Abstract Ultrasonographic examination of pregnant ewes can enable the identification of perinatal abnormalities and establish prenatal assistance responsible for minimizing morbidity and perinatal mortality. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a fetal biometric analysis by ultrasonography to predict neonatal vitality and lamb growth during the first month of life. A longitudinal study was conducted with 13 healthy ewes, subjected to ultrasonographic examination every 15 days from 60th day of pregnancy until lambing, evaluating thoracic diameter, abdominal diameter, biparietal diameter, humerus, femur and placentome length. At birth, 22 lambs were assessed through Apgar score at 5 minutes and after 1 hour. Measurement of body weight was also carried out immediately at birth and weekly during 30 days after birth. Thoracic diameter showed a significant increase between 91-105 days and 121-135 days. Conversely, abdominal diameter had a progressive growth until 106-120 days, and then, a steady development was observed. Biparietal diameter showed progressive growth only towards days 91 and 105. For the humerus length, we verified a significant increase between 106-120 days and 121-135 days, remaining unaltered onwards; while femur length continued to grow until lambing. The linear regression analysis between birth weight and biparietal diameter at 60-75 days was high (R2=0.96; P<0.0001; coefficient of variability of 3.3%). In conclusion, ultrasonographic analysis of fetal biparietal diameter at mid-pregnancy can be used as a predictor of lamb weight at birth. Moreover, assessment of femur length at final pregnancy can be employed for fetal and neonatal development estimation.

A transmissão interespecífica do vírus influenza é relatada em estudo sobre influenza com animais domésticos desde 1970. Pássaros e mamíferos, incluindo o homem, são seus hospedeiros naturais, porém outros animais podem participar da sua epidemiologia. Foi investigada a incidência do vírus influenza em cães adultos criados em zonas rural (9, 19,56%) e urbana (37, 80,43%), do Estado de São Paulo. Os soros dos cães foram examinados pelo teste de inibição da hemaglutinação (IH), usando antígeno dos vírus influenza circulantes no Brasil. Nos cães rurais foram detectados títulos médios de 94,37, 227,88, 168,14 e 189,62 UIH/25 mL (unidades inibidoras de hemaglutinação/25 mL) para os subtipos H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8 de vírus influenza A, respectivamente, com diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre as médias de títulos de anticorpos contra H1N1 e H3N2. Cerca de 84% e 92% dos cães urbanos responderam aos vírus influenza A humano H1N1 e H3N2, respectivamente e destes 92% e 100% foram positivos para os vírus eqüinos H7N7 e H3N8, respectivamente. Para esses cães as médias de títulos de anticorpos para os vírus influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 e H3N8 foram 213,96, 179,42, 231,76 e 231,35UIH/25 mL, respectivamente. As diferenças entre as médias não foram estatisticamente significativas (p>0,05). Conclui-se que os cães apresentaram positividade para ambos vírus influenza humano e equino. O presente estudo sugere, pela primeira vez, evidências de que há circulação do vírus influenza em cães, no Brasil.

In 1970, searching for the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses led to the first study on influenza viruses in domestic animals. Birds and mammals, including human beings, are their natural hosts; however, other animals may also play a role in the virus epidemiology. The objective was to investigate the incidence of influenza viruses in adult dogs raised in rural (9, 19.56%) and urban (37, 80.43%) areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Dog serum samples were examined for antibodies to influenza viruses by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test using the corresponding antigens from the circulating viruses in Brazil. Dogs from rural areas presented antibodies to influenza A H3N2, and influenza A H7N7 and H3N8. In rural areas, dog sera displayed mean titers as 94.37, 227.88, 168.14, 189.62 HIU/25 µL for subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H7N7, H3N8, respectively. About 84% and 92% of dogs from urban areas exhibited antibodies to human influenza A H1N1 and H3N2, respectively, with statistical difference at p < 0.05 between the mean titers of antibodies to H1N1 and H3N2. About 92% and 100% were positive for H7N7 and H3N8, respectively. In dogs from urban areas, the mean titers of antibodies against influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H7N7 and H3N8, were 213.96, 179.42, 231.76, 231.35 HIU/25 µL respectively. The difference among them was not statistically significant at p > 0.05. In conclusion, these dogs were positive for both human and equine influenza viruses. The present study suggests the first evidence that influenza viruses circulate among dogs in Brazil.

Foram utilizados ejaculados de 6 cães para comparar cinco diluidores no processo de congelação de sêmen. Cada ejaculado foi dividido em 5 partes e adicionadas aos diluidores tris-fructose-ácido cítrico, glicina, lactose, leite desnatado e tris-fructose-ácido cítrico. O sêmen foi diluído a 37°C sem adição de glicerol na proporção 1:1 (fração A) e refrigerado durante 60 minutos até atingir a temperatura de 5ºC, quando foi adicionada a fração dos diluidores contendo glicerol (fração B) na proporção 2:1, atingindo a concentração final de 4% de glicerol. O sêmen diluído permaneceu por 60 minutos em refrigeração para equilíbrio no glicerol, sendo envasado em palhetas de 0,5 ml, mantido por 30 minutos no vapor de nitrogênio e imerso e armazenado em nitrogênio líquido. Foram avaliados a motilidade progressiva retilínea, o vigor e os defeitos espermáticos antes da congelação e após a descongelação do sêmen em água a 37°C. Os resultados mostraram que os diluidores tris-fructose-ácido cítrico e glicina apresentaram as melhores médias de motilidade progressiva retilínea e de vigor espermático após a descongelação. A congelação aumentou a freqüência dos defeitos espermáticos maiores independente do diluidor.

