and soil coverings (control, plastic mulching, and paper mulching), on the variables soil moisture (U), actual water consumption (AWC), root length (R) and diameter (D), leaf height (H) and temperature (T), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), yield (Y) and dry root biomass (DB). Irrigation management was performed with tensiometers. There was no significant interaction (P < 0.05) between the factors. Irrigation significantly influenced D, H, T, NDVI, Y, and DB, while the soil cover treatment affected R, D, H, NDVI, Y, and DB. The highest yields were found in 100% irrigation (34.89 t ha-1) and with paper mulching (30.55 t ha-1). The results can guide future adaptations to the carrot production system currently in force in Brazil. As for biometric characteristics, yield, and sustainability in the use of water for irrigation were studied.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between body adiposity and physical fitness with performance in the Supine-to-Stand test (STS-test) in sedentary adolescents. Methods: Sixty-two adolescents, of both sexes, between 10 and 16 years old, participated in the study. Body mass (BM), height, waist circumference (WC), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), right and left handgrip strength (HGS-right, HGS-left), abdominal resistance (ABDO), flexibility (FLEX), and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) were measured. Body mass index (BMI), z-score BMI (BMI-z), tri-ponderal mass index (TMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. The STS-test was applied to evaluate the STS-MC by the movement patterns in the execution of the test. The STS-time in seconds (s) was categorized into terciles: fast (FG < 2.0 s), intermediate (IG = 2.0-2.6 s) and slow (SG > 2.6 s). One-way ANOVA, Chi-square, Spearman’s correlation coefficient as well as non-parametric tests were used, with significance p 0.05. Results: The SG presented higher BMI, BMI-z, TMI, WHtR, FM, %FM, as well as lower averages for %FFM, HGS-right, HGS-left, FLEX, ABDO, VO2peak, VO2peak relative to BM (VO2peakBM) in relation to GF. The BMI, BMI-z, TMI, WC, WHtR and FM showed moderate and direct correlations with STS-time and inverse with STS-MC (p < 0.01). HGS-right, HGS-left, ABDO, and VO2peakBM showed moderate and an inverse correlation with STS-time (p < 0.05). The VO2peakBM was moderate and with direct correlations to STS-MC (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It is concluded that excess fat and low physical fitness hamper STS-test performance. Therefore, the STS-test can be used for screening students to assess MC.

RESUMO A diagnose das bacterioses causadoras de manchas foliares na cultura do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica), mancha aureolada (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae), mancha bacteriana (P. syringae pv. tabaci), crestamento bacteriano (P. cichorii) e mancha escura (Robbsia andropogonis) é considerada um desafio para os fitopatologistas. A identificação incorreta pode ocorrer quando o diagnóstico é baseado exclusivamente em sintomas e propriedades bioquímicas. Assim, o objetivo com este estudo foi identificar e diferenciar as espécies e patovares de Pseudomonas patogênicos ao cafeeiro, possibilitando um levantamento da ocorrência dessas bactérias nas principais regiões produtoras de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Primeiramente, a patogenicidade dos isolados foi confirmada por inoculação em C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99. Em seguida, análises bioquímicas, combinadas com PCR convencional, reação em cadeia de polimerase de elemento repetitivo (rep-PCR) e filogenia baseada em sequências do gene rpoD, foram usadas para caracterizar 84 isolados de Pseudomonas de lavouras de café e viveiros em Minas Gerais. Com base na filogenia do gene rpoD, 73 isolados foram identificados como P. syringae pv. garcae, cinco como P. syringae pv. tabaci e seis como P. cichorii. Os resultados de rep-PCR sugerem alta variabilidade genérica nas populações de Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae e P. cichorii. Este é o primeiro relato da ocorrência de mancha foliar bacteriana (P. syringae pv. tabaci) em campo de produção de café no Estado de Minas Gerais. Os resultados confirmaram a prevalência de P. syringae pv. garcae em lavouras de café no Estado e o conhecimento gerado contribuirá para o desenvolvimento de primers espécie-específicos para identificação e detecção deste patógeno.

