Abstract This research sought to understand the formation of the teaching-learning process based on the interactions of university students and the teacher in virtual settings during confinement due to covid-19. From the perspective of virtual ethnography, the social interactions, academic vicissitudes and educational values that emerged during the fieldwork were studied. The sample consisted of 31 first-semester students of the Basic Accounting subject of the International Business degree at the Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa during the 2020-2021 school year. Through non-participant observation, the interactions between teacher-students and student-students developed in the online sessions, WhatsApp group and Moodle platform were recorded. In addition, group and individual interviews were conducted with the students and the facilitator. The information obtained was triangulated with the theory to later make a description of the social meanings. Among the results, it stands out that the social interactions in the virtual educational process were not easy, there were long silences. Regarding the academic vicissitudes, the facilitator was a fundamental piece for their development, she had the planning of the subject from the beginning and activated the previous knowledge. Finally, the students expressed that they did learn. Although not without complications, they managed their learning and time. Most, however, would not want to have this learning experience again.

Resumen En esta investigación se buscó comprender la formación del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a partir de las interacciones propias de estudiantes universitarios y el docente en los escenarios virtuales durante el confinamiento por covid-19. Desde la óptica de la etnografía virtual se estudiaron las interacciones sociales, vicisitudes académicas y valores educativos que emergieron durante el trabajo de campo. La muestra estuvo conformada por 31 estudiantes de primer semestre de la materia de Contabilidad Básica de la licenciatura en Negocios Internacionales de la Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa durante el ciclo escolar 2020-2021. A través de la observación no participante se registraron las interacciones entre docente-estudiantes y estudiantes-estudiantes desarrollados en las sesiones en línea, grupo de WhatsApp y plataforma Moodle. Además, se realizaron entrevistas grupales e individuales a los estudiantes y a la facilitadora. La información obtenida se trianguló con la teoría para después hacer una descripción de los significados sociales. Entre los resultados destaca que las interacciones sociales en el proceso educativo virtual no fueron fáciles, existieron largos silencios. En cuanto a las vicisitudes académicas, la facilitadora fue pieza fundamental para su desarrollo, contó con la planeación de la materia desde el comienzo y activó los conocimientos previos. Por último, los estudiantes expresaron que sí aprendieron. Aunque no sin complicaciones, gestionaron su aprendizaje y tiempo. La mayoría, sin embargo, no quisiera volver a tener esta experiencia de aprendizaje.

