Resumo Trachemys dorbigni é a espécie de tartaruga de água doce mais abundante do Rio Grande do Sul, no Sul do Brasil. Sabe-se que os quelônios são hospedeiros de uma grande variedade de patógenos, incluindo vírus, bactérias, hemoparasitos e helmintos. Dentre estes, oito gêneros de Polystomatidae (Platyhelminthes: Monogenoidea) infectam tartarugas de água doce: Apaloneotrema, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema, Manotrema, Pleurodirotrema, Polystomoidella, Polystomoides, Uropolystomoides e Uteropolystomoides. No entanto, pouco ainda se sabe sobre a biologia destes parasitos na Região Neotropical. Durante uma citoscopia investigativa, foram observados espécimes de Polystomatidae localizados no interior da bexiga urinária de T. dorbigni. Os espécimes coletados foram fixados e corados para identificação taxonômica. No presente artigo, uma nova espécie de Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitando a bexiga urinária de tartaruga de água doce da espécie T. dorbigni no Brasil é descrita. Polystomoides santamariensis n. sp. difere das demais espécies no tamanho dos espinhos genitais, que são maiores. Devido a enorme diversidade de tartarugas de água doce ao redor do mundo, é provável que um grande número de polistomatídeos de quelônios ainda seja desconhecido. Sabese Sabe patógenos vírus bactérias helmintos estes Platyhelminthes (Platyhelminthes Monogenoidea Apaloneotrema Aussietrema Fornixtrema Manotrema Pleurodirotrema Polystomoidella Uteropolystomoides entanto Neotropical investigativa T taxonômica artigo (Monogenoidea descrita n sp genitais maiores mundo desconhecido

Abstract Trachemys dorbigni is the most abundant freshwater turtle species in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Chelonians are known to host a wide variety of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, hemoparasites and helminths. Among these, nine genera of polystomatid flatworms (Monogenoidea; Polystomatidae) infect freshwater turtles: Apaloneotrema, Aussietrema, Fornixtrema, Manotrema, Pleurodirotrema, Polystomoidella, Polystomoides, Uropolystomoides and Uteropolystomoides. However, little is known about the biology of these parasites in the Neotropical Realm. Through investigative cystoscopy, specimens of Polystomatidae were located inside the urinary bladder of the host T. dorbigni. Retrieved specimens were fixed and stained whole mounts prepared for taxonomic identification. In the present paper, a new species of Polystomoides (Monogenoidea: Polystomatidae) parasitizing the urinary bladder of a freshwater turtle of the species T. dorbigni in Brazil is described. Polystomoides santamariensis n. sp. differs from the congeneric species on the length of the genital spines, which are longer. Given the enormous diversity of freshwater turtles around the world, it is likely that a large number of chelonian polystomatids are still unknown. Sul pathogens viruses bacteria helminths Monogenoidea (Monogenoidea Apaloneotrema Aussietrema Fornixtrema Manotrema Pleurodirotrema Polystomoidella Uteropolystomoides However Realm cystoscopy T identification paper described n sp spines longer world unknown

ABSTRACT Producers in the northeastern semiarid region of Brazil have been cultivating irrigated corn. The commercialized product comprises mainly green ears and silage. However, the irrigation of crops for dry grain has been questioned regarding costs and price competitiveness in relation to the same non-irrigated product cultivated in other regions. In recent years, the use of drip tapes and fertigation has spread among corn producers in the region. The aim of this study was to determine the N dose, via fertigation, which provides the maximum economic production of corn for dry grain, in two crop seasons (summer and winter), in the semiarid region of Brazil. The experimental design was performed in randomized blocks, with four replications. In both crops, the treatments consisted of four doses of N (0, 80, 160, and 240 kg ha-1) applied in the form of urea. In the hybrid corn (Bt Feroz), the N content was evaluated in terms of leaves, grain yield, gross and net incomes, the rate of return, and the profitability index. Independent of the crop season, the yield of dry grain (5,441.03 kg ha-1) was highest when the corn was fertigated with a dose of 104.05 kg ha-1 N. The highest net incomes of the dry grain were obtained with 80 kg ha-1 N in summer (R$ 1,190.78 ha-1) and 160 kg ha-1 N in winter (R$ 2,757.54 ha-1). The winter crop was more favorable to the economic production of dry grain.