Semen was collected from six stud dogs to compare five extenders in the semen freezing process. Each ejaculate was divided in five parts and added to tris-fructose-citric acid, glicine, lactose, skim milk and tris-fructose-citrate extenders. The semen was diluted at 37°C in extenders without glycerol, in the ratio 1:1 and cooled for 60 minutes to reach a 5°C temperature. Then, extenders with glycerol in the ratio of 2:1 were added to give the final prefreezing concentration of 4% of glycerol. The diluted semen with the cryoprotectant was maintained for a further 60 minutes in refrigeration to equilibrate the spermatozoa in the glycerol and packaged in 0.5 ml plastic straws. The straws were maintained for 30 minutes in vapor, plunged and stored in liquid nitrogen. Sperm morphology was evaluated before and after freezing, whereas progressive motility (%) and velocity of forward progression (0-5) were appraised in different periods of the freezing process. The extender tris-fructose-citric acid showed the best post thaw progressive motility and velocity of forward progression compared to the others extenders. Semen freezing increased major sperm morphological abnormalities, regardless of the extender.

A utilização de sêmen congelado tornou-se extremamente comum na prática da inseminação artificial em cães, estimulando a pesquisa de métodos de congelação e diluidores. Neste estudo foram avaliadas as propriedades criopreservativas do etileno glicol na concentração final de 5%, utilizado em 3 diferentes protocolos de congelação. No Método I, uma parte de sêmen foi adicionada a duas partes de tris-frutose-ácido cítrico, contendo 7,5% de etileno glicol e congelado sem prévia refrigeração. No Método II, uma parte de sêmen foi adicionada a duas partes de tris-frutose-ácido cítrico contendo 7,5% de etileno glicol e resfrigerado até 5ºC por 1 hora antes da congelação. No Método III, uma parte de sêmen foi adicionada a uma parte de tris-frutose-ácido cítrico sem etileno glicol e refrigerado até 5ºC por 1 hora, sendo em seguida adicionada uma parte de tris-frutose-ácido cítrico, previamente refrigerado até 5ºC, contendo 15% de etileno glicol, mantido a 5ºC por mais 1 hora e congelado. Para a congelação em cada método, o sêmen foi envasado em palhetas plásticas de 0,5 ml, colocadas em vapor de nitrogênio a 5 cm da coluna líquida por 20 minutos, mergulhadas no nitrogênio líquido e armazenadas. Todas as amostras foram descongeladas em banho-maria a 37ºC durante 30 segundos e imediatamente avaliadas. O Método III não apresentou decréscimo significante da motilidade retilínea progressiva após a descongelação e apresentou os melhores resultados para o vigor espermático, comparando-se aos demais métodos. Entretanto, os 3 métodos não apresentaram diferença significativa com relação aos defeitos espermáticos pós-descongelação. Os tipos de defeitos mais freqüentemente encontrados foram cabeça solta normal, cauda dobrada, fortemente dobrada e fortemente enrolada. Foi possível concluir que o tempo de equilíbrio maior no diluidor tris-frutose-ácido cítrico seguido pela diluição em etileno glicol antes da congelação parece produzir para os espermatozóides de cães a melhor motilidade retilínea progressiva e vigor após a descongelação.

The use of frozen semen has become increasingly popular in canine artificial insemination, stimulating research to improve freezing methods and extenders. In this study, was compared the final concentration of 5% ethylene glycol used in 3 equilibration protocols. In Method I, one part of semen was added to two parts of tris-fructose-citric acid with 7.5% ethylene glycol (Extender 2) and frozen without cooling. In Method II, one part of semen was added to two parts of tris-fructose-citric acid with 7.5% ethylene glycol (Extender 2) and cooled at 5ºC for 1 hour before freezing. In Method III, one part of semen was added to one part of tris-fructose-citric without ethylene glycol (Extender 1) and cooled at 5ºC for 1 hour. Just after this period, one part of 5ºC cooled tris-fructose-citric acid containing 15% ethylene glycol (Extender 3) was added to the previous extended semen, maintained at 5ºC for one additional hour and frozen. For freezing in each procedure semen was packaged in 0.5 ml plastic straws and placed for 20 minutes in vapor 5 cm above liquid nitrogen and then lowered into the liquid nitrogen and stored. All samples were thawed by immersion for 30 sec in a 37ºC water bath and immediately evaluated. Progressive motility was best after Method III (63%), which was not different from fresh semen (94%) but was better (p< 0.05) than after Method II (25%) or Method I (6%). Forward velocity was again best after Method III (2.9) comparable to fresh semen (4.6) and Method II (2.5), but better (p< 0.05) than Method I (1.7). Morphological abnormalities were lowest after Method III, but were not significantly different from Methods II or I. Most common abnormalities were detached heads and bent, hairpin and coiled tails. It was concluded that slow, step-wise equilibration in tris-fructose-citrate extender followed by extender with ethylene glycol before freezing seems to produce the best progressive motility and forward velocity in frozen-thawed canine spermatozoa.