ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate and compare antibiotic prescriptions for endodontic infections of last-year undergraduate Dentistry students and dental surgeons from Brazil. Material and Methods: A questionnaire comprised of 15 questions was applied, including a series of hypothetical clinical cases through multiple choice questions. The survey respondents had the option to respond in favor or against the prescription of antimicrobials in each case. Afterwards, the commented answer keys of all topics contained in the survey form were released for educational purpose. Results: A total of 42 undergraduates and 115 dental surgeons answered the survey. Regarding the questions about antimicrobial prescriptions, 91.3% of the professional dentists and 69.8% of the dentistry students indicated that they prescribe antibiotics for a limited number of patients. However, when they responded about drug recommendations, most professionals (76.5%) and students (76.7%) chose to recommend antimicrobials without any clinical recommendation. Conclusion: In the groups herein evaluated, many antibiotic prescriptions could have been avoided. The rational use of these drugs is still a conduct that needs further disclosure and commitment among prescribers.

RESUMO: A coleta e caracterização do germoplasma de tomate são de relevante importância para a agricultura. O presente trabalho objetivou coletar e caracterizar, por intermédio de descritores morfoagronômicos e ferramentas estatísticas, os acessos de tomate das regiões Sul e Serrana do Estado do Espírito Santo, bem como constituir o banco de germoplasma de tomate do Ifes, Campus de Alegre. Foram coletados 37 acessos de tomate em diferentes pontos comerciais do Espírito Santo. O experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Olericultura do Ifes Campus de Alegre. Para a caracterização morfoagronômica, foram utilizados 16 descritores essenciais, 9 quantitativos e 7 qualitativos. Para a característica cor do fruto maduro, houve a formação de cinco distintos grupos com as cores amarelo, verde, laranja, rosa e vermelha. No formato do fruto, houve formação de três grupos, ligeiramente achatado, achatado e arredondados. A ANOVA mostrou que houve diferença significativa para todas as características quantitativas avaliadas. Pelo procedimento Ward-MLM, devido a elevada função de verossimilhança no grupo sete (de 130.71), foi possível agrupar os 37 genótipos em sete grupos. A maior dissimilaridade foi observada nos grupos V e VII com distância de 330.02, e os menos dissimilares, os grupos IV e VI, com 8.21. Detectou-se variabilidade genética no germoplasma de tomate para as características morfo-agronômicas. Muitos dos acessos são promissoras fontes de fenótipos de interesse para o banco de germoplasma do Ifes.

ABSTRACT: The collection and characterization of tomato germplasm are of relevant importance for agriculture. This study aimed to collect and characterize, by way of morphological description and statistical tools for the composition of groups, tomato accesses from the Southern and Serrana regions of the State of Espírito Santo, as well as to establish the tomato germplasm bank of the Ifes - Campus de Alegre. Thirty-seven accessions were collected from different commercial locations of Espírito Santo. The experiment was conducted in the Ifes Campus de Alegre in the Agroecology sector. For the morpho-agronomic characterization, sixteen essential descriptors were used, nine quantitative and seven qualitative. In the color of the ripe fruit, there was the formation of five distinct groups with the colors yellow, green, orange, pink and red. In the format of the fruit, three groups were formed, slightly flattened, flattened and rounded. The ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference for all the quantitative characteristics evaluated. According to the Ward-MLM procedure, due to the high likelihood function in group seven (from 130.71), it was possible to group the 37 genotypes into seven groups. The greatest dissimilarity was observed in groups V and VII with a distance of 330.02, and the least dissimilar ones, groups IV and VI, with 8.21. Genetic variability was detected in tomato germplasm for the morpho-agronomic characteristics. Many of the accessions are promising sources of phenotypes of interest to the Ifes germplasm bank.

INTRODUÇÃO: O exantema súbito é uma doença comum durante a infância e pode ser causada pela infecção por herpesvirus humano tipo 6B (HHV-6B). No entanto, a erupção cutânea característica dessa doença, é frequentemente confundida com outras viroses como sarampo ou rubéola. MÉTODOS: Foi utilizada a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) no formato nested multiplex para o diagnóstico de infecção primária por HHV-6B, diferenciação entre as infecções causadas pelo HHV-6A e comparação com testes de avidez de anticorpos. As amostras foram separadas em grupo caso e grupo controle, de acordo com os resultados do teste de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA). RESULTADOS: Nas amostras de saliva analisadas, o DNA do HHV-6A foi detectado em 3,2% no grupo caso e em 2,6% das amostras do grupo controle. Em relação ao HHV-6B, o DNA viral foi observado em 4,8% no grupo caso e em 1,3% no grupo controle. Após a realização da PCR nas amostras de soro, o DNA do HHV-6A foi detectado em 1,7% no grupo caso e em 1,2% no grupo controle, enquanto o DNA do HHV-6B não foi detectado. A sensibilidade e a especificidade da técnica de PCR variaram de 0% a 4,8% e de 97,5% a 100%, respectivamente, quando comparado com a IFA. CONCLUSÕES: A técnica de PCR não se mostrou adequada para o diagnóstico de infecção primária pelo HHV-6B em crianças com doença exantemática e não deve substituir a IFA.

INTRODUCTION: Exanthem subitum is a classical rash disease of early childhood caused by human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). However, the rash is frequently misdiagnosed as that of either measles or rubella. METHODS: In this study, a nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to diagnose HHV-6B primary infection, differentiate it from infections caused by HHV-6A and compare it to antibody avidity tests. The samples were separated into case group and control group according to the results of the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) technique. RESULTS: From the saliva samples analyzed, HHV-6A DNA was detected in 3.2% of the case group and in 2.6% of the control group. Regarding HHV-6B, PCR detected viral DNA in 4.8% of the case group and in 1.3% of the control group. Among the serum samples studied, a frequency of 1.7% was determined for HHV-6A in the case group and 1.2% in the control group. PCR did not detect HHV-6B DNA in serum samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the PCR technique ranged from 0% to 4.8% and 97.5% to 100%, respectively, compared to IFA. CONCLUSIONS: The PCR technique was not suitable for diagnosing primary infection by HHV-6B in children with exanthematic disease and should not substitute the IFA.

In this study, we assessed the prevalence of human herpesvirus-7 (HHV-7) in 141 serum samples from children less than four years of age with exanthematic disease. All samples were negative for measles, rubella, dengue fever and parvovirus B19 infection. Testing for the presence of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6)-specific high avidity IgG antibodies by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) revealed two main groups: one composed of 57 patients with recent primary HHV-6 infection and another group of 68 patients showing signs of past HHV-6 infection. Another 16 samples had indeterminate primary HHV-6 infection, by both IgG IFA and IgM IFA. Serum samples were subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction to detect the presence of HHV-7 DNA. Among patients with a recent primary HHV-6 infection, HHV-7 DNA was present in 1.7% of individuals; however, 5.8% of individuals tested positive for HHV-7 DNA in the group with past primary HHV-6 infection. Among the 16 samples with indeterminate diagnosis, 25% (4/16) had HHV-7 DNA (p < 0.002). We hypothesise that HHV-7 might be the agent that causes exanthema. However, a relationship between clinical manifestations and the detection of virus DNA does not always exist. Therefore, a careful interpretation is necessary to diagnose a primary infection or a virus-associated disease. In conclusion, we detected HHV-7 DNA in young children from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.