ABSTRACT Fruit and vegetable waste can be used for the production of organic compost, which when mineralized can increase the availability of nitrogen. The objectives of this study were: (a) to produce compost from different ratios of fruit and vegetable waste, rice husk and poultry manure that meets the legislation on organic fertilizers and (b) to assess the mineralization of N in substrates prepared with different ratios of compost. In experiment 1, the following treatments were prepared using (fruit and vegetable residue: rice husk: poultry waste) (v:v): Treatment 1 (2:1:0), T2 (1:1:1), T3 (1.5:1:0) and T4 (1.2:1:0). All the treatments were subjected to composting for 95 days, were subjected to analysis of nutrients, organic carbon, C/N, CEC/C, pH and moisture content. The composts were compared in regards to the parameters required by legislation. In experiment 2, the treatments consisted of eight blends of agricultural peat, carbonized rice husk and organic compost pre-selected from experiment 1. The NO3 --N and NH+ 4-N contents were analyzed in the substrate at time zero and at 7, 14, 28, 56, 112 days after incubation. Compost (C2) met the parameters required by legislation and the use of 40% in the substrate composition promoted the mineralization of N.

RESUMO Objetivou-se estimar e quantificar o grau de associação entre variáveis fitotécnicas para a seleção simultânea de genótipos de milho com aptidão para produção de minimilho. Foram utilizados sete genótipos de milho que foram dispostos no campo em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos, correlações simples, de trilha e canônicas das variáveis fitotécnicas. As variáveis produção de espigas comerciais, comprimento de espigas comerciais, estande final de plantas e altura de plantas apresentaram herdabilidade superiores a 80% e índice de variação superior a unidade, indicando que genótipos superiores podem ser obtidos com ganhos de seleção. Para a produção de espigas comerciais houve correlações fenotípicas e genotípicas significativas, positivas e de alta magnitude com proteína bruta, massa seca e estande final de plantas.No entanto, o efeito direto entre massa seca e produção de espigas comercias foi negativo (-0,7085), enquanto que a correlação fenotípica foi positiva e de magnitude média (0,5343), o que deve considerar o efeito indireto no estande final de plantas (0,7367), para aproveitar o ganho nessas duas características. O estande final de plantas é determinante para aumento na produção de massa seca e espigas comerciais, tanto direta como indiretamente.Diante dos dados é possível identificar variáveis promissoras para o melhoramento genético de plantas que sejam indicativos de produção de minimilho em genótipos de milho.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to estimate and quantify the degree of association between phytotechnical variables for simultaneous selection of maize genotypes suitable to produce baby corn. Seven genotypes were arranged in field in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Genetic parameters, simple, path and canonical correlations of phytotechnical variables were estimated. The variables production of marketable spikes, length of marketable spikes, final plant stand and plant height showed over 80% heritability and variation index higher than the unity, indicating that superior genotypes can be obtained and selection gains. Significant phenotypic and genotypic correlations were observed for production of marketable spikes, positive and of high magnitude with crude protein, dry mass and final plant stand. However, the direct effect between dry mass and production of marketable spikes was pronounced negative (-0.7085), whereas the phenotypic correlation was positive and showed medium magnitude (0.5343), which should be considered the indirect effect of final plant stand (0.7367), to take advantage of the gains of these two traits. The final plant stand is determinant to increase the production of dry matter and marketable spikes, both direct and indirectly. Given the data, we could identify promising variables for plant breeding which can be indicative to select maize genotypes for baby corn production.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ethanol on the bond longevity of a universal adhesive system to bovine dentin, under different modes of adhesive application and artificial aging. Bovine dentin was exposed, and the smear layer was standardized by sandpaper polishing. Specimens were randomly divided into 2 groups: ethanol (E) and non-ethanol (N). Groups were subdivided according to adhesive mode of application into etch-and-rinse (Er) and self-etching (S). Resin blocks were built onto the treated surface, and the specimens were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 48 h. Half of the specimens (n = 10) were subjected to thermomechanical aging (A for aged and Na for non-aged). Resin/dentin beams were obtained and subjected to microtensile test in a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using a three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (α = 5%). There was interaction among the three factors (p=0.0003). The use of ethanol resulted in higher values, except for the Er and Na groups (E_Er_Na = N_Er_Na). The mode of application was similar, except for the N and A groups (N_S_A > N_Er_A). For the A groups, the values were lower, except in the cases using ethanol, in which the results were not affected. The study concluded that the use of ethanol resulted in higher microtensile bond strength values, even after aging. The mode of adhesive application did not influence the results.

