ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to check whether there is linear dependence between phenological, morphological and production traits and tassel traits in maize genotypes. Seven experiments were conducted with 16 maize genotypes, in a randomized block design, with three replicates. Four groups of traits were evaluated: phenological (two), morphological (three), production (four) and tassel (11). Joint analysis of variance and F test at 5% significance level were performed. The matrix of phenotypic correlation coefficients between the traits was estimated and multicollinearity was diagnosed in each group of traits. Associations between the groups of traits were checked by canonical correlation analysis. There is linear dependence between phenological, morphological and production traits and tassel traits in maize genotypes. Phenological (number of days from sowing to 50% of male flowering and number of days from sowing to 50% of female flowering), morphological (plant height and spike height) and production (number of spikes and grain yield) traits are positively associated with tassel traits (tassel branch number and tassel dry matter). Tassel branch number and tassel dry matter can be used for indirect selection of maize plants.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se há dependência linear entre os caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos e produtivos com os caracteres de pendão em genótipos de milho. Foram conduzidos sete experimentos com 16 genótipos de milho, no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foram avaliados quatro grupos de caracteres: fenológicos (dois), morfológicos (três), produtivos (quatro) e de pendão (11). A análise de variância conjunta e o teste F a 5% de significância foram realizados. A matriz de coeficientes de correlação fenotípica entre os caracteres foi estimada e realizado o diagnóstico de multicolinearidade, em cada grupo de caracteres. As associações entre os grupos de caracteres foram verificadas por meio da análise de correlação canônica. Há dependência linear entre os caracteres fenológicos, morfológicos e produtivos com os caracteres de pendão em genótipos de milho. Os caracteres fenológicos (número de dias da semeadura até 50% do florescimento masculino e número de dias da semeadura até 50% do florescimento feminino), morfológicos (altura de planta e altura de inserção da espiga) e produtivos (número de espigas e produtividade de grãos) estão associados positivamente aos caracteres de pendão (número de ramificações e matéria seca do pendão). O número de ramificações e a matéria seca do pendão podem ser utilizados para seleção indireta de plantas de milho.

RESUMO: Este estudo objetivou analisar os parasitos que infectam suínos e seus produtores em propriedades familiares em Tanguá, RJ, Brasil, realizando atividades extensionistas entre 2018 e 2019. Amostras fecais foram coletadas de 132 suínos, bem como raspados da pele da orelha de 125 animais. Além disso, 36 amostras fecais dos produtores e seus familiares foram analisadas. O material coletado foi processado pelo exame direto e por técnicas de sedimentação e flutuação. Parasitos gastrointestinais foram detectados em 88,6% dos suínos, principalmente coccídios (71,8%), Balantioides coli (55%), estrôngilos (40,2%) e Strongyloides ransomi (31,6%) que apresentaram significância estatística (p<0,05). Ectoparasitos foram identificados em 16% dos suínos, principalmente Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis (76,2%). Parasitos foram detectados em 19,4% das amostras fecais humanas, incluindo Entamoeba coli (19,4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (8,3%) e Trichuris trichiura (5,5%). A frequência de B. coli e S. scabiei var. suis foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,05), quando se analisou os animais por faixa etária, tendo sido principalmente detectado nos animais mais velhos, como na fase de terminação. Os produtores de suínos participaram ativamente das atividades de extensão, incluído a palestra e a atividade “dia de campo”, que tinham como objetivo mediar informações sobre parasitos e suas medidas profiláticas. A situação nas granjas familiares de Tanguá demonstra a necessidade de realização de programas que apoiem tecnicamente esses produtores, que utilizam a suinocultura como fonte de subsistência.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the parasites infesting pigs and their producers on family farms in Tanguá, RJ, Brazil, and to conduct extension activities between 2018 and 2019. Fecal samples were collected from 132 pigs, as well as, skin scrapings from the ears of 125 animals. In addition, 36 stool specimens from farmers and their families were analyzed. The collected material was processed by direct examination, sedimentation and flotation techniques. Gastrointestinal parasites were detected in 88.6% of the pigs, especially coccidia (71.8%), Balantioides coli (55%), strongyles (40.2%) and Strongyloides ransomi (31.6%) which showed statistically significance (p<0.05). Ectoparasites were identified in 16% of the pigs, mostly Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis (76.2%). Parasites were detected in 19.4% of the humans, including, Entamoeba coli (19.4%), Ascaris lumbricoides (8.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (5.5%). The frequency of B. coli and S. scabiei var. suis (p<0.05) were statistically significant, when analyzing the age group of the animals, having been more detected in the older years, fatterners phase. The pig farmers participated in these activities extension, which included lecture and “field day”, aimed at imparting information about parasites and their prophylaxis. The situation in Tanguá pig farms reinforces the need to carry out programs that provide technical support to these farmers, whose livelihood depends on pig farming.

