Resumen La membrana amniótica (MA), ubicada en el lado interno de la placenta fetal, ha sido objeto de múltiples investigaciones para intentar dilucidar su papel embriológico y su potencial celular terapéutico. Actualmente las limitaciones del estudio en fetos humanos hacen que parte de su funcionamiento sea una incógnita, sin embargo algunos estudios clínicos y básicos nos dan luz sobre su papel en la médica moderna. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura desde 1960 hasta 2022, empleando bases de datos como PubMed, SciELO y Scopus, siendo incluidos un total de 50 artículos y dos textos de embriología. El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue sintetizar la información sobre la angiogénesis y su importancia clínica. La información recopilada permitió evidenciar que las propiedades de curación de la piel del feto se deben a factores intrínsecos del feto, y a que las células epiteliales amnióticas humanas poseen una diferenciación similar a las células madre embrionarias, con la capacidad de diferenciación similar al de las células mesenquimales, resaltando su importancia clínica por sus características regenerativas. En conclusión, el desarrollo embrionario humano sigue siendo relativamente inexplicable, pero su conocimiento ha permitido grandes avances, que podrían ser útiles en terapias de regeneración, reparación de tejidos y órganos lesionados.

Abstract The amniotic membrane, located on the inner side of the fetal placenta, has been the subject of multiple investigations to try to elucidate its embryological role and its therapeutic cellular potential. Currently, the limitations of the study in human fetuses mean that part of its functioning is unknown, however, some clinical and basic studies shed light on its role in modern medicine. A bibliographic review of the literature was carried out from 1960 to 2022, using databases such as PubMed, SciELO and Scopus, including a total of 50 articles and two embryology texts. The objective of this narrative review was to synthesize information on angiogenesis and its clinical importance. The information collected made it possible to show that the healing properties of the fetal skin are due to intrinsic factors of the fetus, and that human amniotic epithelial cells have a differentiation similar to embryonic stem cells, with the differentiation capacity similar to that of mesenchymal cells, highlighting their clinical importance due to their regenerative characteristics. In conclusion, human embryonic development remains relatively inexplicable, but its knowledge has allowed great advances, which could be useful in regeneration therapies, repair of injured tissues and organs.

Abstract Among the different handling techniques in aquaculture, the use of anesthetics has had a growing interest focused on guaranteeing animal welfare, and reducing possible stress situations during general handling. The aim of this study was to present the use of eugenol and lidocaine with non-invasive anesthesia procedures in Dormitator latifrons, in which the different stages of anesthesia (induction and recovery) were determined. One hundred and twenty healthy fish of average weight of 73.59 ± 13.53 g and standard length of 17 ± 1.36 cm were used. The experimental fish were subjected to fasting for 24 h prior to the tests. Five fish were subjected to eugenol (25, 50, 100, and 200 µL/L), and lidocaine (100, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L), in triplicate. The time to reach deep and recovery anesthesia were recorded and the data analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Organisms exposed to anesthetics evidenced early episodes of fast, short-distance swimming (initial hyperactivity) for short periods of time. Survival was 100% with both compounds and concentrations. Fish exposed to a eugenol concentration of 200 µL/L had longer anesthesia times and took longer time to recover (P<0.05). The most effective concentrations for eugenol and lidocaine were of 200 µL/L and 400 µL/L in juvenile fish, promoting rapid inductions, without compromising the conditions for the recovery of the fish. This work provides practical information for handling and transportation D. latiforns with the least possible stress and ensuring animal welfare.