RESUMO. Este trabalho foi realizado para avaliar o efeito de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com ureia (0, 1, 2 e 3% na matéria seca - MS) em substituição a um suplemento tradicional (controle) sobre os parâmetros ruminais e síntese de proteína microbiana em novilhos mestiços. Cinco novilhos canulados no rúmen (½ Holandês x Zebu), com peso corporal inicial de 240 ± 22,1 kg foram utilizados em um Quadrado Latino 5 × 5. Efeito quadrático foi observado para o consumo de MS e retenção de N, com valores máximos de 6,97 kg d-1e 50,9 g d-1com a inclusão de 1,8 e 2,1% de ureia, respectivamente. Concentrações máximas de 16,2; 23,2 e 24,3 mg dL-1 de N-NH3 foram registradas nos animais alimentados com palma forrageira enriquecida com 1, 2 de 3% de ureia. Houve efeito quadrático sobre o pH ruminal, com valor de 6,45 às 4,08 horas após alimentação. Síntese de proteína microbiana de 103 g de proteína bruta kg-1de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi obtida com a inclusão de 1,6% de ureia. Recomenda-se a utilização de suplementos múltiplos contendo palma forrageira enriquecida com 1,6 a 1,8% de ureia em substituição ao suplemento tradicional para bovinos.

ABSTRACT. This study was realized to evaluate the effect of the ‘multiple supplements’ containing spineless cactus enriched with urea (0, 1, 2 and 3% on dry matter basis - DM) as a replacement to a traditional supplement (control) on ruminal parameters and microbial protein synthesis in crossbred steers. Five steers(½ Holstein x Zebu) can nulated in the rumen, with an average initial body weight of 240 ± 22.1 kg were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square. A quadratic effect was observed for DM intake and N retention, with maximum values of 6.97 kg d-1 and 50.9 gd-1 with the inclusion of 1.8 and 2.1% urea, respectively. Maximum concentrations of 16.2, 23.2 and 24.3 mg dL-1of N-NH3were recorded in animals fed spineless cactus enriched with 1, 2, and 3% of urea. There was a quadratic effect on ruminal pH, with a value of 6.45 at 4.08 hours after feeding. Microbial synthesis efficiency of 103 g CPkg-1 TDN was obtained with the inclusion of 1.6% urea. Multiple supplements containing spineless cactus enriched with 1.6 up to 1.8% urea in replacement of a traditional supplement is recommended for cattle.

ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing wheat bran by spineless cactus (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in sugar cane-based diets on intake and nutrient digestibility and ruminal parameters of sheep. Five sheep (Santa Inês; average initial weight of 34.0±3.6 kg) were fitted with cannulas in the rumen and then assigned to a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The maximum dry matter (DM; 1414 g d−1), digestible organic matter (658 g d−1), and neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap; 425 g d−1) intakes were estimated by replacing 80.2, 89.9, and 50.5% of wheat bran. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility increased by 0.60 and 0.85 g kg-1 of DM. With the replacement of 57.1 and 62.2% of wheat bran, a maximum rate of NDF ingestion (0.70 h−1) and NDF ruminal pool (7.31 g) was obtained. Rumen pH increased with the inclusion of spineless cactus, while the maximum concentration of ammonia N (33.3 mg dL−1) and total volatile fatty acids (57.7 μmol mL−1) were estimated at the levels of 72.3 and 63.7% of replacement of wheat bran. It is recommended to replace 63% of wheat bran by spineless cactus in sugar cane-based diets, to promote better animal performance.