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of foliar bacterial diseases in coffee (Coffea arabica), such as halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae), bacterial leaf spot (P. syringae pv. tabaci), bacterial blight (P. cichorii), and dark leaf spot (Robbsia andropogonis), is considered a challenge for plant pathologists. The misidentification has been occurring when the diagnosis is solely based on symptoms and biochemical properties. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify and differentiate species and pathovars of Pseudomonas pathogenic to coffee plants, enabling a survey of the occurrence of these bacteria in the main producing regions of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Firstly, the pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by inoculation in C. arabica cv. Catuaí Vermelho IAC 99. Then, biochemical analyses, combined with, repetitive element-polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) and phylogeny based on rpoD gene sequences were used to characterize 84 Pseudomonas isolates from coffee crops and nurseries. Based on rpoD-phylogeny, 73 isolates were identified as P. syringae pv. garcae, five as P. syringae pv. tabaci and six as P. cichorii. The rep-PCR results suggest a high genetic variability in populations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. garcae and P. cichorii. This is the first report of the occurrence of bacterial leaf spot (P. syringae pv. tabaci) in the coffee-producing filed in Minas Gerais State. The findings confirmed the prevalence of P. syringae pv. garcae in coffee production fields in the State and the generated knowledge will contribute for the development of species-specific primers for the identification and detection of this pathogen.

Abstract This study aimed to determine whether the addition of green propolis extract to the diet of laying hens would improve egg quality and bird performance and decrease bacterial contamination of eggs. Forty-five brown Hy-line laying hens were used, divided into five groups with three replicates each and three animals per cage: T0 - diet without propolis; T5 - 5 grams of propolis per kg of feed; T10 - 10 grams of propolis per kg of feed; T20 - 20 grams of propolis per kg of feed and T30 - 30 grams of propolis per kg of feed. The quality of fresh eggs was made on day 21 of the experiment, and eggs were stored for 21 days. Greater specific gravity was observed in fresh eggs in T5 birds and stored eggs for T10. TBARS in fresh eggs, we found that T30 eggs had lower levels compared to other treatments. T20 eggs had the lowest total bacterial count and the lowest total coliform count in the eggshells of T10 and T20 chickens. The count of E. coli in the peel was lower for T20 and T30 than T0 and T5. The consumption of propolis did not interfere with the hens’ egg production rate but reduced food intake and consequently reduced feed conversion. We concluded that the addition of green propolis in the diet of laying birds proved efficient in reducing bacterial contamination in the eggshells and reducing the lipid peroxidation of fresh and stored eggs.

RESUMO: O conhecimento a respeito da biologia e ecologia das plantas daninhas é fundamental para a adoção de práticas de controle adequadas dentro dos sistemas de manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da luz e da temperatura na germinação de Chamaesyce hirta, e o efeito de profundidade de semeadura na emergência das plantas, com a presença e ausência de cobertura vegetal no solo. Foram instalados dois experimentos. No primeiro, conduzido em laboratório, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em caixas plásticas, do tipo “gerbox”, e mantidas em câmara de germinação do tipo B.O.D., sob temperaturas constantes de 20, 25, 30 e 35 ºC no escuro ou sob luz contínua. Foram realizadas avaliações diárias de germinação. Calculou-se a porcentagem total de sementes germinadas no período de 10 dias e o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG). No segundo, conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, 100 sementes foram colocadas em vasos com solo, sob seis níveis de profundidade de semeadura (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 cm) e três condições de cobertura do solo: sem palhada, com palha de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa) e com palha de milho (Zea mays). A emergência das plântulas foi registrada diariamente por um período de 30 dias, calculando-se a porcentagem total de emergência para cada tratamento e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE). A germinação das sementes de C. hirta ocorreu tanto na presença quanto na ausência de luz. Para a temperatura mais elevada houve maior porcentagem de germinação, bem como maior IVG, na presença de luz. Os maiores níveis de emergência ocorreram na ausência de cobertura vegetal e sob palhada de milho na profundidade de 0 cm. A presença de palha de aveia-preta sobre o solo reduziu a emergência de C. hirta, mostrando-se como uma boa medida de controle cultural.

ABSTRACT: Knowledge on weed biology and ecology is fundamental to provide suitable control practices in weed management systems. The objective of this research was to understand the effect of light and temperature on germination of Chamaesyce hirta, as well as to evaluate the effect of depth of seed placement in the soil in the emergence of the plant. Two experiments were conducted. In the first one, in the laboratory, the seeds were placed to germinate in plastic boxes and kept in a B.O.D. germination chamber, under constant temperatures of 20, 25, 30 and 35 ºC, either in the dark or under continuous light. Daily germination assessments were performed. The percentage of germinated seeds in the 10-day period and the germination speed index (GSI) were calculated. In the second trial, carried out in greenhouse conditions, 100 seeds were planted, under six levels of seeding depth (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 cm) and three soil cover conditions: no straw, under black oats (Avena strigosa) straw and under corn (Zea mays) straw. Daily plant emergence was counted along 30 days and total emergence and GSI were calculated. Germination of C. hirta seeds occurs both in the presence and absence of light. For the highest temperature, both increased germination and GSI were reported in the presence of light. The highest levels of emergence were obtained with the absence of plant cover and under corn straw at 0 cm depth. The presence of black oat straw on the soil reduced the emergence of C. hirta.