RESUMO Objetivos: analisar as iniciativas sociais governamentais voltadas para as pessoas com tuberculose e as possibilidades de acesso aos programas sociais governamentais e de transferência de renda, na percepção dos gestores de programas de tuberculose. Métodos: estudo descritivo, qualitativo, com 19 gestores de Belém, Recife, Campo Grande e Rio de Janeiro. Utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados: não há suporte social governamental específico para pessoas com tuberculose; os benefícios são destinados às pessoas em vulnerabilidade social. Existem parcerias entre as instituições da rede social secundária da saúde, assistência social e instituições comunitárias. Considerações Finais: o apoio das instâncias oficiais é importante para o controle da tuberculose, contudo o perfil de vulnerabilidade das pessoas é fator determinante para o acesso ao/destinação dos recursos desses programas governamentais de apoio social.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze government social initiatives aimed at people with tuberculosis and the possibilities of access to government social programs and income transfers through the perception of tuberculosis program managers. Methods: descriptive, qualitative study with 19 managers from Belém, Recife, Campo Grande, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Thematic content analysis was used. Results: there is no specific government social support for people with tuberculosis; the benefits are intended for people in social vulnerability. There are partnerships between the institutions of the secondary social healthcare network, social assistance, and community institutions. Final Considerations: the support of official bodies is important for the control of tuberculosis; however, the profile of people’s vulnerability is a determining factor for access to/destination of resources from these government social support programs.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar las iniciativas sociales gubernamentales dirigidas a las personas con tuberculosis y las posibilidades de acceso a los programas sociales gubernamentales y de transferencia de renta, en la percepción de los gestores de programas de tuberculosis. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, cualitativo, con 19 gestores de Belém, Recife, Campo Grande y Rio de Janeiro. Se utilizó el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: no hay soporte social gubernamental específico para personas con tuberculosis; los beneficios son destinados a las personas en vulnerabilidad social. Hay colaboraciones entre las instituciones de la red social secundaria de salud, asistencia social e instituciones comunitarias. Consideraciones Finales: el apoyo de las instancias oficiales es importante para el control de la tuberculosis, con todo el perfil de vulnerabilidad de las personas es factor determinante para el acceso al/destinación de los recursos de esos programas gubernamentales de apoyo social.

ABSTRACT Selection indexes represent the real efforts of a breeding program to obtain genetic gains for various significant traits simultaneously. As such, this study selected superior F5 lines by combined selection for fruit quality using an index based on predicted genotypic values via residual or restricted maximum likelihood/best linear unbiased prediction (REML/BLUP) methodology weighted by agronomic weights. To do so, 97 F5 papaya lines obtained by the single seed descent method, resulting from the biparental cross between the genotypes JS-12 and Sekati, were evaluated for the main traits related to fruit quality. Results of the analysis of deviance and the genetic parameters indicated that there was genetic variability, indicating possible success in the selection process. Based on the selection index, 29 lines were selected as superior for fruit quality with ‘Formosa’ pattern. The strategy of the selection index combining BLUPs of multiple traits of interest associated with agronomic weights allows maximizing genetic progress while discarding less-promising genotypes.

ABSTRACT: The growing demand for quality of papaya by the domestic and international markets requires the development of genotypes that are capable of incorporating traits, such as high yield and fruit quality. This study estimated the genetic parameters and the specific combining ability of F4 papaya lines crossed to the SS-72/12 tester to identify genotypes with higher genetic value for hybrid production. We evaluated 169 treatments consisting of 62 topcross hybrid combinations, 97 F5 lines, and 10 controls in a 13 × 13 lattice design with five replicates and two plants per plot. The following traits were evaluated: plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), first-fruit insertion height (FFIH), number of marketable fruits (NMF), number of deformed fruits (NDF), number of fruitless nodes (NFN), average fruit weight (FW), and yield (YLD). Differences p < 0.05 were found in most traits evaluated. The specific combining ability estimates indicate that hybrids formed by the cross between SS-72/12 tester and the following lines are promising, considering the multiple traits: UCLA08-088, UCLA08-101, UCLA08-071, UCLA08-014, UCLA08-025, UCLA08-028, UCLA08-122, UCLA08-055, UCLA08-026, and UCLA08-092. These hybrids meet the demands for domestic and international markets and may be available to producers as new papaya cultivars.