RESUMO A produção de café conilon em sistemas de manejo orgânico tem aumentado no Estado do Espírito Santo. Porém, faltam informações sobre o impacto desse manejo sobre os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio do solo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adubação orgânica sobre os estoques de C e N e a densidade do solo (Ds) em agrossistema de café conilon. O experimento foi implantado em lavoura localizada no município de Linhares, ES, no delineamento em blocos casualizados com distribuição fatorial 2 × 2 × 5, com três repetições, sendo os fatores: dois compostos orgânicos; presença e ausência da leguminosa feijão-de-porco nas entrelinhas; e cinco proporções de cada composto em substituição à adubação mineral recomendada (0; 25; 50; 75; e 100 %). Cada repetição foi formada por amostragem de solo sob a copa de uma planta em parcela com 30 cafeeiros. Os compostos foram: composto 1, preparado com capim-elefante e palha de café na proporção 1:1 (v:v); e composto 2, preparado com capim-elefante, palha de café e cama de frango na proporção 2:1:1 (v:v:v). As coletas de solo foram realizadas 240 dias após a adubação (240DAPA) do 1º ano agrícola e aos 30 dias após a 1ª etapa da adubação (30DAPA) do 2º ano agrícola. O uso de composto na adubação do cafeeiro acarretou redução da Ds de aproximadamente 13 %. O incremento das proporções de compostos na adubação aumentou o teor e o estoque de C e N do solo aos 30DAPA do 2º ano agrícola. Houve acréscimos de 11 e 0,4 Mg ha-1 para o estoque de C e N, respectivamente, para cafeeiros adubados com 100 % de composto 1, em relação à adubação mineral. A adubação com composto é alternativa para aumentar os estoques de C e N no agrossistema de conilon.

ABSTRACT Production of Conilon coffee under organic management systems has increased in the State of Espirito Santo, Brazil. However, information is lacking in regard to the impact of these management practices on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization on C and N stocks and soil bulk density (Bd) in a Conilon coffee agrosystem. A field experiment was carried out in Linhares, ES, in a randomized block design in a 2 × 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, with three replications. The factors were: two organic composts; presence and absence of the jackbean legume between the rows; and five different proportions of each organic compost (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 %) to substitute the recommended mineral fertilization. Each replicate consisted of 30 coffee plants. Soil samples were collected under the canopy of each plant. The organic composts were compound 1, prepared from elephant grass and coffee straw in a 1:1 ratio (v:v); and compound 2, prepared from elephant grass, coffee straw, and chicken litter in a 2:1:1 ratio (v:v:v). Soil samples were taken 240 days after fertilization (240DAF) in the 1st crop year and 30 days after the 1st stage of fertilization (30DAF) in the 2ndcrop year. The use of organic compounds to fertilize coffee led to a decrease in Bd of approximately 13 %. The increase in the proportion of organic compounds in fertilization increased the content and stock of C and N in the soil at 30 days after fertilization in the 2nd crop year. There were increases of 11 and 0.4 Mg ha-1 for the stock of C and N, respectively, for coffee plants fertilized with 100 % of compound 1, in relation to mineral fertilization. Fertilization with organic compounds is an alternative for increasing C and N stocks in agrosystems of conilon coffee.

INTRODUÇÃO: apesar dos debates sobre os méritos dos vários métodos de sobreposição cefalométrica, ainda há necessidade de se avaliar quais deles poderiam ser utilizados na prática diária, com razoável precisão e menor tempo de trabalho. OBJETIVO: o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar quatro métodos de sobreposição cefalométrica, avaliando as mudanças longitudinais na morfologia craniofacial causadas pelo crescimento e resposta ao tratamento, em adolescentes com má oclusão de Classe I tratados ortodonticamente com extração de primeiros pré-molares. MÉTODOS: foram usadas telerradiografias laterais pré-tratamento (T1) e pós-tratamento (T2) de 31 adolescentes (20 do sexo feminino e 11 do sexo masculino), com Classe I de Angle e indicação de extração de pré-molares. As radiografias foram digitalizadas, traçadas e as estruturas, identificadas com um software cefalométrico (Radiocef, Radio Memory, Belo Horizonte, Brasil). Quatro métodos de sobreposição foram utilizados para avaliar mudanças de posição devidas ao crescimento e/ou tratamento: método Estrutural de Björk; método Steiner/Tweed linha SN; Ricketts linha N-Ba no ponto N; e Ricketts linha N-Ba no ponto CC. As mudanças posicionais avaliadas pelos métodos de sobreposição foram quantificadas por mudanças lineares horizontais e verticais nos seguintes pontos cefalométricos: espinha nasal anterior (ENA), espinha nasal posterior (ENP), gnátio (Gn), Gônio (Go), Pogônio (Pog), Ponto A e Ponto B. Mudanças de posição horizontal e vertical entre T1 e T2 para todos os métodos de sobreposição foram avaliadas por análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Bonferroni (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: não houve diferença estatística significativa entre os métodos de sobreposição cefalométrica em toda a amostra ou quando o sexo dos pacientes foi considerado. CONCLUSÃO: de acordo com a metodologia aplicada nesse estudo, os métodos de sobreposição cefalométrica Estrutural de Björk, de Steiner/Tweed linha SN, Ricketts linha N-Ba no ponto N e de Ricketts linha N-Ba no ponto CC foram confiáveis e com precisão semelhante para examinar as alterações faciais globais devidas ao crescimento ativo e/ou tratamento ortodôntico.

