OBJECTIVE: To establish whether alterations of brain structures in Alzheimer's disease are associated with executive dysfunction. METHODS: Nineteen patients with Alzheimer's disease and 22 older control subjects underwent a comprehensive evaluation. The clock drawing test, digit span test, executive motor function test, Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome battery (Rule Shift Cards test), and Stroop test were used to evaluate executive dysfunction. A multiparametric approach using the FreeSurfer image analysis suite provided a description of volumetric and geometric features of the gray matter structures. RESULTS: The cortical thickness maps showed a negative correlation between the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome battery (Rule Shift Cards test) and the right middle frontal gyrus; a positive correlation between the executive motor function test and the left superior parietal gyrus, left middle temporal gyrus, bilateral supramarginal gyri, right middle frontal gyrus, and right precuneus; a negative correlation between the Stroop test (part III) and the right superior parietal gyrus; and a negative correlation between the Stroop test (part III) and the right middle temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION: Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease is correlated with alterations not only in the frontal areas but also within many temporal and parietal regions.

INTRODUCTION: The role of structural brain changes and their correlations with neuropsychiatric symptoms and disability in Alzheimer's disease are still poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: To establish whether structural changes in grey matter volume in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease are associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms and disability METHODS: Nineteen Alzheimer's disease patients (9 females; total mean age =75.2 y old +4.7; total mean education level =8.5 y +4.9) underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination and voxel-based morphometry analysis. T1-weighted images were spatially normalized and segmented. Grey matter images were smoothed and analyzed using a multiple regression design. The results were corrected for multiple comparisons. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory was used to evaluate the neuropsychiatric symptoms, and the Functional Activities Questionnaire and Disability Assessment for Dementia were used for functional evaluation RESULTS: A significant negative correlation was found between the bilateral middle frontal gyri, left inferior temporal gyrus, right orbitofrontal gyrus, and Neuropsychiatric Inventory scores. A negative correlation was found between bilateral middle temporal gyri, left hippocampus, bilateral fusiform gyri, and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. There was a positive correlation between the right amygdala, bilateral fusiform gyri, right anterior insula, left inferior and middle temporal gyri, right superior temporal gyrus, and Disability Assessment for Dementia scores CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the neuropsychiatric symptoms observed in Alzheimer's disease patients could be mainly due to frontal structural abnormalities, whereas disability could be associated with reductions in temporal structures.

Resumo Considerando a urgência em se determinar biomarcadores específicos e precoces da doença de Alzheimer (DA), realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica no banco de dados Pubmed com os termos "Alzheimer disease" e "Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging" objetivando-se revisar conceitos e utilidades clínicas da imagem do tensor de difusão (DTI) na avaliação da DA. A análise dos resumos selecionados mostrou que as principais medidas da DTI, anisotropia fracional e coeficiente de difusão aparente, indicadores de integridade dos feixes nervosos fornecem uma análise direta das fibras de substância branca e podem ser utilizadas como biomarcadores da DA. Estes achados correlacionaram-se com avaliações neuropsicológicas, taxa de progressão da DA e identificou grupos heterogêneos como declínio cognitivo leve, DA e outras demências. Apesar dos vários e consistentes achados da DTI na DA, ainda tem-se carência de conhecimento e pesquisas nesta área. DTI não está pronto para o uso clínico e muito trabalho deve ser realizado para obtenção deste objetivo.

Abstract In view of the urgent need to identify an early and specific biomarker for Alzheimer's disease (AD), a PubMed database search was performed using the terms "Alzheimer disease" and "Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging" to enable review of Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) concepts and its potential clinical role in AD evaluation. Detailed analysis of selected abstracts showed that the main DTI measures, fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient, indicators of fiber tract integrity, provide a direct assessment of WM fibers and may be used as a new biomarker for AD. These findings were found to correlate with cognitive assessments, rates of AD progression and were also able to differentiate among groups including mild cognitive impairment, AD, and other dementias. Despite several consistent DTI findings in AD patients, there is still a lack of knowledge and studies on the DTI field. DTI is not yet ready for clinical use, and requires extensive further research in order to achieve this goal.

Resumo O diagnóstico de demência é baseado na avaliação cognitiva e funcional. Países em desenvolvimento deparam-se com uma dificuldade adicional, relacionada à baixa escolaridade formal da população. Idade, escolaridade e sexo exercem indiretamente efeitos sobre os escores da maioria dos testes cognitivos. Objetivos: Identificar os testes cognitivos e funcionais mais utilizados no Brasil, relacionados à avaliação diagnóstica e resultado de tratamento de demências; e identificar adaptações ou normatizações, quando disponíveis. Métodos: As informações foram obtidas dos bancos de dados PubMed, LILACS e Portal Periódicos CAPES (banco de teses). Digitou-se as palavras-chave 'dementia' e 'Alzheimer'. Os resumos analisados foram selecionados da pesquisa inicial através dos seguintes critérios: a. artigo com resumo; b. resumos brasileiros, relacionados à população adulta brasileira; c. clara menção do teste utilizado no texto do resumo. Os 108 resumos selecionados foram submetidos à seguinte avaliação: a. identificar os instrumentos utilizados; b. determinar o número de citações de cada teste nos diferentes resumos; c. identificar adaptações e normatizações dos testes nos bancos de dados avaliados. Resultados: foram identificados 52 diferentes instrumentos, 41 testes cognitivos e 11 funcionais. Respectivamente, os mais citados foram o Mini Exame do Estado Mental (64 resumos) e o Questionário de atividades funcionais de Pfeffer (4 resumos). Discussão: A maioria dos instrumentos utilizados tem apenas a descrição do processo de tradução, algumas sugestões de validação ou normatização. Poucos trabalhos desenvolveram todos os procedimentos recomendados para validação, replicação, normatização e adaptação trans-cultural.

Abstract The diagnosis of dementia is based on cognitive and functional evaluation. One of the difficulties in ascertaining the number of people with dementia in developing countries is the population's lack of formal education. Independent effects of age, sex and education have been identified on scores for most but not all cognitive tests. Objectives: Identify the most-used cognitive and functional assessment tools in Brazil, related to dementia diagnosis and treatment outcome; and identify adaptations or normative data, when available. Methods: Data were generated from PubMed, LILACS and Portal Periodicos CAPES (thesis database) databases using the search terms 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer'. Data collection criteria were a. Articles with abstract; b. Brazilian abstracts, related to adult Brazilian population; c. Clear mention of assessment tool in the abstract text. A total of 108 abstracts were selected for the main analysis: a. to identify the instruments used b. to determine how many of the selected abstracts mentioned each tool and c. to search in the mentioned databases for respective test adaptations or normative data. Results: Some 52 different assessment tools, 41 cognitive instruments and 11 functional instruments were identified. The most cited assessment tests were the Mini Mental State Examination (64 abstracts) and Pfeffer Functional Activities Questionnaire (4 abstract). Discussion: Many of the instruments used only have the description of the translation process into Portuguese, along with some suggestions of validation or normative data. Few of these followed the recommended procedures of validation, replication, normalization or transcultural adaptation.