ABSTRACT: The selection of superior Carica papaya (L) genotypes depends on the availability of genetic variability and on the favorable and simultaneous response of the genotypes to those traits of most interest. However, manual phenotyping (MP) demands intensive labor, is time-consuming and expensive. The aim of the current study is to access the efficiency of image-based phenotyping (IBP) in estimating genetic parameters and in selecting F4 recombinant inbred lines. The genetic parameters and values were estimated in accordance with the REML/BLUB procedure and combined selection using the selection index based on standardized genetic values. The majority of traits accessed through IBP showed experimental coefficients of variation similar to those found through MP. Both methodologies showed genetic parameters of similar magnitude, indicating expressive genetic variability between lines in the traits accessed in this study. The same superior lines were indicated in both methodologies and expressive genetic gains obtained through the lines were selected for all traits. IBP performance was similar to that of MP with respect to the estimates of breeding-relevant traits such as commercial fruits and yield. Thus, IBP showed efficient phenotypic assessment, as well as selective accuracy in accessing genetic variability and genetic gains, when it was compared to MP. Since IBP is far less dependent on labor, it is expected to be incorporated into the routine of papaya breeding programs as a way of increasing the number of accessed lines and, consequently, increasing genetic gains.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) co-infection has been a research topic of interest worldwide. In Brazil, it has been observed that there is a relative underreporting and failure in the understanding and management of this important association. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with VL with and without HIV/AIDS. METHODS: We conducted an observational and analytical study of patients with VL followed in a Reference Service in the State of Maranhão, Brazil from 2007-2013. RESULTS: In total 126 patients were enrolled, of which 61 (48.4%) were co-infected with HIV/AIDS. There were more males among those with HIV/AIDS (85.2%, P>0.05) or with VL only (81.5%, P>0.05). These findings significantly differed based on age group (P<0.003); the majority of patients were aged 31-40 years (41.0%) and 21-30 years (32.3%) among those with and without HIV/AIDS co-infection, respectively. The incidence of diarrhea and splenomegaly significantly differed between the two groups (P=0.0014 and P=0.019, respectively). The myelogram parasitic examination was used most frequently among those with HIV/AIDS (91.8%), followed by those with VL only (69.2%). VL recurrences and mortality were significantly higher in the HIV/AIDS co-infected patients (P<0.0001 and P=0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with VL with or without HIV/AIDS co-infection were mostly adult men. Diarrhea was more frequent in HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, whereas splenomegaly was more common in patients with VL only. In the group of HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, there was a higher rate of VL recurrence and mortality.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare the spatial and the height distribution of three plant species between two rupestrian field communities, one preserved (A) and the other cultivated (B). One 50 × 100 m plot was delimited in each community and the populations of Eremanthus incanus, Lychnophora pinaster and Vellozia caruncularis were assessed for height and spatial distribution (using the Ripleys’s L-function). In community A, 4,098 individuals were counted, mostly L. pinaster, against 220 individuals in community B, prevailing E. incanus. An inverted-J pattern was observed for height distribution in both communities, however, with lower frequencies in B. Regular spatial distribution was found for E. incanus and V. caruncularis in community A, whereas the pattern for L. pinaster depended on the scale of analysis. The spatial distribution of all species differed between communities. The Ecological Park Quedas do Rio Bonito contributes to the conservation of these rupestrian field species.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar padrões alométricos e feições arquiteturais de Copaifera langsdorffii em diferentes fisionomias de uma região de tensão ecológica. As fisionomias de floresta, corredor, cerrado e cerrado rupestre foram estudadas nos municípios de Lavras e Carrancas, sul de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram estudadas as relações entre diâmetro do tronco, altura, área da copa, grau de deflexão e deslocamento relativo da copa, sendo analisado o grau de semelhança, entre as fisionomias, por meio de regressões e análise covariância. Foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais (PCA) com variáveis biométricas coletadas e morfométricas calculadas, para caracterização de grupos mais homogêneos que evidenciem a plasticidade morfológica da espécie e suas diferentes estratégias e investimento em recursos. Como resultado das análises de regressão e covariância, encontraram-se padrões distintos, principalmente entre as fisionomias de floresta e cerrado, das fisionomias de cerrado rupestre e corredor. Um padrão de crescimento com maior investimento em altura na floresta, objetivando a garantia de espaço no dossel, e outro mais ligado ao crescimento horizontal da copa, nas fisionomias de cerrado rupestre e corredor. A PCA apresentou um gradiente de plasticidade morfológica para a espécie. A fisionomia de floresta apresentou maiores valores de altura total, largura de copa e diâmetro do tronco, e a fisionomia de cerrado rupestre mostrou valores mais elevados de grau de deflexão da copa (assimetria). O cerrado e o corredor formaram uma transição entre floresta e cerrado rupestre, no gradiente de feições morfológicas da espécie nas fisionomias.