Resumo Dentre as diferentes técnicas de manejo na aquicultura, o uso de anestésicos tem despertado interesse crescente voltado para a garantia do bem-estar animal, reduzindo possíveis situações de estresse durante o manejo geral. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o uso de eugenol e lidocaína com procedimentos anestésicos não invasivos em Dormitator latifrons, nos quais foram determinadas as diferentes etapas da anestesia (indução e recuperação). Foram utilizados 120 peixes saudáveis, com peso médio de 73,59 ± 13,53 g e 17 ± 1,36 cm de comprimento, em jejum de 24 horas antes dos testes. Cinco peixes foram submetidos a eugenol (25, 50, 100 e 200 µL/L) e lidocaína (100, 200, 300 e 400 mg/L), em triplicata. O tempo para atingir a anestesia profunda e de recuperação foi registrado, os dados foram analisados com ANOVA (α= 0,05). Organismos expostos a anestésicos evidenciaram episódios precoces de nado rápido de curta distância (hiperatividade inicial) por curtos períodos de tempo. A sobrevivência atinge 100% com ambos compostos e concentrações. Peixes expostos a uma concentração de eugenol de 200 µL/L tiveram tempos de anestesia mais longos e demoraram mais para se recuperar (P<0,05). As concentrações mais efetivas para eugenol e lidocaína foram de 200 µL/L e 400 µL/L em peixes juvenis, promovendo induções rápidas, sem comprometer as condições de recuperação dos peixes. Este trabalho fornece informações práticas para o manejo e transporte de D. latifrons com o mínimo de estresse possível e garantindo o bem-estar animal.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de la procalcitonina (PCT) y la proteína C reactiva (PCR) séricas en el diagnóstico de fuga anastomótica (FA) en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal. Método: Prueba diagnóstica en un hospital de tercer nivel. Se excluyeron los pacientes que no tuvieron mediciones preoperatorias de PCT y PCR. Se eliminaron los que cursaron con infección posoperatoria no relacionada con FA. Las medidas de eficacia diagnóstica fueron sensibilidad (S), especificidad (E), valores predictivos positivo (VPP) y negativo (VPN), razones de verosimilitud positiva (RV+) y negativa (RV−), y área bajo la curva característica operativa del receptor (AUROC). Resultados: Se analizaron 39 pacientes, de los cuales 6 (15.4%) tuvieron FA. La PCT y la PCR aumentaron al segundo día posoperatorio solo en los pacientes con FA. Los puntos de corte al día 2 fueron 1.55 ng/ml para PCT y 11.25 mg/l para PCR. La prueba más eficaz fue la PCR al día 2 (AUROC: 1.00; S: 100%; E: 96.7%; VPP: 85.7%; VPN: 100%; RV+: 33.0). Conclusiones: La PCR en el segundo día posoperatorio fue la prueba más eficaz en el diagnóstico temprano de FA en los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal, con un punto de corte inferior a lo reportado en la literatura internacional.