INTRODUCTION: Despite discussion on the merit of various cephalometric superimposition methods, there remains a need to assess which one can be used in daily practice with reasonably accuracy and less working time. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate four methods of cephalometric superimposition by means of assessing the longitudinal changes in craniofacial morphology caused by growth and response of adolescents with Class I malocclusion to orthodontic treatment involving first premolar extraction. METHODS: Pretreatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of 31 adolescents (20 females and 11 males), with Angle Class I malocclusion and indication of premolar extraction, participated in this study. Radiographs were digitized, traced and had structures identified by means of a cephalometric software. Four superimposition methods were used: Björk structural method, Steiner/Tweed SN line, Ricketts N-Ba line at N-point and Ricketts N-Ba line at CC-point. Positional changes were quantified by horizontal and vertical linear changes in the following cephalometric landmarks: anterior/posterior nasal spine (ANS and PNS), gnathion (Gn), Gonion (Go), Pogonion (Pog), A-point and B-point. Differences between T1 and T2 in horizontal and vertical positional changes for all superimposition methods were assessed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences among the cephalometric superimposition methods or when patients' sex was considered. CONCLUSION: Björk structural method, Steiner/Tweed SN line, Ricketts N-Ba line at N-point and Ricketts N-Ba line at CC-point methods were reliable and presented similar precision when the overall facial changes due to active growth and/or orthodontic treatment were examined.

Baseado em dez anos de dados de direção e velocidade de vento da Estação Meteorológica Automática de Superfície (EMAS), foi caracterizado o regime de vento em superfície em Seropédica, Estado do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Foram elaborados histogramas e rosas do vento decenal, sazonal e por períodos (madrugada, manhã, tarde e noite). As direções predominantes decenais foram N e SW, sendo associadas ao regime de brisa de vale/montanha e brisa marítima, juntamente com a passagem de Sistemas Frontais. As classes de vento decenal foram calmaria (abaixo de 1 m. s- 1) (40,2%) e ventos fracos (1 a 3 m.s- 1) (39,8%). Sazonalmente, as direções predominantes foram N, NW, NNE, SSW e SW (Outono); N, NNW, NE, SW e N (Inverno); N, NNE e SSW (Primavera), e N, NNW, SW e SSW (Verão). As predominâncias por períodos foram nas direções N, NW e SSW (Madrugada); N, NNW e NW (Manhã); N, NNE, S e SW (Tarde), e S, SW e SSW (Noite).

In this study, we characterize the surface wind regime in the municipality of Seropedica, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil, based on 10 years of data on wind direction and speed collected by an Automated Surface Weather Station (ASWS). Histograms and wind roses were prepared decennially, seasonally, and by period (dawn, morning, afternoon and evening). The predominant decennial directions were N and SW; they were associated with the regimes of valley/mountain breeze and sea breeze along with the passage of Frontal Systems. The classes of decennial wind were calm (below 1 m.s- 1), (40.2%) and light breeze (1 to 3 m.s- 1), (39.8%). Seasonally, predominant directions were N, NW, NNE, SSW and SW (autumn); N, NNW, NE, SW and N (winter); N, NNE and SSW (spring); and N, NNW and SW, SSW (summer). By period, predominant directions were N, NW and SSW (dawn); N, NNW and NW (morning); N, NNE and S, SW (afternoon); and S, SW and SSW (evening).

