Abstract This study aimed to determine the biometric characteristics of seeds of Tabebuia aurea and evaluate the effect of different periods of water immersion on the initial growth of seedlings. For this, the following dimensions were analyzed: length, width, and thickness of seeds with lateral wings and embryo. The moisture content, weight of a thousand seeds, and the number of seeds per kilogram were determined. The seeds were subjected to 11 treatments, as follow: control (no immersion in water; 0 hours) and periods of water immersion for 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, and 60 hours, with four replications of 25 seeds in each treatment. The aerial part and seedling root lengths were analyzed 30 days after sowing. The water content was 9.81% and the weight of a thousand seeds was 130.260 g, corresponding to about 7,677 seeds/kg. The seeds with lateral wings had mean length, width, and thickness of 5.252, 1.226, and 0.147 cm, respectively. For the embryo, these dimensions corresponded to 1.355, 0.805, and 0.103 cm. Regarding the aerial part and root length of T. aurea seedlings, immersion for 48 hours is recommended because this treatment had the best results.

Abstract Intense soil preparation and disturbance in crops, over time, reduces the quantity and quality of soil organic matter. Given this context, this work aimed to determine soil carbon stocks and labile fractions under agroforestry system (AFS) and toposequences in an altitude marsh, Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco, Brazil. The study was carried out at the Yaguara farm, and the areas studied were native forest with 4.57 ha and coffee plantation in shade with native forest with 25.59 ha. Soil samples were collected in four trenches measuring 1.5 x 1.5 x 0.60 m, with a distance of 50 meters. Soils were collected at depths of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, followed by chemical, physical and density analyzes to determine soil carbon stocks and labile fractions. The area with shaded coffee showed higher values of soil carbon stocks at depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm. At a depth of 40-60 cm, the AFS top toposequence showed the highest carbon stock with 11.73 Mg ha-1, followed by the area with native vegetation with 10.6 Mg ha-1, slope with 9.23 Mg ha-1 and pediment with 7.00 Mg ha-1. It was found that the top toposequence with shaded coffee exhibited a greater stock of labile carbon at depth 0-20 cm with a value of 1.06 Mg ha-1, followed by the bedding areas (SAF) with 0.88 Mg ha-1, native forest with 0.79 Mg ha-1 and slope with 0.67 g kg-1. However, the area of native vegetation showed the highest value of labile carbon at a depth of 40-60 cm. It was concluded that the area with shaded coffee in the top toposequence showed great capacity to increase total carbon stocks and labile carbon stocks of soil organic matter.

Resumo O intenso preparo e revolvimento do solo em cultivos, com o tempo, reduz a quantidade e a qualidade da matéria orgânica do solo. Diante desse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os estoques de carbono do solo e frações lábeis sob sistema agroflorestal (SAF) e topossequências em brejo de altitude, em Taquaritinga do Norte, Pernambuco, Brasil. O estudo foi desenvolvido na fazenda Yaguara, e as áreas estudadas foram mata nativa com 4,57 ha e plantio de café sombreado com mata nativa com 25,59 ha. As amostras de solos foram coletadas em quatro trincheiras 1,5 x 1,5 x 0,60 m, com distância de 50 metros. Foram coletados solos nas profundidades de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm, seguido de análises químicas, físicas e densidade para determinação dos estoques de carbono no solo e frações lábeis. A área com café sombreado apresentou maiores valores de estoques de carbono no solo nas profundidades de 0-20 cm e 20-40 cm. Na profundidade de 40-60 cm, a topossequência de topo do SAF apresentou maior estoque de carbono com 11,73 Mg ha-1, seguido da área com vegetação nativa com 10,6 Mg ha-1 , encosta com 9,23 Mg ha-1 e pedimento com 7,00 Mg ha-1. Verificou-se que a topossequência de topo com café sombreado exibiu maior estoque de carbono lábil na profundidade 0-20 cm com o valor de 1,06 Mg ha-1, sucedido das áreas de pedimento (SAF) com 0,88 Mg ha-1, mata nativa com 0,79 Mg ha-1e encosta com 0,67 Mg ha-1. No entanto, a área de vegetação nativa apresentou o maior valor de carbono lábil na profundidade de 40-60 cm. Concluiu-se que a área com café sombreado na topossequência topo mostrou grande capacidade para elevar os estoques de carbono total e estoques de carbono lábil da matéria orgânica do solo.

Abstract Basic information about growth rate and response to silvicultural treatments on potential native species are bottlenecks for the wide use of these species for forest production. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the silvicultural performance of four native species as a function of pruning intensity. The experimental design was completely randomized with ten replications and one plant per plot, in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, four forest species, and four pruning intensities. At 30 and 42 months, height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) were evaluated, then the current annual increment (CAI) was calculated, as well as the mean annual increment (MAI) at 42 months. Guazuma ulmifolia showed higher growth in height and DBH compared to other species at both ages. The pruning resulted in a reduction of MAI in 0.15 cm. year-1 in DBH for every 25% of pruning intensity.