Abstract Objective: To determine the efficacy of serum procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) in the early diagnosis of anastomotic leak (AL) in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Method: Diagnostic test in a tertiary care hospital. Patients who did not have preoperative measurements of PCT and CRP were excluded. Those with postoperative infection not related to AL were eliminated. The diagnostic efficacy measures were sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, positive (LR+) and negative (LR−) likelihood ratios, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Results: Thirty-nine patients were analyzed; six had AL (15.4%). PCT and CRP increased on the second postoperative day, only in patients with AL. The cut-off points at the second postoperative day were 1.55 ng/mL for PCT and 11.25 mg/L for CRP. The most efficacious test was PCR at second postoperative day (AUROC: 1.00; Sn: 100%; Sp: 96.7%; PPV: 85.7%; NPV: 100%; LR+: 33.0). Conclusions: CRP at second postoperative day was the most effective test in the early diagnosis of AL in patients undergoing colorectal surgery, with a cut-off point lower than that reported in the international literature.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos (entre 28 días y 14 años) hospitalizados con COVID-19 durante la tercera ola (variante ómicron) en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) (Lima, Perú). En esta cohorte retrospectiva, se revisaron las historias clínicas de 122 pacientes pediátricos que fueron atendidos en el HNERM entre enero e inicios de abril del 2022 (55% varones, mediana de edad de 5 años), 77,9% durante el primer mes, y la mitad presentaron alguna comorbilidad. Se hospitalizaron principalmente por dificultad respiratoria, comorbilidad descompensada y deshidratación. El 6,6% ingresaron a cuidados intensivos, 4,9% a ventilación mecánica invasiva, 5,7% requirieron algún vasoactivo y 1,6% fallecieron. Los fármacos más usados fueron antibióticos (43,4%) y corticoides (27,1%). En conclusión, se encontró un incremento rápido de hospitalizaciones en comparación con las olas anteriores, la mayoría con evolución favorable, y con un amplio uso empírico de antibióticos.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the characteristics of pediatric patients (28 days to 14 years of age) hospitalized with COVID-19 during the third wave of the pandemic (omicron variant) at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) (Lima, Peru). In this retrospective cohort, we reviewed the medical records of 122 pediatric patients who attended HNERM between January and early April 2022 (55% male, median age: 5 years); 77.9% attended HNERM during the first month, and half of them had some comorbidity. Participants were hospitalized mainly for respiratory distress, decompensated comorbidity, and dehydration. Of the participants, 6.6% were admitted to intensive care, 4.9% to invasive mechanical ventilation, 5.7% required some vasoactive agent and 1.6% died. The most commonly used drugs were antibiotics (43.4%) and corticosteroids (27.1%). In conclusion, hospitalizations rapidly increased during the third wave, when compared to previous waves, most of them with favorable progression and with a wide empirical use of antibiotics.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the characteristics of pediatric patients (28 days to 14 years of age) hospitalized with COVID-19 during the third wave of the pandemic (omicron variant) at the Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) (Lima, Peru). In this retrospective cohort, we reviewed the medical records of 122 pediatric patients who attended HNERM between January and early April 2022 (55% male, median age: 5 years); 77.9% attended HNERM during the first month, and half of them had some comorbidity. Participants were hospitalized mainly for respiratory distress, decompensated comorbidity, and dehydration. Of the participants, 6.6% were admitted to intensive care, 4.9% to invasive mechanical ventilation, 5.7% required some vasoactive agent and 1.6% died. The most commonly used drugs were antibiotics (43.4%) and corticosteroids (27.1%). In conclusion, hospitalizations rapidly increased during the third wave, when compared to previous waves, most of them with favorable progression and with a wide empirical use of antibiotics.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos (entre 28 días y 14 años) hospitalizados con COVID-19 durante la tercera ola (variante ómicron) en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (HNERM) (Lima, Perú). En esta cohorte retrospectiva, se revisaron las historias clínicas de 122 pacientes pediátricos que fueron atendidos en el HNERM entre enero e inicios de abril del 2022 (55% varones, mediana de edad de 5 años), 77,9% durante el primer mes, y la mitad presentaron alguna comorbilidad. Se hospitalizaron principalmente por dificultad respiratoria, comorbilidad descompensada y deshidratación. El 6,6% ingresaron a cuidados intensivos, 4,9% a ventilación mecánica invasiva, 5,7% requirieron algún vasoactivo y 1,6% fallecieron. Los fármacos más usados fueron antibióticos (43,4%) y corticoides (27,1%). En conclusión, se encontró un incremento rápido de hospitalizaciones en comparación con las olas anteriores, la mayoría con evolución favorable, y con un amplio uso empírico de antibióticos.

Abstract Background: A high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been reported in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in critical care units and those undergoing invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). The introduction of dexamethasone (DXM) as treatment for severe COVID-19 has improved mortality, but its effects in other organs remain under study. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between DXM and AKI in COVID-19. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study, we evaluated the incidence of AKI in critically ill COVID-19 patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, and the association of DXM treatment with the incidence, severity, and outcomes of AKI. The association between DXM treatment and AKI was evaluated by multivariable logistic regression. The association of the combination of DXM treatment and AKI on mortality was evaluated by Cox-regression analysis. Results: We included 552 patients. AKI was diagnosed in 311 (56%), of which 196 (63%) corresponded to severe (stage 2 or 3) AKI, and 46 (14.8%) received kidney replacement therapy. Two hundred and sixty-seven (48%) patients were treated with DXM. This treatment was associated to lower incidence of AKI (Odds Radio 0.34, 95% Confidence intervals [CI] 0.22-0.52, p < 0.001) after adjusting for age, body mass index, laboratory parameters, SOFA score, and vasopressor use. DXM treatment significantly reduced mortality in patients with severe AKI (HR 0.63, 95%CI 0.41-0.96, p = 0.032). Conclusions: The incidence of AKI is high in COVID-19 patients under IMV. DXM treatment is associated with a lower incidence of AKI and a lower mortality in the group with severe AKI.