The effect of replacing of 0; 0.33; 0.67 and 1.0 (kg/kg) of soybean meal (SBM) by undecorticated castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide (CMT - 60 g/kg) was evaluated on performance and efficiency of nutrient utilization in dairy cows. Sixteen Holstein and crossbred cows were distributed in four 4 × 4 latin squares. Animals received concentrated feed at a ratio of 1 kg for 3 kg of milk produced, in the natural matter. The diets had the same amount of nitrogen (150.4 g crude protein/kg DM), containing 325.6 g of concentrated feed/kg DM. There was no effect on the serum concentration of transaminase and the animals showed no clinical symptoms of intoxication by ricin. The intake of DM, crude protein (CP) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. The intake of neutral detergent fibers corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) increased from 0.33 replacement of SBM with CMT. Although the digestibility of dietary components decreased from 0.33 replacement, the intake of digestible components only reduced from 0.67 replacement. Because of the reduction of digestible energy, the synthesis of microbial CP and the utilization efficiency of rumen-degradable protein for the synthesis of microbial CP reduced with full replacement of SBM by CMT. Milk yield, milk composition, daily variation of body weight and the efficiency of utilization of the nutrients for the synthesis of N in milk reduced from 0.67 replacement of SBM by CMT. Castor seed meal treated with calcium oxide can replace up to 0.33 of SBM (50 g/kg DM diet DM) in the diet of dairy cows with an average milk production of 20 kg/day.

Avaliou-se a influência do fornecimento de concentrados à base de farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão em dietas com silagem de milho sobre o balanço de nitrogênio e a produção de proteína microbiana em fêmeas leiteiras em crescimento. As dietas foram constituídas da combinação de dois níveis de concentrado (1 ou 2 kg) e duas fontes proteicas (farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão). Os animais que consumiram concentrado na quantidade de 2 kg/dia apresentaram maior consumo de nitrogênio total, entretanto não houve efeito significativo sobre o N-fecal, N-urinário e o balanço de nitrogênio. A interação entre o nível de concentrado e a fonte proteica influenciou o nitrogênio ureico na urina (N-urina), mas não alterou os níveis de nitrogênio ureico no plasma. Os níveis de concentrado e as fontes proteicas não afetaram as concentrações de purinas totais e alantoína na urina, a porcentagem de alantoína em relação às purinas totais, os níveis de ácido úrico na urina e nitrogênio microbiano nem a eficiência microbiana. O fornecimento de 1 ou 2 kg de concentrado contendo farelo de soja ou farelo de algodão como fontes proteicas para novilhas leiteiras em crescimento não afeta a eficiência microbiana, entretanto o fornecimento de 2 kg de concentrado aumenta a excreção de nitrogênio nas fezes.

The objective of this work was to evaluate effect of based-soybean or cottonseed meal concentrate rations in diets with corn silage on nitrogen balance (NB) and microbial protein production in growing dairy females. diets consisted of the combination of two levels of concentrate ration, 1 or 2 kg, and two protein sources, soybean meal or cottonseed meal. The animals that consumed 2 kg of concentrate ration showed greater total nitrogen intake, however, there was no significant effect on fecal-N, urine-N and nitrogen balance. The interaction among the concentrade levels and the protein source affected the urine uric N (N-urine) but did not change the levels of ureic nitrogen in the plasma. Levels of concentrate and protein sources did not affect concentrations of total purine and allantoin in the urine, the percentage of allantoin regarded to total purine, the levels of uric acid in the urine, microbial nitrogen neither the microbial efficiency. The supply of 1 or 2 kg of concentrate ration for growing dairy heifers, using soybean meal or cottonseed meal as protein sources does not affect microbial efficiency, although the supply of 2 kg of concentrate ration causes N waste in feces.