ABSTRACT Intercropping is a cultivation system that aims to achieve high productivity per unit area and promote the sustainability of the production system. The objective of this work is to evaluate the agronomic viability and economic profietability of intercropping taro with okra plants. The research was conducted in an experimental field between October 2011 and June 2012. In total, nine treatments from four intercrops of taro with okra plants were evaluated: okra was planted at two time points, 0 days and 30 days after the taro planting, and two arrangements of okra plants, one plant at 30 cm and two plants at 60 cm. We used a randomized block experimental design with four replications and determined the indexes of SPAD, LAI, K, and the productivity and economic indexes. The intercropping systems were agronomically viable by presenting a Land Use Efficiency (LUE) value above 1. When okra was intercropped at the same time as taro, the best results for Profitability Index (PI), economic yield, and Rate of Return (RR) were achieved. The treatment with one okra plant at 30 cm, intercropped at 0 DAP (Days After Planting) taro presented the best results for RR and PI.

RESUMEN El cultivo intercalado es una práctica agrícola que tiene el propósito de lograr una alta productividad por unidad de área y promover la sostenibilidad del sistema de producción. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la viabilidad agronómica y la rentabilidad económica del cultivo intercalado de taro o malanga (Colocasia esculenta) con plantas de okra (Abelmoschus esculentus). El ensayo se realizó en un campo experimental entre octubre de 2011 y junio de 2012. En total se evaluaron nue^ve tratamientos de cuatro cultivos intercalados de malanga con plantas de okra. Se sembró okra en dos períodos, 0 días y 30 días después de la siembra de taro, y a dos ubicaciones de plantas de okra, una planta a 30 cm y dos plantas a 60 cm. Se utilizó un diseño experimental de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones y se determinaron los índices de SPAD, IAF, K, y los índices de productividad y económicos. Todos los sistemas de intercalado fueron agronómicamente viables y presentaron un valor de eficiencia en el uso del suelo (ES) por encima de 1. Cuando la okra se intercaló en el mismo momento que el taro, se lograron los mejores resultados para índice de rentabilidad (IR), rendimiento económico y tasa de retorno (TR). El tratamiento con una planta de okra cada 30 cm, sembrado al 0 día posterior al plantío, mostró los mayores valores de TR y IR.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar simetria após a cirurgia conservadora da mama (CCM) para câncer. Métodos: estudo prospectivo de pacientes submetidos à CCM, as quais foram fotografadas segundo os mesmos critérios de avaliação. Os pontos de referência utilizados foram a diferença de altura do mamilo (AM), a distância mamilo-manúbrio (MM), a distância mamilo-esterno (ME) e o ângulo entre o sulco intramamário e o mamilo (ângulo mamilo; AnM). Foi usado o programa ImageJ. Avaliamos três modelos de simetria mamária: excelente/outros (modelo 1), excelente-bom/outros (modelo 2) e outros/ruim (modelo 3). Aplicamos a curva ROC para selecionar os critérios aceitáveis para a avaliação da simetria. Realizamos análise com o modelo de árvore de decisão. Resultados: foram avaliadas 274 mulheres. Os resultados do BCCT.core foram excelentes em 5,8% (16), bons em 24,1% (66), regulares em 46,4% (127) e ruins em 23,7% (65). A diferença de AM (dAM) foi associada a boa área mamária (0,837-0,846); diferenças aceitáveis foram inferiores a 3,1 cm, enquanto os valores inaceitáveis foram superiores a 6,4 cm. As diferenças MM (dMM) foram associadas à área regular das mamas (0,709-0,789); diferença de valor inferior a 4,5 cm foi aceitável, enquanto valores superiores a 6,3 cm foram inaceitáveis. O modelo combinado de árvore de decisão demonstrou resultado bom-excelente para pacientes com diferencial (d) dAM = 1 (0 a 5,30 cm) e dMM ≠ 3 (< 6,28 cm), e resultado ruim/ruim com dMM = 3 (> 6,35 cm). Conclusões: os resultados aqui apresentados são ferramentas simples que podem auxiliar o cirurgião na avaliação da simetria mamária.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate symmetry after breast-conserving surgery (BCS) for cancer. Methods: a prospective study of patients undergoing BCS. These patients were photographed using the same criteria of evaluation. The references points used were the nipple height difference (NH), the nipple-manubrium distances (NM), nipple-sternum distances (NS) and the angle between the intramammary fold and the nipple (nipple angle; NA). ImageJ software was used. Three breast symmetry models were evaluated: excellent/others (model 1), excellent-good/others (model 2) and others/poor (model 3). The ROC curve was used to select acceptable criteria for the evaluation of symmetry. Decision tree model analysis was performed. Results: a total of 274 women were evaluated. The BCCT.core result was excellent in 5.8% (16), good in 24.1% (66), fair in 46.4% (127) and poor in 23.7% (65). The difference in NH was associated with good breast area (0.837-0.846); acceptable differences were below 3.1 cm, while unacceptable values were greater than 6.4 cm. Differences in the NM were associated with average breast area (0.709-0.789); a difference in value of less than 4.5 cm was acceptable, while values greater than 6.3 cm were unacceptable. In the decision tree combined model, a good-excellent outcome for patients with differential (d) dNH = 1 (0 to 5.30 cm) and dNM ≠ 3 (<6.28 cm); and for a poor/poor result, values dNM = 3 (> 6.35). Conclusions: the results presented here are simple tools that can assist the surgeon for breast symmetry evaluation.

