Resumo Este estudo avaliou a fauna de parasitos do surubim híbrido cultivado (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans) e a relação hospedeiro-parasito-ambiente em duas pisciculturas localizadas no Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, região Centro-Oeste, Brasil. Um total de 120 híbridos de duas fazendas, 60 em cada estação (30 na estação quente e 30 na fria), foram examinados durante um ano. A qualidade da água foi medida semanalmente para avaliar a interação entre as condições ambientais e o parasitismo. Histopatologia foi usada para observar os efeitos dos parasitos e do ambiente nas brânquias dos peixes. O protozoário ciliado Ichthyophthirius multifiliis e Monogenea (Ameloblastella sp., Amphocleithrium paraguayensis, Vancleaveus ciccinus, V. fungulus e V. janacauensis) foram os parasitos mais prevalentes detectados em ambas estações nas duas fazendas, com prevalências acima de 80%. Observou-se que os parasitos não causaram danos ao estado de saúde do surubim híbrido. Esses resultados estão relacionados às boas práticas de manejo e qualidade ambiental implementada pelos produtores. É discutida a presença incomum de Monogenea para esse híbrido, comparado com seus progenitores, podendo causar preocupação ambiental e ecológica.

Abstract This study evaluated the parasite fauna of farmed hybrid surubim (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum x P. corruscans) and the host-parasite-environment relationship in two fish farms located in Mato Grosso do Sul, Central Brazil, South America. A total of 120 hybrids from two different farms, 60 in each season (30 in the hot and 30 in cold season) were examined during a year. Water quality was weekly measured to evaluate the interaction among environmental conditions and parasitism. Histopathology was used to observe the effects of the parasites and environment on the fish gills. The ciliate protozoan Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and the monogeneans (Ameloblastella sp., Amphocleithrium paraguayensis, Vancleaveus ciccinus, V. fungulus and V. janacauensis) were the most prevalent parasites detected in both seasons in both farms, with prevalence above 80%. It was stated that parasites did not cause important damage in the health status of the hybrid surubim. These results might be related to general good management practices and environmental quality implemented by the fish farmers. The presence of uncommon monogenean parasites to this hybrid compared to their parents causing an environmental and ecological concern is here discussed.

PurposeThe study evaluates the clinical and pathological findings of 16 patients with locally advanced penile carcinoma (PC) submitted to emasculation, and discusses questions related to the usefulness of bilateral orchiectomy.Materials and MethodsBetween 1999 and 2010, 172 patients with PC were treated. Sixteen (9%) underwent emasculation. Data were retrieved from the institution's database including age, ethnicity, date of surgery, residential setting, level of schooling, time to diagnosis, type of reconstruction, complications, tumor stage and grade, vascular and perineural invasion along with invasion of corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, testicles, scrotum and urethra.ResultsA total of 16 patients (average: 63.1 years) with locally advanced PC were included. All were illiterate or semiliterate rural dwellers and 87% were white. The time to diagnosis was 8-12 months. The mean follow-up time was 31.9 months (1-119). By the time of the last follow-up, only seven patients (43.75%) were alive. Tumors were pT4 (n = 6), pT3 (n = 8), pT2 (n = 2), Grade I (n = 5) and Grade II (n = 11). The histopathological examination revealed invasion of the urethra (n = 13), scrotum (n = 5) and testicles (n = 1). The surgical margin was positive in one patient. Six patients (37.5%) had vascular invasion and 11 (68.7%) had perineural invasion. Currently, only one of the former is alive.ConclusionsThe finding of focal microscopic testicular infiltration in only one of 32 testicles, even in the presence of clinically apparent scrotal invasion, suggests that emasculation without bilateral orchiectomy is a safe treatment option for patients with locally advanced PC.

Despite the world consensus over the importance of reaching sustainability, there is no agreement on the way to quantify it in order to make practical decisions that may channel sustainable development. In this study, the Sustainability Relative Index (IRS, its Spanish acronym) was developed and applied to evaluate sustainability in three agroecosystems of the Valles Centrales of the state of Oaxaca, México. The values for each agroecosystem and the region are obtained through the selection, weight and qualification of a general list of variables which are reduced by applying discriminant functions and are associated with a proposal to promote sustainability. The agroecosystems evaluated show differences in the contribution of their dimensions (α=0.0001) and their sustainability. The sustainability of the Valles Centrales is qualified as very low and its major limitation is its poor economic dimension. Soil fertility and bulk density, livestock sale and the possibility of women's empowerment in community public positions and their generation of income are some of the variables to be considered in a proposal to promote regional sustainability.