Resumo Esta pesquisa buscou compreender a formação do processo ensino-aprendizagem a partir das interações de estudantes universitários e o professor em ambientes virtuais durante o confinamento devido à covid-19. Na perspectiva da etnografia virtual, foram estudadas as interações sociais, as vicissitudes acadêmicas e os valores educacionais que surgiram durante o trabalho de campo. A amostra foi composta por 31 alunos do primeiro semestre da disciplina de Contabilidade Básica do curso de Negócios Internacionais da Universidade Autônoma de Sinaloa durante o ano letivo 2020-2021. Por meio da observação não participante, foram registradas as interações entre professor-alunos e alunos-alunos desenvolvidas nas sessões online, grupo de WhatsApp e plataforma Moodle. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas em grupo e individuais com os alunos e o facilitador. As informações obtidas foram trianguladas com a teoria para posteriormente fazer uma descrição dos significados sociais. Dentre os resultados, destaca-se que as interações sociais no processo educativo virtual não foram fáceis, houve longos silêncios. Em relação às vicissitudes acadêmicas, a facilitadora foi peça fundamental para o seu desenvolvimento, ela teve o planejamento da disciplina desde o início e ativou os conhecimentos prévios. Por fim, os alunos expressaram que aprenderam. Embora não sem complicações, eles conseguiram seu aprendizado e tempo. A maioria, no entanto, não gostaria de ter essa experiência de aprendizado novamente.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the trend in incidence, mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years of oral cancer in Latin America according to sex between 2000 and 2020. Methods: This ecological study extracted oral cancer information from 20 Latin American countries from the GBD-2020 database. Oral cancer burden was described by age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence, mortality, and DALYs. The data was compared according to sex and countries. Trends (Average Annual Percentage Change-AAPC) were estimated for each indicator, sex, and country between 2000 and 2020 using Joint-point software. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, the highest incidence of oral cancer (ASR) occurred in Cuba (5.18), Brazil (4.38) and Uruguay (4.62). The countries with the highest mortality for both sexes were (ASR): Cuba (2.89), Brazil (2.71) and the Dominican Republic (2.58). The DALYs registered an average of 37.52 (Women: 22.39; Men: 52.62). The Dominican Republic reports increasing trends in incidence (AAPC: Men: 2.2; Women: 1.4), in mortality (AAPC: Men: 1.8; Women: 1.1), and in DALYs (AAPC: Men: 1.0; Women: 2.0). Costa Rica shows decreasing trends in men in incidence (AAPC: −1.3), mortality (AAPC: −1.6), and DALYs (AAPC: −1.8). Conclusion: Oral cancer shows increasing trends in: the incidence in both sexes in 10 countries, in mortality and DALYs in 6 countries, while the affectation between sexes does not show differences in trends.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de la incidencia, mortalidad y los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad del cáncer oral en América Latina según género entre los años 2000 y 2020. Métodos: Este estudio ecológico extrajo información del cáncer oral de 20 países de América Latina de la base de datos GBD-2020. La carga del cáncer oral se describió según tasa estandarizada por edad (ASR) de incidencia, mortalidad y AVAD. Se estimaron las tendencias (Promedio de cambio porcentual anual — AAPC) en cada indicador, género y país, entre el 2000 y el 2020 usando el software Joint-point. Resultados: Entre 2000 y 2020, la mayor incidencia de cáncer oral (ASR) se presentó en Cuba (5,18), Brasil (4,38) y Uruguay (4,62). Los países con mayor mortalidad para ambos géneros fueron: Cuba (2,89), Brasil (2,71) y República Dominicana (2,58). Los AVAD registraron un promedio de 37,52 (Mujeres: 22,39; Hombres: 52,62). República Dominicana reporta tendencias crecientes en la incidencia (AAPC: Hombres: 2,2; Mujeres: 1,4), en la mortalidad (AAPC: Hombres: 1,8; Mujeres: 1,1), y en los AVAD (AAPC: Hombres: 1,0; Mujeres: 2,0). Costa Rica muestra tendencias decrecientes en los hombres en incidencia (AAPC: −1,3), mortalidad (AAPC: −1,6) y AVAD (AAPC: −1,8). Conclusiones: El cáncer oral muestra tendencias al aumento en: la incidencia en ambos sexos en 10 países, en la mortalidad y los AVAD en 6 países, mientras la afectación entre sexos no muestra diferencias en las tendencias.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the trend in incidence, mortality and Disability Adjusted Life Years of oral cancer in Latin America according to sex between 2000 and 2020. Methods: This ecological study extracted oral cancer information from 20 Latin American countries from the GBD-2020 database. Oral cancer burden was described by age-standardized rate (ASR) of incidence, mortality, and DALYs. The data was compared according to sex and countries. Trends (Average Annual Percentage Change-AAPC) were estimated for each indicator, sex, and country between 2000 and 2020 using Joint-point software. Results: Between 2000 and 2020, the highest incidence of oral cancer (ASR) occurred in Cuba (5.18), Brazil (4.38) and Uruguay (4.62). The countries with the highest mortality for both sexes were (ASR): Cuba (2.89), Brazil (2.71) and the Dominican Republic (2.58). The DALYs registered an average of 37.52 (Women: 22.39; Men: 52.62). The Dominican Republic reports increasing trends in incidence (AAPC: Men: 2.2; Women: 1.4), in mortality (AAPC: Men: 1.8; Women: 1.1), and in DALYs (AAPC: Men: 1.0; Women: 2.0). Costa Rica shows decreasing trends in men in incidence (AAPC: −1.3), mortality (AAPC: −1.6), and DALYs (AAPC: −1.8). Conclusion: Oral cancer shows increasing trends in: the incidence in both sexes in 10 countries, in mortality and DALYs in 6 countries, while the affectation between sexes does not show differences in trends.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la tendencia de la incidencia, mortalidad y los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad del cáncer oral en América Latina según género entre los años 2000 y 2020. Métodos: Este estudio ecológico extrajo información del cáncer oral de 20 países de América Latina de la base de datos GBD-2020. La carga del cáncer oral se describió según tasa estandarizada por edad (ASR) de incidencia, mortalidad y AVAD. Se estimaron las tendencias (Promedio de cambio porcentual anual — AAPC) en cada indicador, género y país, entre el 2000 y el 2020 usando el software Joint-point. Resultados: Entre 2000 y 2020, la mayor incidencia de cáncer oral (ASR) se presentó en Cuba (5,18), Brasil (4,38) y Uruguay (4,62). Los países con mayor mortalidad para ambos géneros fueron: Cuba (2,89), Brasil (2,71) y República Dominicana (2,58). Los AVAD registraron un promedio de 37,52 (Mujeres: 22,39; Hombres: 52,62). República Dominicana reporta tendencias crecientes en la incidencia (AAPC: Hombres: 2,2; Mujeres: 1,4), en la mortalidad (AAPC: Hombres: 1,8; Mujeres: 1,1), y en los AVAD (AAPC: Hombres: 1,0; Mujeres: 2,0). Costa Rica muestra tendencias decrecientes en los hombres en incidencia (AAPC: −1,3), mortalidad (AAPC: −1,6) y AVAD (AAPC: −1,8). Conclusiones: El cáncer oral muestra tendencias al aumento en: la incidencia en ambos sexos en 10 países, en la mortalidad y los AVAD en 6 países, mientras la afectación entre sexos no muestra diferencias en las tendencias.