ABSTRACT This study examined allometric patterns and architectural features of Copaifera langsdorffii, in different physiognomies in a region of ecological tension. The forest, corridor, 'cerrado', and rocky cerrado physiognomies were studied in the districts of Lavras and Carrancas, south of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The relationships between stem diameter, height, crown area, degrees of deflection and relative displacement were analyzed, as well as the degree of similarity between the physiognomies by means of regressions and covariance analysis. The principal component analysis (PCA) was performed with the collected biometric and calculated morphometric variables to characterize the most homogeneous groups which show the morphological plasticity of the species and their different strategies and resources investment. As a result of the regression and covariance analysis, two distinct patterns were found mainly between forest and 'cerrado' physiognomies from rocky cerrado and corridor physiognomies. It was found a pattern of growth through higher investment in height in the forest, aiming to guarantee space in the canopy, and a more connected to the horizontal growth of the crown, in the rocky 'cerrado' and corridor. The PCA showed a gradient of morphological plasticity for the species. The forest physiognomy presented higher values of total height, crown width and stem diameter, while the rocky 'cerrado' physiognomy presented higher degrees of deflection of the crown (asymmetry). The 'cerrado' and the corridor formed a transition between forest and rocky 'cerrado' for the gradient of morphological features of the studied species in these physiognomies.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to study the phyto-sociological structure of a shrub and tree vegetation colonization in an abandoned stand of Eucalyptus spp. in Lavras, MG, Brazil, in order to identify the existence of species groups, vegetation gradients, and Alpha diversity. The phytosociological sampling collected 5 transects of various sizes with 100 equidistant points (14 m), using the quadrant method. The assessment included all individuals with breast diameter ≥5 cm. There were a total of 854.28 sampled individuals/ha, belonging to 91 species, distributed into 67 genera and 31 families. The highest VI values were obtained for Piptadenia gonoacantha, Copaifera langsdorffii, Tapirira guianensis and Ocotea corymbosa. The analysis of trunk diameter distribution showed that the community was in a stage of full regeneration with individuals distributed over all diameter classes. Most species presented syndromes of seed dispersal by animals and regeneration guilds of pioneer and climax demanding light. Perhaps planting may have served as shelter and refuge for fauna species in the region and mortality of individuals of Eucalyptus spp. resulted in gaps of different sizes. Vegetation was identified along a gradient, with a gradual change in evenness between the four groups of species characterized by cluster analysis. The indices of diversity (H’ = 3.58) and evenness (J = 0.794) of the species were similar to those found in other phyto-sociological studies of Eucaliptus spp platations. Furthermore, the tree planting functioned as a catalyst for natural regeneration in the study area.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve por objetivo conhecer a estrutura fitossociológica da vegetação arbustivoarbórea colonizadora em um plantio, abandonado há 50 anos, de Eucalyptus spp., no Município de Lavras, MG, visando diagnosticar a existência de grupos de espécies, de gradientes vegetacionais e a diversidade alpha. A amostragem fitossociológica, realizada pelo método dos quadrantes, contou com 100 pontos, distribuídos em seis transecções de comprimentos variáveis. Estiveram passíveis de inclusão todos os indivíduos com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) (≥5 cm). O levantamento resultou em uma densidade de 854,28 indivíduos/ha, com 91 espécies, distribuídas em 67 gêneros e 31 famílias. Destacaram-se, em valor de importância, Piptadenia gonoacantha, Copaifera langsdorffii, Tapirira guianensis e Ocotea corymbosa. A análise da distribuição dos indivíduos em classes de diâmetro revelou uma comunidade em plena regeneração. A maioria das espécies apresentou síndromes de dispersão zoocórica, sugerindo que o plantio pode ter servido de abrigo e refúgio para espécies da fauna dispersora presente na região. As guildas de regeneração mais frequentes foram as de pioneiras e clímax exigentes de luz, possivelmente em função da mortalidade de indivíduos de Eucalyptus spp., que ocasionou clareiras de diferentes tamanhos. Foi diagnosticado um gradiente vegetacional longo, com uma mudança gradativa na equabilidade entre os quatro grupos de espécies caracterizados pela análise de agrupamento. Os índices de diversidade (H’ = 3,58) e equabilidade (J = 0,794) de espécies foram semelhantes aos encontrados em outros levantamentos fitossociológicos, em plantios de Eucaliptus spp.. Dessa forma, o plantio funcionou como um catalisador da regeneração natural na área de estudo.

Apesar da grande importância ecológica e econômica das espécies florestais, pouco se sabe sobre a germinação e o estabelecimento de suas plântulas, bem como os efeitos dos danos à semente para estas etapas. Neste sentido, conduziu-se este trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da perda parcial dos cotilédones de Anadenanthera colubrina, na germinação das sementes e no desenvolvimento inicial de suas plântulas. Para isso, foram avaliadas sementes inteiras e sementes seccionadas nas proporções: controle; ¹/8 da semente; ¹/4 da semente e ½ da semente. Posteriormente, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar e avaliado o estabelecimento das plântulas formadas. Os tratamentos não influenciaram na germinação, todavia influenciaram no estabelecimento e sobrevivência das plântulas. Os valores de crescimento e mortalidade foram maiores para os tratamentos com cortes mais severos. Isso indica que a perda de parte dos cotilédones não constitui uma barreira à germinação das sementes, no entanto, danos consideráveis podem prejudicar o estabelecimento e a sobrevivência das plântulas de A. colubrina.

Despite the major ecological and economical relevance of forest species, little is known about their seedling establishment and seed germination, as well as the damage effects to seeds at these stages. This work aimed to assess the effects of partial cotyledon loss on the seed germination and early seedling establishment of Anadenanthera colubrina. Therefore, whole (control) and split seeds (with ¹/8, ¹/4, and ½ of their size cut) were evaluated. The seeds were then germinated and the early growth of seedlings was assessed. The treatments had no effect on seed germination, however, they influenced seedling survival and establishment. The highest mortality and growth reduction values were obtained with the most severe cotyledon removal. This indicates that the tegument and the partial cotyledon loss do not represent a barrier against seed germination. However, considerable damages may be detrimental to establishment and survival of A. colubrina seedlings.