RESUMO: Análise de crescimento de plantas pode ser utilizada para avaliação de plantas e identificação de mudanças causadas por microrganismos de solo, depois de serem inoculados nas sementes. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir as mudanças no crescimento de plantas de soja inoculadas em condição de cultivos extensivos de campo no Brasil. O experimento foi conduzido para comparar cinco tratamentos inoculados: T1 (Bradyrhizobium japonicum e B. diazoefficiens), T2 (T1 e Azospirillum brasilense), T3 (T1 e Trichoderma asperellum), T4 (T1 and T. virens, e Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) e T5 (T1 e Penicillum bilaiae). A área foliar e a massa seca da parte aérea e de raízes foram medidas nos estádios vegetativos e reprodutivos. Os resultados validam a contribuição da análise de crescimento de plantas de soja para identificar as respostas causadas pela inoculação de sementes com combinação de microrganismos selecionados. Os efeitos dos microrganismos no crescimento das plantas não variam apenas entre os microrganismos, mas também entre as partes das plantas e ao longo do seu desenvolvimento. A introdução de diferentes micróbios na rizosfera de soja, combinados com cepas de Bradyrhizobium sp. pode aumentar a produtividade de massa seca das culturas durante o seu ciclo de crescimento.

ABSTRACT: Plant growth analysis can be used for soybean plants evaluation to identify morphologic changes caused by soil microbes after seed inoculation. The objective was to measure changes of inoculated soybean plants grown under regular field Brazilian production conditions. The experiment was carried out to compare 5 inoculation treatments: T1 (Bradyrhizobium japonicum and B. diazoefficiens), T2 (T1 and Azospirillum brasilense), T3 (T1 and Trichoderma asperellum), T4 (T1 and T. virens, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and T5 (T1 and Penicillum bilaiae). Leaf area, shoot and root dry matter were measured at vegetative and reproductive growth stages. Results of this study validate the contribution of plant growth analysis of soybeans plants for identifying their responses promoted by the combined inoculation of their seeds with selected microbes. Also, the microbial effects on plant growth vary not only between microbes but also between parts of the plants and through the plant development stages. The introduction of different microbes in soybean rhizosphere combined with Bradyrhizobium sp. strains can contribute to increase crop dry matter productivity during its growing cycle.

Abstract We evaluated the effect of combined Rhizobium tropici, Trichoderma asperellum and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in beans crop. The hypothesis that strains of T. asperullum, R. tropici and PGPR combined could improve growth, biomass accumulation and beans yield was tested under greenhouse and field conditions. The treatments consisted of control, mineral nitrogen application and inoculation, isolated and associated with the following microorganisms: Rhizobium tropici, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma asperellum and Burkholderia sp. 10N6. Results were evaluated by shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), number of nodules and yield components. In greenhouse environment all the microorganisms behaved similarly, and the treatments inoculated with Burkholderia sp. 10N6 (IBu) and R. tropici (IR) stood out regarding the production components. In field conditions the treatments IR and IRTBa presented the highest values of SDW and RDW. Our results suggest that inoculation with R. tropici, T. asperellum and PGPR may promote beans growth and bring benefits to shoot and root accumulation, increase the number of nodules as well as improve yield components, contributing to a sustainable agriculture.

Doses de nitrogênio e elevadas populações de plantas são utilizadas visando a obtenção de altas produtividades em trigo. Porém, estes fatores podem promover o acamamento das plantas, especialmente para as cultivares de porte médio ou alto. O uso de produtos que reduzem a estatura das plantas pode minimizar este problema. Visando avaliar o efeito do regulador de crescimento trinexapc-ethyl em diferentes populações de plantas e doses de nitrogênio, na cultivar de trigo OR-1, instalou-se um experimento na Fazenda Escola "Capão da Onça", da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, em Ponta Grossa, PR, no ano de 1999. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 4, em quatro repetições. Os vinte e quatro tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 125 g i.a./ha de trinexapac-ethyl e testemunha; densidades de 55, 75 e 112 plantas/m no espaçamento de 0,17m entre fileiras e doses de 0, 45, 90 e 135kg/ha de nitrogênio em cobertura. A aplicação do trinexapac-ethyl resultou em plantas com entre-nós mais curtos; em aumento do número de espigas/m e da produtividade. Com o aumento da dose de nitrogênio, ocorreu aumento da estatura das plantas, do número de espigas/m e da produtividade. Com o aumento da densidade de plantas, o diâmetro do caule, a massa seca das plantas e o número de grãos por espiga diminuíram mas o número de espigas/m e o peso de mil grãos aumentaram, sem afetarem a produtividade. Não ocorreu acamamento em nenhum dos tratamentos.

Elevated nitrogen rates and high plant populations are adopted with the purpose of achieving high wheat yields. However, these factors may promote the lodging of the plants, especially for the medium and tall height cultivars. The utilization of products which reduce plant height could minimize this problem. With the aim of evaluating the effects of a growth regulator on different plant populations and nitrogen rates for the wheat cultivar OR-1, an experiment was established at the UEPG "Capão da Onça" School Farm in Ponta Grossa, PR, in 1999. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks in a factorial design 2 x 3 x 4 with four replications. The twenty four treatments consisted in the application of 125g a.i./ha of trinexapac-ethyl and control; plant densities of 55, 75 and 112 plants/m in the row spacing of 0.17m and rates of 0, 45, 90, and 135kg/ha of surface broadcasted nitrogen. The application of trinexapac-ethyl resulted in short internodes of plants, increase of the number of spikes/m and of the productivity. As the nitrogen rate increased, it also happered to plant height, number of spikes/m and yield. With the increase of plant density the stem diameter, the dry matter of plants and the number of grains/spike decreased; however, the number of spikes/m and the weight of 1000 grains increased with no effect on productivity. No lodging was observed in any of the treatments.