A pesar del consenso mundial para lograr la sostenibilidad no existe acuerdo en la forma de cuantificarla para tomar decisiones prácticas que encaucen el desarrollo sostenible. En este estudio se generó y aplicó el Índice Relativo de Sostenibilidad (IRS) para evaluar la sostenibilidad en tres agroecosistemas de los Valles Centrales, Oaxaca, México. Los valores para cada agroecosistema y para la región se obtienen con la selección, ponderación y calificación de un listado general de variables, que se reducen mediante funciones discriminantes y se asocian a una propuesta para promover la sostenibilidad. Los agroecosistemas evaluados muestran diferencias en la contribución de sus dimensiones (α = 0.0001) y en la sostenibilidad. La sostenibilidad de los Valles Centrales se califica como muy baja y la poca contribución de la dimensión económica es su principal limitación. La fertilidad y la densidad aparente del suelo, la venta de ganado mayor y la posibilidad de empoderamiento de la mujer en la función pública comunitaria y en la generación de ingresos, son algunas variables a considerar en una propuesta para promover la sostenibilidad regional.

PURPOSE: Penile carcinoma is a common disease in northeast Brazil. This paper shows the results of the use of isolated gamma probe and discusses the incidence of false negative rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2000 to September 2003, 27 newly diagnosed penile carcinoma patients (T1, T2, N0) were included in this prospective study. The isolated gamma probe technique uses the sodium phytate technetium as a tracer and inguinal scanning with probe and after identified the lymph node it is removed. Lymphadenectomies were performed for positive inguinal lymph nodes metastasis. RESULTS: There were 27 patients (mean age 59.6). Follow up was 37 months. Patients from country were 72% and illiterate or semi-illiterate were 56.7%. The tumors were mostly located in the glans (81.4%). They were T1, 52 % and T2, 48 %. 81.4% of the patients underwent partial penectomy, and 18.6% underwent postectomy and excision with wide margins. In 48% of the patients, the highest radioactive count rate was located on the left side, while in 41% was located on the right side. Only one patient had a positive pathological lymph node metastasis at the moment of the surgery. Additionally 3 patients became inguinal lymph node positive at the follow up. This date yielded a sensibility rate of 25% and a false-negative rate of 42.8%. CONCLUSION: Isolated gamma probe technique for sentinel node penile carcinoma has a very low sensibility and a high false negative rate. Therefore it is highly advisable the addition of others methods such as lymphoscintigraphy, vital blue, ultrasonography and so on. The isolated gamma probe technique for sentinel node penile carcinoma detection is unreliable.

No período e 4 anos (1984 a 1987), 427 pacientes (313 homens e 114 mulheres, idade média 61,83 anos) foram submetidos a cirurgia coronária de emergência. A indicação para cirurgia foi angina instável, que requeria uso intravenoso de nitroglicerina. Quanto à classe funcional, 369 (86,41%) pacientes estavam em classe IV e 51,95% estavam em grau funcional III ou IV de ventrículo esquerdo, pelo estudo hemodinâmico e 30,44% tinham lesão de tronco. Foram realizadas 2,99 pontes/pacientes. A mortalidade total foi de 7,72% e 17,09% tiveram síndrome de baixo débito; déficit neurológico ocorreu em 2,85% e infarto do miocárdio, em 16,86% dos casos. Durante o mesmo período, 30 pacientes (16 do sexo masculino e 14 do feminino) com idade média de 64,03 anos, com amgina instável e em choque cardiogênico, foram submetidos a revascularização de emergência. Quanto à classe funcional, 86,66% estavam em classe IV, 13,33% em classe III e 56,66% estavam em grau funcional IV de ventrículo esquerdo e 13,33% em grau III; 40% dos pacientes tinham lesão de tronco. O número médio de pontes foi de 2,76 pontes/pacientes. A mortalidade foi de 60%; déficit neurológico ocorreu em 16,66% e 43,33% sofreram infarto do miocárdio. Em conclusão, a mortalidade e a morbidade, para pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de revascularização, permanecem elevadas, principalmente, em pacientes com choque cardiogênico. Portanto, mais estudos futuros são requeridos em relação à proteção miocárdica, para melhores resultados.

In a 4 year period (1984-1987) 427 patients (313 males and 114 females, mean age 61.83 years) underwent emergency aorto-coronary bypass procedures. Indications for surgery were unstable angina, requiring intravenous nitroglycerine. 369 patients (86.41%) were class IV NYHA classification and 51.99% were grade III or IV ventricles. 30.44% had main left coronary stenosis. Mean number of grafts was 2.99%. Overall mortality was 7.72% and 17.09% had low output state. Stroke occured in 2.81% and the infarction rate was 16.86%. During the same period 30 patients (16 males and 14 females mean age 64.03 years) with unstable angina and in cardiogenic shock underwent emergency bypass. 86.66% were class IV and 13.33% class III. L. V. grade was IV 56.66% and III 13.33%. 40% had main left stenosis. Mean number of grafts was 2.75. 30% died in the OR and 30% died in 30 days. Stroke occured in 16.66% and 43.33% suffered a myocardial infartion. In conclusion the mortality and morbidity for patients undergoing emergency coronary artery bypass remain very high. This is particulary so for patients in cardiogenic shock Future developments in cardiplegic method may improve results.