Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes severe systemic infections in immunosuppressed individuals. C. albicans resistance to antifungal drugs is a severe problem in patients receiving prolonged therapy. Moreover, trailing yeast growth, which is defined as a resistant MIC after 48 h of incubation with triazole antifungal agents but a susceptible MIC after 24 h, has been noted in tests of antifungal susceptibility against some C. albicans isolates. In this context, we recently noticed this phenomenon in our routine susceptibility tests with fluconazole/itraconazole and C. albicans clinical isolates. In the present study, we investigated the production of cell-associated and secreted aspartyl peptidases (Saps) in six trailing clinical isolates of C. albicans, since this class of hydrolytic enzymes is a well-known virulence factor expressed by this fungal pathogen. Sap2, which is the best-studied member of the Sap family, was detected by flow cytometry on the cell surface of yeasts and as a 43-kDa polypeptide in the culture supernatant, as demonstrated by Western blotting assay using an anti-Sap1-3 polyclonal antibody. Released aspartyl peptidase activity was measured with BSA hydrolysis and inhibited by pepstatin A, showing distinct amounts of proteolytic activity ranging from 5.7 (strain 44B) to 133.2 (strain 11) arbitrary units. Taken together, our results showed that trailing clinical isolates of C. albicans produced different amounts of both cellular and secreted aspartyl-type peptidases, suggesting that this phenotypic feature did not generate a regular pattern regarding the expression of Sap.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a prevalência do Coronavirus dos perus (TCoV) e Astrovirus tipo 2 (TAstV-2) entre os meses de Fevereiro a Dezembro de 2006, em uma região produtora localizada no semi-árido a Sudeste do Brasil. Os principais fatores de risco associado a prevalência foram material clínico analisado, condições climáticas e tipo de técnica molecular empregada. Os sinais clínicos foram caracterizados como intenso fluido intestinal e baixo crescimento em aves jovens, sendo o material coletado swabs cloacais, fezes, soros, bursa de Fabrícius, segmentos do intestino delgado, timo e baço. Os dados meteorológicos (índice pluviométrico e umidade relativa) desta região, durante o período de estudo, foram de temperatura média mensal variando de 39.3 a 31.2ºC, precipitação na época chuvosa variando de 40 a 270.3mm/mês e ausência de chuva na estação fria e seca. A técnica de simplex RT-PCR resultou em valores de odds ratio (OR) que sugerem que a região do intestino delgado (junção íleo-cecal) possui alta chance (1.9 vezes) de gerar resultados positivos na amplificação de RNA viral que as fezes (1.5 vezes) analisadas. A técnica de multiplex RT-PCR demonstrou ser 3.98 vezes mais eficiente em promover resultados positivos nas fezes que nos swabs cloacais, durante a época de inverno. Os maiores fatores de risco encontrados foram baixa umidade relativa associada a altas temperaturas, durante a estação seca, o que pode permitir uma maior disseminação aérea do ambos os vírus entre os lotes estudados. A alta prevalência detectada para dois vírus sugerem que, no Brasil, estes representam os maiores responsáveis pelos surtos de enterite viral nas regiões semi-áridas, associado a baixas umidades e altas temperaturas típicas de países tropicais.

A survey of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) and Astrovirus (TAstV-2) prevalence was carried out from February to December during 2006 year in semiarid region of Brazil, from a turkey producer area, localized in South Eastern of Brazil. To asses the risk factor related to clinical material, climatic condition and type of RT-PCR applied, cloacal swabs (CS), faeces, sera, bursa of Fabricius (BF), thymus (TH) and spleen (SP) and ileum-caeca region were collected from 30-day-old poults suffering of enteritis episode characterized as poult enteritis mortality syndrome (PEMS). The PEMS clinical features were characterized by watery to foamy faeces, light brown-yellow in colour and low mortality rate. Meteorological data (rainfall and relative humidity) observed during along the study presented monthly average temperature ranging from 39.3 and 31.2ºC, precipitation in rainy season from 40 to 270.3 mm/month, and no rain during dry season. Simplex RT-PCR gave odds ratio (OR) values suggesting that ileum-caeca region is at higher chance (OR=1.9; p=0.9741) to have both viral RNA than faeces (OR=1.5; p=0.7319). However, multiplex RT-PCR showed 3.98 (p=0.89982) more chance to give positive results in faeces than CS at dry season. The major risk factors seem to be low rate of humidity and high temperatures at winter, probably responsible for spread, easily, the TCoV and TAstv-2 among the flocks. The positive results of both virus suggested that they can play an important role in enteric disorders, associated to low humidity and high temperatures frequently found in tropical countries.