Resumen Antecedentes: La alteración del reservorio de carbono, tiene implicación en la modificación a los ciclos biogeoquímicos. El cambio de uso y cobertura de suelo (CUCS) es uno de los principales precursores de estas alteraciones. Como consecuencia de las actividades primarias que ocurren en zonas áridas, los reservorios de carbono son continuamente modificados. La poca información y heterogeneidad de estas zonas incrementan la incertidumbre sobre los efectos en la dinámica del carbono por CUCS. El desarrollo de nuevas metodologías, como la incorporación del análisis de imágenes aéreas RGB (rojo/verde/azul) de alta-resolución, permitirá monitorear extensiva y continuamente el carbono en zonas áridas. Preguntas: ¿Es posible estimar almacén de carbono aéreo utilizando imágenes RGB obtenidas mediante vehículos aéreos no tripulados? Sitio y años de estudio: Comunidades de matorral subtropical y pradera de buffel localizadas en la región central de Sonora, México. Agosto-octubre, 2019 y 2020. Métodos: a) Se realizaron censos de vegetación leñosa in situ, para estimar almacén de carbono en biomasa aérea (ACBA) con ecuaciones alométricas (método directo), b) Se calculó ACBA, utilizando ecuaciones alometricas y métricas de vegetación obtenidas de imágenes RGB (método indirecto). Resultados: La introducción de buffel implica la reducción de individuos leñosos, y disminución del ACBA. En total, el matorral contiene 10.35 Mg C/ha, y la pradera 3.20 Mg C/ha. Se encontró correlación y significancia entre método directo e indirecto. Conclusiones: Establecer buffel, reduce el ACBA hasta un 70 %. El uso de imágenes RGB permitió estimar ACBA en zonas áridas/semiáridas.

Abstract Background: The alteration of the carbon reservoir stored in vegetation, imply the modification of biogeochemical cycles. The change of land use and cover (CUCS) is one of the main drivers for these alterations. As a consequence of the primary activities occurring in arid/semiarid lands, carbon reservoirs are continually modified. The limited information and heterogeneity of these environments increase the uncertainty regarding the effects on carbon dynamics consequence of CUCS. The development of new methodological approaches, such as the incorporation of aerial high-resolution RGB (red/green/blue) imagery analyses, will allow extensive and continuous monitoring of carbon in arid zones. Questions: Is it possible to estimate aboveground carbon stock using RGB images obtained by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles? Site and years of study: Subtropical scrub and buffel grassland communities, located in the central Sonora, Mexico. August-October 2019 and 2020. Methods: a) In situ woody vegetation censuses were carried out to estimate carbon stock in aerial biomass (ACBA) using allometric equations (direct method), b) ACBA was calculated, using allometric equations and vegetation metrics obtained from aerial RGB images. Results: The introduction of buffel grassland implies the reduction of woody individuals, therefor, a decrease in ACBA. In total, the scrub contains 10.35 Mg C/ha, and buffel grassland around 3.20 Mg C/ha. There are correlation and significance between direct and indirect methods. Conclusions: Establishing buffel grassland reduces the ACBA, up to 70 %. The use of RGB images allowed us to estimate ACBA in arid zones.

Resumen Antecedentes: Sinaloa es uno de los estados de México con mayor necesidad de estudios florísticos. Preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las plantas endémicas de Sinaloa? ¿cuáles son las regiones con mayor endemismo? ¿cuál es su importancia etnobotánica? ¿cuáles son las especies prioritarias para la conservación? Especies de estudio: Plantas vasculares endémicas. Sitio y años de estudio: Sinaloa, México; 2018-2021. Métodos: Revisión de bibliografía, colecciones de herbarios y bases de datos electrónicas; trabajo de campo en localidades tipo y de distribución potencial de las especies endémicas. Se diseñó y aplicó un Índice de Conservación Prioritaria con base en parámetros ecológicos y etnobotánicos. Resultados: Se registraron 77 especies endémicas estrictas a Sinaloa, incluidas en 30 familias y 61 géneros; 209 especies se comparten con uno o dos estados vecinos entre sí. Las sierras de Surutato, Concordia y Tacuichamona albergan la mayor cantidad de endemismo estricto. Más de la mitad de las especies se conocen solo de la localidad tipo y seis de ellas no han sido colectadas en más de 100 años. Se redescubrieron especies como Lopezia conjugens y Croton ortegae que no habían sido colectadas en más de 100 y 70 años, respectivamente. Ebenopsis caesalpinioides, Stenocereus martinezii y Aloysia nahuire fueron clasificadas como especies prioritarias por su alto valor biocultural. Conclusiones: Las plantas endémicas de Sinaloa tienen alta diversidad taxonómica y valor cultural. El presente trabajo identificó especies y sitios prioritarios de conservación, especies de importancia biocultural, las mayores necesidades de colecta y las especies potencialmente extintas.