New Schiff base compound N, N’-bis-(4-hexadecanate)-salicylethylenediamine (named IM) was synthesized, and characterized via infrared and nuclear magnetic ressonance spectroscopies. IM was tested as corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant in soybean biodiesel. Corrosion studies were developed with AISI 1020 carbon steel in a three-step accelerated corrosion assay and IM inhibitory activity was evaluated using microscopic techiniques: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In 750 ppm concentration, IM showed better inhibitory activity compared to commercial compounds tert-butylhydroquinone and pyrogallol, reducing root-mean-square roughness (Rq) from 37.8 to 11.7 nm and peak-peak height (PP) from 454.1 to 120.2 nm after 8 days of immersion. Antioxidant studies were conducted using the PetroOXY equipment. In 250 ppm concentration, IM showed better antioxidant activity as metal chelator, reducing biodiesel oxidation induced by copper on biodiesel. In this concentration, IM increased the induction period from 3.0 to 5.8 h. Furthermore, the new Schiff base acts as an oxygen scavanger. This is a great property because it reduces oxygen concentration in biodiesel, reducing metal corrosion reactions.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever de forma sucinta e prática o uso de defasagens (e/ou diferenças temporais) dos regressores como variáveis instrumentais, mostrando, por meio da discussão teórica ilustrada por um exercício original de simulação, como sua combinação com a adequada modelagem dos efeitos fixos da empresa e do tempo pode endereçar não apenas o problema da endogeneidade dinâmica mas também aqueles decorrentes da presença de variáveis omitidas, erros de mensuração e simultaneidade entre variáveis dependentes e independentes. Metodologia: Simulação de Monte Carlo. Resultados: Os tradicionais métodos de MQO, EA e EF podem ser inconsistentes na presença de problemas de endogeneidade bastante plausíveis no contexto de finanças corporativas. Por outro lado, os métodos de estimação para dados em painel baseados no GMM que se utilizam de suposições de exogeneidade sequencial dos regressores apresentam-se como alternativas capazes de contornar eficazmente todos os problemas elencados (desde que as premissas adotadas sejam válidas), mesmo que o pesquisador não disponha de bons instrumentos externos ao modelo. Contribuições: Discutir e ilustrar via simulações de Monte Carlo um número maior de problemas de endogeneidade, mostrando como eles são endereçados por diferentes estimadores para dados em painel, utilizando uma linguagem menos técnica e mais acessível para pesquisadores ainda não iniciados nos meandros da estimação de modelos dinâmicos para dados em painel.

Abstract Purpose: To describe the use of specific lags (and/or temporal differences) of the original regressors as instrumental variables in a succinct and practical way, showing, by means of a theoretical discussion illustrated by an original simulation exercise, how combining these with adequate modeling of firm and time fixed effects can address not only the dynamic endogeneity problem, but also those derived from the presence of omitted variables, measurement errors, and simultaneity between dependent and independent variables. Design/methodology/approach: Monte Carlo simulation Findings: The traditional OLS, RE, and FE estimators may be inconsistent in the presence of endogeneity problems that are quite plausible in the context of corporate finance. On the other hand, the estimation methods for panel data based on GMM that use assumptions of sequential exogeneity of the regressors present alternatives that are capable of effectively overcoming all the problems listed (provided these assumptions are valid) even if the researcher does not have good instrumental variables that are external to the model Originality/value: The paper discusses and illustrates a greater number of endogeneity problems, showing how they are addressed by different estimators for panel data, using less technical and more accessible language for researchers not yet initiated in the intricacies of estimating dynamic models for panel data.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of yerba-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) has been intensified in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, as result of the valuation of the price paid to the producer. However, studies related to Fusarium pathosystem vs. yerba-mate are still insufficient, so that many producers have faced significant losses in herbal production due to the occurrence of the roots rotting. Considering the above, the objectives of this study were: a) morphologically characterize the Fusarium spp. isolates collected in sick plants of yerba-mate; b) select efficient morphological characters on separating the Fusarium spp. isolates in similarity groups; c) identify the Fusarium spp. isolates to species level through the sequencing of the genomic region of elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α); and d) testing the pathogenicity of the Fusarium spp. isolates selected based on the morphological characterization. For such, collections for the pathogen isolates were made in five cities and the collection points were georeferenced. Thirty-nine isolates were morphologically characterized by variables as mycelial growth, sporulation, macroconidia length and width, microconid format, colonies pigmentation and formation of chlamydospore, and tested for pathogenicity by substrate inoculation. The variables used in the morphological characterization were efficient in discriminating the isolates in seven groups, especially length of macronidia associated to sporulation. Seven pathogenic isolates of Fusarium spp. were identified, also through molecular sequencing of the TEF-1α gene region. The sequencing of the TEF-1α region consolidated the identification of pathogenic isolates as F. solani and F. oxysporum.