Abstract Introduction and objective: familial heterozygous hypercholesterolemia (HFH) is the most common monogenic lipid metabolism disorder that associates premature cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to describe the degree of metabolic control, cardiovascular profile, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in a cohort of HFH patients. Subjects and methods: a retrospective cohort study of the index cases and their relatives genetically diagnosed with HFH by the Endocrinology and Nutrition Service in the HCUV from 2009 to 2017. Anthropometric, clinical, laboratory, genetic, and treatment data were analyzed. Results: a total of 138 subjects were studied, with a mean age of 48.8 (17.7) years, 55.8 % of them women. A gene mutation was found in 55.8 %, and 10.1 % had previous ischemic heart disease. At diagnosis mean total cholesterol was 281.1 (68.4) mg/dL, and LDL-C was 204 (65) mg/dL. Among family cases, at diagnosis, a lower mean age was observed [32.89 (19.2) years vs 50.3 (17.6) years, p < 0.001] as well as lower LDL values [181.9 (64.3) mg/dL vs 226.8 (52) mg/dL, p < 0.005] as compared to index cases. A positive correlation was observed between lipid-lowering treatment dose and LDL level reduction (r = 0.254, p < 0.05), although only 30 % of patients reached their LDL target. Patients with HFH were highly adherent to Mediterranean diet, with an average score of 9.5 (1.9) in the Predimed test. Conclusions: early HFH detection is necessary to prevent premature cardiovascular events. A diagnosis of cases among family members anticipates the treatment of patients with HFH. Patients with HFH are more sensitive to heart-healthy diets.

Resumen Antecedentes y objetivo: la hipercolesterolemia familiar heterocigota (HFH) es el trastorno del metabolismo lipídico monogénico más común que se asocia a patología cardiovascular prematura. Nuestro objetivo fue describir el grado de control metabólico, el perfil cardiovascular y la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de una cohorte de pacientes con HFH. Material y métodos: estudio de cohortes retrospectivo de casos índices y familiares diagnosticados genéticamente de HFH desde 2009 a 2017. Se analizaron los datos antropométricos, clínicos, analíticos, del estudio genético y del tratamiento. Resultados: se estudiaron 138 sujetos con una edad media de 48,8 (,) años, el 55,8 % mujeres. Se encontró la mutación positiva en el 55,8 %. La media de colesterol total al diagnóstico fue de 281,1 (68,) mg/dl y la de LDL de 204 (65) mg/dl. El 10,1 % presentaban cardiopatía isquémica previa. Entre los casos familiares se observó una menor edad media [32,89 (,) años vs. 50,3 (,) años, p < 0,001], así como valores de LDL inferiores en el momento del diagnóstico [181,9 (64,) mg/dl vs. 226,8 (52) mg/dl, p < 0,005] en comparación con los casos índice. Se evidenció una correlación positiva entre dosis de tratamiento hipolipemiante y reducción de los niveles de LDL (r = 0,254, p < 0,05), aunque solo el 30 % de los pacientes alcanzaron sus objetivos de LDL. Los pacientes con HFH presentaron una elevada adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, con una puntuación media de 9,5 (,) en el test Predimed. Conclusiones: la detección precoz de la HFH es necesaria para prevenir eventos cardiovasculares prematuros. El diagnóstico de casos familiares anticipa el tratamiento de los pacientes con HFH. Los pacientes con HFH están más sensibilizados sobre la adherencia a las dietas cardiosaludables.