Abstract Background: Sinaloa is among the states with the fewest floristic studies in Mexico. Questions: What plants are endemic to Sinaloa? What areas have the highest levels of endemism? What is their ethnobotanical significance? What are the priority species for conservation? Studied species Endemic vascular plants. Study site and dates: Sinaloa, Mexico; 2018-2021. Methods: Specialized literature, herbarium specimens, and electronic databases were consulted; the field work focused on type localities and other potential distribution sites for the endemic species. A Priority Conservation Index (PCI) was designed and applied, based on ecological and ethnobotanical parameters. Results: There are 77 strict endemic species, as well as 209 species shared with one or two neighbor states. The first belong to 30 families and 61 genera. The mountain ranges of Surutato, Concordia, and Tacuichamona have the most strictly endemic plants. More than half of the species are only known from the type locality and six of them have not been collected in more than 100 years. Lopezia conjugens and Croton ortegae were rediscovered after more than 100 and 70 years, respectively. Ebenopsis caesalpinioides, Stenocereus martinezii, and Aloysia nahuire were the priority species due to their high biocultural value. Conclusions: The endemic plants from Sinaloa show high taxonomic diversity and cultural value. This work identified species and sites of conservation priority, as well as the needs for collection and the potential of extinct species.

ABSTRACT Species associations in a pasture are frequent and include the harmonious and balanced interrelation between two or more grasses and legumes. Legumes not only increase the nutritional value of the associated grass, but are also capable of increasing the dry matter production with a more uniform seasonal distribution and less inter-annual variability. That is why the objective is to evaluate the consociation Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosae) with Festuca arundinacea "Tall fescue" (Fam. Poaceae). Eight treatments were applied resulting from the combination of two proportions of legume vs. grass, the two pure cultures and two transplant arrangements. Throughout one year, the coverage percentage of both species, weeds and bare soil, morphological characters of A. bicolor, and carbohydrate mobilization dynamics in both species were estimated. When A. bicolor and F. arundinacea are associated, they are able to grow and remain stable during the second year since implantation. Both species together provide coverage to the soil, growing in a complementary way in space and time. Although a negative effect on the height, number of stolons and number of buds.m -2 of A. bicolor is detected when it grows associated with F. arundinacea, the sum of the contributions of each species could increase the total production of the mixture. The dynamics of carbohydrate mobilization in A. bicolor is slightly affected by the association with F. arundinacea, while that of the latter species is not affected. There are no significant differences between the two transplant ratios, as well as between the two transplant arrangements.

RESUMEN Las asociaciones de especies en una pastura son cada vez más frecuentes y comprenden la interrelación armónica y equilibrada entre dos o más gramíneas y leguminosas. Las leguminosas no sólo incrementan el valor nutritivo de la gramínea asociada, sino que además son capaces de aumentar la producción de materia seca en las praderas con una distribución estacional más uniforme y menor variabilidad interanual. Es por ello que se plantea como objetivo evaluar la consociación Adesmia bicolor "Babosita" (Fam. Leguminosas) con Festuca arundinacea "Festuca alta" (Fam. Poáceas). Se aplicaron ocho tratamientos resultantes de la combinación de dos proporciones de leguminosa vs. gramínea, los dos cultivos puros y dos arreglos de trasplantes. A lo largo de un año se estimó el porcentaje de cobertura de ambas especies, malezas y suelo desnudo; los caracteres morfológicos de A. bicolor y la dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en ambas especies. La consociación A. bicolor-F. arundinacea es capaz de desarrollarse y mantenerse estable durante el segundo año desde la implantación del ensayo. Ambas especies proporcionan cobertura al suelo, creciendo en forma complementaria tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. Se observa un efecto negativo sobre la altura, número de estolones y número de yemas.m-2 de A. bicolor cuando crece consociada con F. arundinacea, mientras que la morfología foliar no registra diferencias entre tratamientos. La dinámica de movilización de carbohidratos totales en A. bicolor es ligeramente afectada por la consociación con F. arundinacea, mientras que la de esta última especie no presenta diferencias con respecto al cultivo puro. No se observan diferencias en la mayoría de las variables al comparar las dos proporciones de trasplante, como tampoco entre los dos arreglos de trasplante.