ABSTRACT Objectives To analyze the role of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in mediating the relationship between central adiposity and immune and metabolic profile in postmenopausal women. Materials and methods Cross-sectional study comprising 49 postmenopausal women (aged 59.26 ± 8.32 years) without regular physical exercise practice. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting blood samples were collected for assessment of nonesterified fatty acids, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), adiponectin, insulin and estimation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Physical activity level was assessed with an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x) and reported as a percentage of time spent in sedentary behavior and MVPA. All analyses were performed using the software SPSS 17.0, with a significance level set at 5%. Results Sedentary women had a positive relationship between trunk fat and IL-6 (rho = 0.471; p = 0.020), and trunk fat and HOMA-IR (rho = 0.418; p = 0.042). Adiponectin and fat mass (%) were only positively correlated in physically active women (rho = 0.441; p = 0.027). Physically active women with normal trunk fat values presented a 14.7% lower chance of having increased HOMA-IR levels (β [95%CI] = 0.147 [0.027; 0.811]). Conclusions The practice of sufficient levels of MVPA was a protective factor against immunometabolic disorders in postmenopausal women.

Este trabalho apresenta resultados da classificação da estabilidade da forma em planta das praias de enseada do Estado de Santa Catarina e do Litoral Norte de São Paulo, realizada através da aplicação do modelo parabólico a imagens aéreas utilizando o software MEPBAY®. Para isso foram construídos mosaicos georeferenciados com imagens do satélite QuickBird2® (para o Estado de Santa Catarina) e com fotografias aéreas verticais (para o Litoral Norte de São Paulo). Quanto à estabilidade de sua forma em planta, as praias de enseada podem ser classificadas como: (1) equilíbrio estático, (2) equilíbrio dinâmico, (3) instável e (4) remodelamento natural. No Estado de Santa Catarina e no Litoral Norte de São Paulo foi observado o domínio de praias em equilíbrio estático, predominantemente nos setores do litoral que são mais recortados e apresentam menor aporte fluvial. As praias em equilíbrio dinâmico, por outro lado, são mais freqüentes nos setores menos recortados e com maior influências do aporte sedimentar por via fluvial. Praias em remodelamento natural ocorrem apenas em SC, associadas à desembocadura de rios retificados ou a quebra-mares de portos. Como foi utilizada apenas uma série de imagens, não foi possível enquadrar praias no estado instável. Não foi observada uma clara relação entre o estado de equilíbrio da forma em planta com outras classificações de praias, como morfodinâmica e orientação.

This paper presents the results of the planform stability classification for the headland-bay beaches of the State of Santa Catarina and of the Northern Coast of São Paulo, based on the application of the Parabolic Bay-Shape Equation (PBSE) to aerial images of the beaches, using the software MEPBAY®. For this purpose, georeferenced mosaics of the QuickBird2® satellite imagery (for the State of Santa Catarina) and vertical aerial photographs (for the northern coast of São Paulo State) were used. Headland-bay beach planform stability can be classified as: (1) in static equilibrium, (2) in dynamic equilibrium, (3) unstable or (4) in a state of natural beach reshaping. Static equilibrium beaches are the most frequent along the coast of the State of Santa Catarina and the Northern Shore of São Paulo, notably along the most rugged sectors of the coast and those with experiencing lower fluvial discharge. By comparison, dynamic equilibrium beaches occur primarily on the less rugged sectors of the coast and along regions with higher fluvial discharge. Beaches in a state of natural beach reshaping have only been found in SC, associated with stabilized estuarine inlets or port breakwaters. However, it is not possible to classify any of these beaches as unstable because only one set of images was used. No clear relation was observed between a beach's planform stability and other classification factors, such as morphodynamics or orientation.