Silicosis is a disease without treatment. The surveillance program for workers exposed to silica is designed to detect as early as possible by a chest radiograph. Despite its fundamental role, it suffers from a great technique and interpretation variability. To reduce these phenomena, the ILO created a classification system widely used in Chile and the world. This was based on analog radiography, which has been replaced by the same analog set, digitized. While the ILO permits the use of this new type of image it indicates that the pattern comparison must remain analog. Many studies have shown that it is best to use digital comparison patterns. The objective of this work was to generate a set of digital x-rays representing the central profusion of round opacities of ILO classification system. From a universe of 32,826 x-rays of patients exposed to silica, 252 films, of which 54 were reported for 3 accredited readers, selected 8 cases that had pure round opacities of different profusions was obtained, which are proposed as digital pattern for Chile.

La silicosis es una enfermedad sin tratamiento. El programa de vigilancia de trabajadores expuestos a sílice está diseñado para detectarla lo más precozmente posible mediante una radiografía de tórax. A pesar de su rol fundamental, esta adolece de una gran variabilidad técnica y de interpretación. Para disminuir estos fenómenos, la OIT creó un sistema de clasificación ampliamente usado en Chile y el mundo. Este se basó en la radiografía análoga, la que ha sido reemplazada por el mismo set análogo, digitalizado. Si bien la OIT permite el uso de este nuevo tipo de imagen, indica que el patrón de comparación debe seguir siendo el análogo. Muchos estudios han demostrado que es mejor utilizar patrones de comparación digitales. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar un set de radiografías digitales que representen las profusiones centrales de opacidades redondas del sistema de clasificación OIT. De un universo de 32.826 radiografías de pacientes expuestos a sílice, se obtuvo 252 radiografías, de las cuales 54 fueron informadas por 3 lectores acreditados, seleccionándose 8 casos que contaban con opacidades redondas puras de diferentes profusiones, las que se proponen como patrón digital para Chile.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de mortalidade de pacientes em hemodiálise. Quando consideradas todas as causas de morte, aproximadamente 30% são classificadas como parada cardíaca, morte de causa desconhecida ou arritmia cardíaca. O prolongamento do tempo de despolarização e repolarização ventriculares, medido pela aferição do intervalo QT no eletrocardiograma de repouso, tem emergido como preditor de arritmias ventriculares complexas, uma importante causa de morte súbita cardíaca. OBJETIVOS: Determinar as alterações eletrocardiográficas presentes em pacientes sob hemodiálise (HD), aferir o intervalo QT e sua relação com variáveis clínicas e laboratoriais. MÉTODOS: Pacientes com idade acima de 18 anos em programa de hemodiálise foram abordados para participarem do estudo, e após anuência, foram submetidos ao exame de eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações. Dados clínicos foram revisados para avaliar a presença de comorbidades, além da aferição de medidas antropométricas e da pressão arterial. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação da hemoglobina e níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e de potássio. RESULTADOS: Cento e setenta e nove pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A maioria era do sexo masculino (64,8%) e da raça branca (54,7%); a idade média foi de 58,5 ± 14,7 anos. Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes apresentaram ao menos um distúrbio de condução elétrica. Cerca de 50% apresentaram prolongamento do intervalo QTc e experimentaram aumento significativo na frequência de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE), alterações do ritmo cardíaco, bloqueios de ramo e mais baixos índices de massa corporal (IMC), quando comparados aos pacientes com intervalo QTc normal. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em hemodiálise apresentam elevada frequência de achados eletrocardiográficos anormais, incluindo alta prevalência de pacientes com intervalo QTc prolongado. O presente estudo encontrou, ainda, associação significativa entre o intervalo QTc prolongado com a presença de Diabetes e de valores mais baixos para o IMC.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality among patients on dialysis. When considering all causes of death, about 30% are classified as cardiac arrest, death of unknown cause or cardiac arrhythmia. The increasing time of ventricular depolarization and repolarization, measured non-invasively by measuring the QT interval on the electrocardiogram at rest, has emerged as a predictor of complex ventricular arrhythmias, a major cause of sudden cardiac death. AIMS: To determine the electrocardiographic alterations present in hemodialysis (HD) patients, measuring the QT interval and its relationship with clinical and laboratory variables. METHODS: Patients above 18 years on dialysis were approached to participate in the study and, after consent, were submitted to the examination of 12-lead electrocardiogram. Clinical data were reviewed to assess the presence of comorbidities, as well as anthropometric and blood pressure measures. Blood samples were collected to determinate hemoglobin and serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and potassium. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy nine patients were included in the study. The majority of the patients were male (64.8%) and white (54.7%); the average age was 58.5 ± 14.7 years old. About 50% of all patients had, at least, one electrical conduction disturb. About 50% of all patients had QTc prolongation and experienced a significant increase in the frequency of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy (LVH), changes of the cardiac rhythm and bundle branch blocks, and a lower body mass index (BMI), when compared with normal QTc interval patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis had high frequency of abnormal electrocardiographic findings, including a high prevalence of patients with prolonged QTc interval. This study also found a significant association between prolonged QTc interval and the presence of Diabetes and lower values of BMI.