Resumo O objetivo da aquicultura de Galaxias maculatus é produzir milhões de ovos. As fêmeas selvagens são pequenas (2 g) e têm maturidade sexual rápida e fecundidade média baixa (500 ovos/fêmea), necessitando de peixes maiores e com fecundidade superior. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar experimentalmente o efeito dos níveis de proteínas, lipídios e energia da dieta sobre o aumento de peso em adultos. Cinco experimentos independentes foram realizados em diferentes períodos sequenciais de tempo no incubatório UCT, Chile. Os espécimes foram obtidos a partir de: a) capturas de espécimes de retorno do mar cristalino no estuário de Tolten (4-6 cm, 0,3-0,4 g); b) peixes de cultura em incubatório. Os peixes foram alimentados à mão ad libitum. Nos experimentos de 1 a 4, dietas peletizadas foram preparadas com três a cinco níveis de proteína (tratamentos 27 a 57%), tamanho do crumble, três repetições de tanques de fibra de 100 L. No experimento 5, o efeito de dois níveis de lipídios (8 e 21%) foi avaliado com dieta comercial isoproteica crumble 1 de Salmon Nutra Starter extrusada a 63%, replicada em quatro tanques. Os resultados mostram: uma tendência ao aumento de peso em todos os tamanhos, com um aumento do nível de proteína na dieta peletizada; um crescimento adulto máximo com uma dieta contendo um mínimo de 37% de proteína bruta, com 40% do valor ideal; uma porcentagem maior de proteína na dieta ou crescimento em peso com menor taxa de conversão alimentar. A taxa de conversão alimentar na dieta extrusada chega a 0,5, e na peletizada varia de 0,7 a 1,5. Peixes de 0,6 g alimentados com 63% de proteína e dieta comercial extrusada com dois níveis lipídicos diferentes (8 e 21%; 20,40 e 23,84 MJ kg-1; PE / TE 0,62 e 0,71) aumentaram de peso no primeiro mês em 67 e 105% cada, respectivamente. Foi estabelecido que dietas de alta energia com níveis ótimos de proteínas e lipídios são uma boa solução de curto prazo para obter G. maculatus de peso mais alto.

Abstract Galaxias maculatus aquaculture objectives is to produce millions of eggs. Wild females are small (2 g), have quick sexual maturity and low mean fecundity (500 eggs/female), requiring larger fishes with higher fecundity. This study aim is to evaluate experimentally the effect of the levels of protein, lipid and dietary energy on weight increases in adults. Five independent experiments were performed at different sequential time periods at the UCT hatchery, Chile. Specimens were obtained from a) Crystalline sea return specimen catches in the Tolten estuary (4 -6 cm, 0.3-0.4 g.). b) Hatchery cultured fish. Fish were fed by hand ad libitum. In experiments 1 to 4, pelleted diets were prepared with 3 to 5 levels of protein (treatments 27 up to 57%), crumble size, three 100 L fibre ponds replicates. In experiment 5 the effect of two lipid levels (8 and 21%) was evaluated with commercial extruded Salmon Nutra Starter isoproteic crumble 1 diet at 63%, replicated in 4 ponds. The results show: A tendency to increased weight in all sizes with an increased protein level in the pelleted diet.A maximal adult growth is obtained with a diet containing a minimum of 37% crude protein, with 40% the optimal value. A higher % protein in the diet or growth in weight lower feed conversion ratio. The feed conversion ratio in the extruded diet reaches up to 0.5 and in the pelleted vary from 0.7 to 1.5. Fish 0.6 g fed with 63% protein, extruded commercial diet with two different lipid levels (8 and 21%, 20.40 and 23.84 MJ kg-1, PE/TE 0.62 and 0.71) increased weight the first month 67 and 105% each. It has been established that high-energy diets with optimal levels of protein and lipid are a good short-term solution to obtain G. maculatus of higher weight.