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da quercetina em um modelo de inflamação pulmonar e fibrose induzidas por bleomicina. MÉTODOS: Setenta e nove hamsters machos adultos foram randomizados para aplicação de injeções pelas vias intratraqueal (IT) e intraperitoneal (IP) em quatro configurações: veículo IP/salina IT (grupo VS, n = 16); salina IT/quercetina IP (grupo QS, n = 16); bleomicina IT/veículo IP (grupo VB, n = 27); e bleomicina IT/quercetina IP (grupo QB, n = 20). A quercetina e a bleomicina foram aplicadas em doses de 30 mg/kg/dia e 10 U/kg, respectivamente.A quercetina foi iniciada/suspensa 3 dias antes/14 dias depois das injeções IT. RESULTADOS: A taxa de mortalidade do grupo VB foi significantemente superior à dos demais grupos (44% vs. VS: 0%; QS: 0%; QB: 15%). O grupo VB exibiu níveis pulmonares de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (× 10-2 nmol/mg) significativamente maiores (6,6 ± 1,3 vs. VS: 5,5 ± 0,8; QS: 2,5 ± 0,6; e QB: 5,8 ± 0,6).Os grupos VB/QB mostraram níveis pulmonares de glutationa reduzida (× 10-2 nmol/mg) significativamente menores que os dos grupos VS/QS (28,9 ± 13,8/28,6 ± 14,8 vs. 43,9 ± 16,0/51,1 ± 20,3) e níveis de hidroxiprolina (mg/g) significativamente maiores (201,6 ± 37,3/177,6 ± 20,3 vs. 109,6 ± 26,1/117,5 ± 32,0). CONCLUSÕES: Em um modelo animal de lesão pulmonar, a quercetina exibiu efeitos antiinflamatórios que são relacionados, pelo menos em parte, a suas propriedades antioxidantes.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the best experimental model in which to observe the pulmonary alterations characterizing hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS). METHODS: Male Wistar rats, with mean weight of 250 g, were used in four experimental models: inhaled carbon tetrachloride; intraperitoneal carbon tetrachloride; partial portal vein ligation; and bile duct ligation (BDL). The animals in all groups were divided into control and experimental subgroups. The following variables were measured: transaminase levels; blood gases; lipoperoxidation, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and chemiluminescence; and levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) anti-oxidant activity. Anatomopathological examination of the lung was also performed. RESULTS: There were statistically significant differences between the BDL control and BDL experimental groups: aspartate aminotransferase (105.3 ± 43 vs. 500.5 ± 90.3 IU/L); alanine aminotransferase (78.75 ± 37.7 vs. 162.75 ± 35.4 IU/L); alkaline phosphatase (160 ± 20.45 vs. 373.25 ± 45.44 IU/L); arterial oxygen tension (85.25 ± 8.1 vs. 49.9 ± 22.5 mmHg); and oxygen saturation (95 ± 0.7 vs. 73.3 ± 12.07%). Lipoperoxidation and antioxidant activity also differed significantly between the two BDL groups (control vs. experimental): TBARS (0.87 ± 0.3 vs. 2.01 ± 0.9 nmol/mg protein); chemiluminescence (16008.41 ± 1171.45 vs. 20250.36 ± 827.82 cps/mg protein); and SOD (6.66 ± 1.34 vs. 16.06 ± 2.67 IU/mg protein). The anatomopathological examination confirmed pulmonary vasodilatation in the BDL model. In the other models, there were no alterations that were characteristic of HPS. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained suggest that the BDL model can be used in future studies involving hepatic alterations related to oxidative stress and HPS.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição da silagem de milho pela casca de café em dietas para novilhas leiteiras sobre as variáveis ruminais, o balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a produção de proteína microbiana. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas leiteiras da raça Holandesa, puras e mestiças, distribuídas em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro tratamentos e seis blocos, formados de acordo com o peso inicial dos animais. Os tratamentos experimentais foram constituídos de quatro níveis de casca de café: 0,0; 7,0; 14,0 e 21,0 (% MS total) em substituição à silagem de milho. Diariamente, todas as novilhas foram alimentadas com 2 kg de concentrado. O consumo de compostos nitrogenados (N) e a excreção de N fecal e urinário aumentaram linearmente com a substituição da silagem de milho pela casca de café, o que resultou em balanço de N positivo, com média de 22,31 g/dia para todas as dietas, porém, a porcentagem de N absorvido em relação ao consumido reduziu linearmente. A concentração de amônia ruminal e a concentração de uréia no plasma (NUS), média de 11,03 e 10,08 mg/dL, respectivamente, não foram afetadas pela inclusão da casca de café na dieta. As excreções de ácido úrico, alantoína e de derivados de purina, as purinas absorvidas, o N microbiano (Nmic) e a eficiência microbiana (Efic M) reduziram linearmente com a substituição parcial da silagem de milho pela casca de café, com redução de 1,08 g/dia of Nmic e de 1,96 gPB/kg NDT de Efic M por unidade de casca de café adicionada à dieta. A inclusão de casca de café em níveis de até 21% MS em dietas para novilhas leiteiras reduz a produção de nitrogênio microbiano e a eficiência microbiana, o que pode prejudicar o desempenho animal.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of the substitution of corn silage by coffee husk in diets for dairy heifers on the ruminal variables, nitrogenous compounds and e microbial protein production. Twenty-four dairy Holstein heifers, purebred and crossbred, were assigned to a randomized block design, with four treatments and six blocks, according to the animal initial weight. The treatments were four coffee hulls levels: 0.0, 7.0, 14.0, and 21.0 (% DM total), in substitution of corn silage. Daily, all the heifers was fed with 2 kg of concentrate The nitrogenous (N) compounds intake and and fecal N excretion linearly ncreased with the substitution of corn silage by coffee husk that resulted in positive N balance, with average of 22.31 g/day for all the diets, however, the percentage of N absorbed in relation to the consumed reduced linearly. The ruminal ammonia concentrations and the plasma urea concentration (NUS), average of 11.93 and 10.08 mg/dL respectively, was not affected by the inclusion of coffee husk in the diet. The excreções of acid úrico, alantoína and purina derivatives, the absorbed purinas, the microbial N (N mic) and the microbial efficiency (Efic M) linearly reduced with the partial substitution of corn silage coffee husk. Observing reduction of 1,08 g/day of Nmic and 1.96 gPB/kg NDT of Efic M per unit of coffee husk added to the diet. The inclusion of coffee husk in levels of up to 21% DM in diets for dairy heifers reduces the microbial nitrogen production and the microbial efficiency, what could be harm to the animal performance.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho pela casca de café ou pela casca de soja em dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar, com 60% de concentrado, sobre o comportamento ingestivo, o pH e a concentração de amônia no líquido ruminal, a excreção de uréia na urina (EU), a concentração de N-uréia no plasma (NUP) e no leite (NUL), o balanço de compostos nitrogenados e a síntese de proteína microbiana em vacas leiteiras, em comparação a uma dieta com silagem de milho. Foram utilizadas 12 vacas holandesas, puras e mestiças, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4. A dieta controle foi composta de silagem de milho e 40% de concentrado (SiMi), com base na MS. Foram utilizadas três dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar e 60% de concentrado, de modo que os percentuais de substituição do milho foram 0% (CMi), 25% com casca de café (CCC) ou 50% com casca de soja (CCS), com base na MS total da dieta. O tempo total de mastigação foi menor para a dieta SiMi e não foi afetado pela inclusão de casca de café ou casca de soja. O pH ruminal não diferiu nos tempos 0 e 3 horas após a alimentação matinal. A dieta CCC resultou, três horas após alimentação, em menor concentração de amônia ruminal em relação às demais, com exceção da dieta CMi. Não foram observadas diferenças na EU e NUL, sendo registrados valores médios de 179,31 mg/kg de PV e 12,59 mg/dL, respectivamente. A substituição do milho pela casca de café ou de soja não promove melhora no ambiente ruminal. A síntese de compostos nitrogenados microbianos e a eficiência microbiana ruminal não são influenciadas pelas dietas e apresentam valores médios de 273 g/dia e 130,08 gPBmic/kg de NDT, respectivamente.

