The incidence and distribution of ESBL producing microorganisms such as E. coli and K. pneumoniae have been demonstrated and varies in different health care facilities and as well as other countries This study was carried out to determine the frequency of occurrence and the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of ESBL producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae species from clinical isolates at a tertiary hospital in Trinidad & Tobago. Standard microbiological procedures and automated MicroScan System was used to identify, screen for putative ESBL production and determine antimicrobial susceptibility of 1,118 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae species at the microbiology laboratory of the Eric Williams Medical Science Complex, Trinidad & Tobago over a 36 months period. All ESBL producing isolates flagged by the automated system were further confirmed by E-test method. The E-test confirmed a 15.2% ESBL rate among the K. pneumoniae isolates and 9.3% among the E. coli isolates. There was also a 1.8% rate of ESBL production in K. pneumoniae and 0.2% in E. coli isolates from specimens received from community health facilities into the laboratory. Isolates recovered from the intensive care unit of the hospital had 2.1% E. coli and 8.2% K. pneumoniae ESBL producers. Although all ESBL positive isolates were completely susceptible to imipenem and meropenem; and all positive K. pneumoniae isolates were susceptible to amikacin, there was a low susceptibility of ESBL positive E. coli to the aminoglycosides. However, susceptibility of these ESBL producing isolates to the fluoroquinolones varied. There is a high rate of ESBL production among isolates of E. coli and K. pneumoniae at this hospital that is linked to the extensive inappropriate use of third generation cephalosporins in the country. Further molecular studies are needed to characterize the types of these ESBL prevailing in the country.

We determined the frequency of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram-negative enteric bacteria (GNEB) in pneumonia patients, determined the antibiograms of these pathogens, and investigated the relationship between pneumonia and selected risk factors. Sputum and demographic data were collected from 124 pneumonia patients. Sputum was cultured for S. aureus, GNEB, H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. The disc diffusion method was used to determine resistance to eight antimicrobial agents. Among the 124 sputum samples, eight (6.5%) were positive for S. aureus, 15 (12.1%) for GNEB, two (1.6%) for S. pneumoniae and one (0.8%) for H. influenzae. Hospitals, gender, ethnicity, co-morbidities and symptoms did not significantly (p > 0.05; chi2) affect the prevalence of these bacteria. GNEB infection was most prevalent (47%) in patients over 70 years old. Gentamicin and levofloxacin were the most effective against these bacteria.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of selected enteric pathogens in diarrheic children in six counties of the island of Trinidad. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 1998 through March 2000. Fecal or rectal swab specimens from children (< 12 years) were collected and then processed, using standard methods, to detect Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, and parasite ova. The antibiograms of the enteropathogens were determined using the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: A total of 236 samples were processed; 86 samples originated directly from 17 heath centers in two counties (St. George East and St. George West), while 150 samples were obtained from the Trinidad Public Health Laboratory, having been submitted by private practitioners and personnel from six counties in Trinidad. Of the 236 samples, 33 (14.0%) were positive for Shigella, 4 (1.7%) for Salmonella, and 1 (0.4%) for EPEC. Two of the samples (0.8%) were positive for Campylobacter jejuni, while 1 sample (0.4%) was positive for hookworm ova. All the samples were negative for Cryptosporidium parvum and Yersinia spp. With the 86 samples collected directly from the health centers, in St. George East County the frequency of Shigella was 20.0% (12 of 60), compared with 26.9% (7 of 26) for samples from St. George West County, but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05 with the chi-square test). For the 150 samples from the six counties that had been submitted directly to the Trinidad Public Health Laboratory, 14 of them (9.3%) were positive for Shigella, a figure statistically significantly lower than that found with the samples sampled directly from the health centers (P < 0.05 with the chi-square test). Sh. sonnei was the predominant serotype detected, accounting for 28 of the 33 Shigella isolates (84.8%) recovered from the 236 samples. Overall, the frequency of detection of enteropathogens had no seasonal pattern nor relationship to the county of origin. Of the 37 isolates of Salmonella and Shigella tested for antimicrobial sensitivity, all of them were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and cefotaxime. In terms of resistance, 3 of the 37 isolates (8.1%) exhibited resistance to ampicillin, 1 (2.7%) to chloramphenicol, and 1 (2.7%) to sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim. CONCLUSION: Of the enteropathogens for which assays were done, Shigella sonnei was the most prevalent, and it has the highest probability of being an important etiological agent of childhood diarrhea in Trinidad.

OBJETIVO: Determinar la frecuencia y las características de ciertos agentes enteropatógenos detectados en niños con diarrea en seis condados de la isla de Trinidad. MÉTODOS: El presente estudio transversal se llevó a cabo de abril de 1998 a marzo de 2000. Especímenes de heces o hisopados rectales de niños menores de 12 años se obtuvieron y se procesaron usando métodos estándarizados para la detección de Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli enteropatogénico (ECEP), Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., Cryptosporidium parvum, y huevos de parásitos. Los antibiogramas de los agentes enteropatógenos se determinaron mediante el método de difusión en un disco. RESULTADOS: Se procesaron 236 muestras en total; 86 de ellas provinieron directamente de 17 centros de salud en dos condados (St. George East y St. George West), mientras que las otras 150 muestras se obtuvieron del Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Trinidad, al que fueron entregadas por médicos particulares y el personal en seis condados de la isla. De las 236 muestras, 33 (14,0%) mostraron positividad a Shigella, 4 (1,7%) a Salmonella, y 1 (0,4%) a ECEP. Dos de las muestras (0,8%) mostraron positividad a Campylobacter jejuni, y una (0,4%) tenía huevos de anquilostoma. Ninguna muestra salió positiva a Cryptosporidium parvum ni a Yersinia spp. De las 86 muestras obtenidas directamente de los centros de salud, el porcentaje con Shigella fue de 20% (12 muestras de 60) en el condado de St. George East, en comparación con 26,9% (7 muestras de 26) en el condado de St. George West, sin que la diferencia fuese estadísticamente significativa (P > 0,05 según la prueba de ji al cuadrado). De las 150 muestras procedentes de los seis condados que habían sido entregadas directamente al Laboratorio de Salud Pública de Trinidad, 14 (9,3%) salieron positivas a Shigella. Este porcentaje fue más pequeño, en grado estadísticamente significativo, que el hallado en las muestras tomadas directamente de los centros de salud (P < 0,05 según la prueba de ji al cudrado). El serotipo más frecuente fue Sh. sonnei, que se observó en 28 de las 33 (84,8%) cepas de Shigella aisladas de las 236 muestras. En términos generales, la frecuencia con que se detectaron enteropatógenos no varió con las estaciones del año ni mostró ninguna relación con el país de origen. Las 37 cepas de Salmonella y Shigella que se sometieron a pruebas de sensibilidad fueron sensibles en su totalidad a la ciprofloxacina, la gentamicina y la cefotaxima. Tres de las 37 cepas aisladas (8,1%) fueron resistentes a la ampicilina, 1 (2,7%) al cloramfenicol y 1 (2,7%) a la combinación de sufametoxazol con trimetoprima. CONCLUSIÓN: De los enteropatógenos investigados mediante pruebas detectoras, Sh. sonnei fue el más frecuente y es, quizá, el principal agente causal de la diarrea infantil en Trinidad.