Resumen Objetivos: determinar la frecuencia del gen mecA en Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina (MRSA) aislados de pacientes atendidos en un hospital de tercer nivel en la región Cajamarca, Perú; asimismo, determinar cuál de los dos antibióticos usados como screening fenotípico tiene mayor utilidad para explicar la presencia de dicho gen. Métodos: se analizaron 71 aislamientos bacterianos provenientes de muestras del Hospital Regional Docente de Cajamarca, la identificación de S. aureus se llevó a cabo mediante el equipo MicroScan. El screening fenotípico para resistencia a meticilina se realizó mediante la técnica de difusión, con discos de cefoxitina y oxacilina. La extracción de ADN se realizó mediante shock térmico, la detección del gen mecA se realizó mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software SPSS v.25. Resultados: de los 71 aislados, 40 (56,3%) fueron MRSA portadores del gen mecA, la mayoría de estos aislamientos correspondieron a pacientes hospitalizados 22 (31,0%), siendo más frecuentes en muestras de secreción bronquial 27 (38,0%). El screening fenotípico con disco de cefoxitina predijo mejor la presencia del gen mecA [P=0,010; Exp(B)= 12,3] en comparación con el disco de oxacilina. Conclusiones: este estudio demostró alta frecuencia de MRSA mecA positivo en muestras de origen clínico, principalmente de pacientes hospitalizados. Es importante establecer medidas de vigilancia para identificar MRSA en todos los hospitales de la región.

Abstract Objective: to determine the frequency of the mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from patients treated at a third-level hospital in the Cajamarca region, Peru; as well as, to determine which of the two antibiotics used as phenotypic screening is more useful in explaining the presence of said gene. Methods: 71 bacterial isolates were analyzed from samples obtained from the Hospital Regional Docente of Cajamarca. The identification of S. aureus was carried out using the MicroScan system. Phenotypic screening for resistance to methicillin was performed using the diffusion technique with cefoxitin and oxacillin discs. DNA extraction was performed by heat shock, mecA gene detection was performed through polymerase chain reaction. For data analysis, the statistical software SPSS v.25 was used. Results: from 71 isolates, 40 (56,3%) were MRSA carriers of the mecA gene, the majority of these isolates corresponded to hospitalized patients 22 (31,0%), being more frequent in bronchial secretion samples 27 (38,0%). Phenotypic screening with cefoxitin disc was a better predictor for the presence of the mecA gene [P=0,010; Exp(B)= 12,3] compared to the oxacillin disc. Conclusions: It is shown a high frequency of positive MRSA mecA in samples of clinical origin, mainly from hospitalized patients. It is important to establish surveillance guidelines to identify MRSA in all hospitals in the region.

Abstract: Research was carried out with the objective of studying the relationships between enterprise resource management and its planning in the implementation of a business management system (ERP) with Cloud Computing architecture in a company in the industrial processes sector. The research approach was based on documentary analysis, measurements and evaluations of contractual services and compliance with corporate parameters defined in the business process designs. The population and units of analysis focused on project documents and analytical references, as well as on the functionality of the work areas. The main investment values in consultancy for the implementation were identified, which represented 55.10% of the initial budget. However, during implementation, this representation decreased by 2%. The behavior of the subscription licensing service was also analyzed, which represented 22.35% of the total budget, but experienced a decrease of 5.25% in percentage terms. Although decreases were observed in the reasonable share of these elements, increases were recorded in consulting services and IT requirements management, with increases of 3.40% and 1.09%, respectively.

RESUMEN: Se llevó a cabo una investigación con el objetivo de estudiar las relaciones entre la gestión de recursos empresariales y su planificación en la implementación de un sistema de gestión empresarial (ERP) con arquitectura Cloud Computing en una empresa del sector de procesos industriales. El enfoque de la investigación se basó en el análisis documental, las mediciones y evaluaciones de los servicios contractuales y el cumplimiento de los parámetros corporativos definidos en los diseños de los procesos de negocio. La población y las unidades de análisis se centraron en los documentos y referencias analíticas de los proyectos, así como en la funcionalidad de las áreas de trabajo. Se identificaron los principales valores de inversión en consultoría para la implementación, los cuales representaron el 55.10% del presupuesto inicial. Sin embargo, durante la ejecución, esta representación disminuyó en un 2%. Asimismo, se analizó el comportamiento del servicio de licencia por suscripción, el cual representó el 22.35% del presupuesto total, pero experimentó una disminución del 5.25% en términos porcentuales. Aunque se observaron decrementos en la participación razonable de estos elementos, se registraron incrementos en los servicios de consultoría y gestión de requerimientos del área de TI, con aumentos del 3.40% y 1.09%, respectivamente.