El propósito del estudio fue aplicar la escala de valoración de la intensidad de dolor de Susan Givens Bell en la UCI Neonatal. Se valoró la intensidad del dolor de 47 neonatos de la Unidad Neonatal de la Fundación Cardio Infantil, sometidos a punciones arteriovenosas y de talón utilizando la escala antes y después de los procedimientos. La información se procesó por medio del paquete estadístico SPSS, y se utilizaron las pruebas estadísticas Anova 1 Factor y la U Mann Whithey para variables no paramétricas, que generó una significancia estadística de p < 0,05. Encontrándose una relación entre los signos fisiológicos y conductuales sobre el total de la escala. Se concluyó que la escala de Susan Givens es adecuada para la valoración del dolor en neonatos, ya que se obtienen probabilidades significativas del 95,7%.

The purpose of this study was to apply the valuation scale in Susan Givens Bell's pain intensity at the Neonatal UCI. The intensity of the pain was values in 47 neonates, who were submit to artery - vein and heel punctures, using the scale before and after the procedure. The information was process by the SPSS statistical packet and the statistical tests Anova 1 Factor and the U Mann Whitney for the no parametric variables this get a significant statistical of p < 0.05. Finding an existent relation between the physiological signs and conductions about the total of the scale. The conclusion was that the Susan Givens' scale is adequate for the pain value in neonates, because it gets significant probabilities: 95.7%.

Neste estudo foi aplicada a escala de valoração da intensidade da dor de Susan Givens Bell na UCI Neonatal. Foi avaliada a intensidade da dor de 47 neonatos da Unidade Neonatal da Fundación Cardio Infantil, sujeitos a punções arteriovenosas e do talão usando a escala antes e depois de dos procedimentos. A informação foi processada com o paquete estatístico SPSS. Foram usadas as provas estatísticas Anova 1 e U Mann Whitney para variáveis não paramétricas, gerando uma significância estatística de p < 0,05. Foi encontrada uma relação entre signos fisiológicos e de conduta sobre o total da escala. Em breve, a escala de Susan Givens é apropriada para avaliar a dor nos neonatos, no sentido que são obtidas probabilidades significativas do 95,7%.