Twelve purebred and crossbred Holstein cows were assigned to three replicated 4 x 4 Latin squares to evaluate the effects of replacing corn grain with coffee hulls or soyhulls on chewing activity, ruminal metabolism, nitrogen utilization, and microbial protein synthesis. Animals were fed a control diet containing 60% corn silage and 40% concentrate (CS diet) or three sugarcane based diets with forage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The sugarcane diets contained 100% of corn in the concentrate (SC diet) or partial replacement of corn with 25% of coffee hulls (SCH diet) or 50% of soyhulls (SSH diet). Total chewing time was lowest on CS and did not change by the inclusion of coffee hulls or soyhulls in the diet. Ruminal pH did not differ significantly at zero (pre-feeding) and at three hours after the morning feeding across diets. The same was observed for the ruminal concentration of ammonia N immediately before feeding. However, the concentration of ruminal ammonia N at three hours after feeding was lower on SCH than on CS and SSH diets but was similar to that of SC diet. No significant differences were observed for the urinary excretion of urea N and milk urea N, which averaged 179.31 mg/kg BW and 12.59 mg/dL, respectively, among diets. Replacing corn grain with coffee hulls or soyhulls did not improve the ruminal environment. Microbial protein synthesis and microbial efficiency were both not affected by diets averaging 273 g/day and 130.08 g microbial CP/kg TDN, respectively.