Resumen Palacio, P. C.; A. M. Molina, Z. E. Rúgolo & A. S. Vega. 2023. Nuevos registros y novedades nomenclaturales para tres especies de Agrostis (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae) en América Central y del Sur, y evaluación del estado de conservación. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(2): 719-727. El presente trabajo reporta siete nuevos registros de Agrostis en América Central y del Sur: A. boyacensis en Bolivia, Peru y Venezuela, A. lenis en Colombia, Ecuador y Venezuela, y A. mertensii en Costa Rica. Se designa el lectotipo de Agrostis williamsii. El trabajo incluye la sinonimia, iconografía, distribución geográfica y hábitat, fenología, estado de conservación de acuerdo con las categorías de amenaza de la IUCN, usos y la lista de especímenes adicionales examinados.

Abstract Palacio, P. C.; A. M. Molina, Z. E. Rúgolo & A. S. Vega. 2023. New records and nomenclatural novelties for three species of Agrostis (Poaceae, Pooideae, Poeae) from Central and South America and assessment on their conservation status. Darwiniana, nueva serie 11(2): 719-727. This paper reports seven new records of Agrostis in Central and South America: A. boyacensis in Bolivia, Peru and Venezuela; A. lenis in Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela; and A. mertensii in Costa Rica. The lectotype of Agrostis williamsii is herein designated. This contribution includes synonymy, iconography, geographic distribution and habitat, phenology, conservation status according to IUCN categories of threat, uses, and a list of additional specimens examined.

Abstract Consumption of wild mushrooms has increased in recent years; however, not all of them are edible and there is no precise information on those that may cause poisoning. Therefore, studies to obtain data about their toxicity are needed. For this purpose, we used the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana, a crustacean employed in toxicity tests and with wide application in the toxin detection, including mycotoxins. Mushrooms were collected in the state of Jalisco, Mexico, with which aqueous extracts were prepared. Dilutions of the stock solution of each extract were made to final concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, and 1000 µg/mL. Potassium dichromate (PD) was used as positive control and artificial seawater as negative control. The median lethal dose (LD50) of extracts on nauplii of A. franciscana was calculated. The aqueous extracts obtained from Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites, and Leucopaxillus amarus showed a LD50 < 70 µg/mL, similar to PD (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). This is the first indication of the probable toxicity of Leucopaxillus amarus in humans. Cantharellus cibarius and Scleroderma texense caused the lower toxicity to the nauplii. The brine shrimp bioassay was effective in evaluating the toxicity of Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense has been reported to be toxic, but it was not for this crustacean nauplii, and probably not to humans either, as recent literature has reported.

Resumo O consumo de cogumelos silvestres aumentou nos últimos anos; porém, nem todas as variedades são comestíveis e não há informações precisas sobre aquelas que podem causar intoxicação. Portanto, estudos para obter dados sobre sua toxicidade são necessários. Para tanto, utilizou-se o artêmia Artemia franciscana, crustáceo utilizado em testes de toxicidade e com ampla aplicação na detecção de toxinas, incluindo micotoxinas. Cogumelos foram coletados no estado de Jalisco, México, com os quais foram preparados extratos aquosos. As diluições da solução estoque de cada extrato foram feitas para as concentrações finais de 50, 100, 250, 500 e 1000 µg/mL. Dicromato de potássio (PD) foi usado como controle positivo e água do mar artificial como controle negativo. Calculou-se a dose letal mediana (DL50) dos extratos sobre os náuplios de A. franciscana. Os extratos aquosos obtidos de Amanita amerivirosa, A. muscaria, Chlorophyllum molybdites e Leucopaxillus amarus apresentaram DL50 < 70 µg/mL, semelhante ao DP (LD50 = 37 µg/mL). Esta é a primeira indicação da provável toxicidade de L.amarus em humanos. Cantharellus cibarius e Scleroderma texense causaram a menor toxicidade aos náuplios. O bioensaio de artêmia foi eficaz na avaliação da toxicidade de Basidiomycota. Scleroderma texense foi relatado como tóxico, mas não foi para este náuplio de crustáceo e provavelmente também não para os humanos, como a literatura recente relatou.