ABSTRACT The use of no-till conservationist agricultural systems as well as intercropping in the Cerrado biome are practices that increase soil organic matter (SOM) due to the deposition of straw. This study aimed to quantify the carbon stock and organic fractions of a latosol under off-season monoculture (Sorghum bicolor and Urochloa ruziziensis) and intercropping (S. bicolor-U. ruziziensis) systems, in Rio Verde, state of Goiás, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from different layers: 0-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm. The following variables were determined: organic carbon content, carbon stock, dry matter and fractions of organic matter (labile and mineral). The results showed that the organic fractions of the soil are modified according to the adopted management. Intercropping of S. bicolor and U. ruziziensis increased the carbon stock, with the presence of more labile organic fractions on the soil surface, while the use of U. ruziziensis enhances the production of recalcitrant organic fractions, promoting greater preservation of the soil organic matter.

Resumo O presente estudo visou avaliar a organização funcional de espécies arbóreas em um remanescente de Floresta Ombrófila Mista Alto-Montana no município de Urubici, SC. A hipótese de que as espécies avaliadas apresentam elevada heterogeneidade funcional e que é espacialmente estruturada em função da distância da borda do remanescente foi testada. Para a determinação das espécies mais abundantes do fragmento, foi alocada uma transecção (20 x 100 m) perpendicular à borda do fragmento, em que foram amostradas as árvores com diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP) ≥ 5 cm. Para as espécies mais abundantes, foram caracterizados os seus traços funcionais: densidade da madeira (DM), área foliar (AF), área foliar específica (AFE) e altura máxima potencial (Hmax). Foram determinados os valores médios dos traços ponderados para a comunidade (CWM) e a diversidade funcional (RaoQ). Os dados foram analisados por meio de uma Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e por meio de correlograma de Mantel. Enquanto o eixo 1 da PCA sintetizou um gradiente funcional relacionado com a Hmax e AFE, o eixo 2 indicou uma variação relacionada com a DM e a AF. Além disso, observou-se estruturação espacial dos traços foliares (AF e AFE) e da diversidade funcional. Na borda, que é o ambiente onde a vegetação está mais exposta à geada, foi observada menor diversidade funcional, com a predominância de espécies com folhas pequenas. Assim, foi possível concluir que as espécies estudadas não são funcionalmente homogêneas e que a organização funcional é espacialmente estruturada em função da distância da borda.

Abstract We aimed to evaluate the functional organization of tree species in an Upper-Montane Araucaria Forest remnant, in the municipality of Urubici, Santa Catarina state. We tested the following hypothesis: the species present a high functional heterogeneity that is spatially structured as a function of the remnant edge distance. To determine the most abundant tree species, we plotted a 20 x 100 m transect, perpendicular to the fragment edge, where all trees with diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 5 cm were sampled. For the most abundant species, the functional traits were characterized: wood density (DM), leaf area (AF), specific leaf area (AFE) and maximum potential height (Hmax). The community weight mean values of functional traits (CWM) and functional diversity (RaoQ) were determined. The data were analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and by Mantel Correlogram. While PCA axis 1 summarized a functional gradient related to Hmax and AFE, axis 2 indicated a variation related to DM and AF. Moreover, the edge distance significantly influenced the leaf traits and the functional diversity. At the edge, which is the environment where the vegetation is most exposed to frost, lower functional diversity was observed, with the predominance of species with small leaves. We concluded that the studied species are not functionally homogeneous and that the functional organization is spatially structured according to the edge distance.

ABSTRACT Information on the physiological responses of native plants from the Brazilian Cerrado regarding the use of chicken manure and luminosities are important for their silvicultural management. Thus, aimed to evaluate the effect of chicken manure and luminous availability on the photosynthetic metabolism of Alibertia edulis (Rich) A. Rich. The experiment was carried out in pots, testing five doses of chicken manure – CM (0.00, 2.08, 4.16, 6.24 and 8.32 g kg-1) incorporated at Dystroferric Red Latosol, and two luminous environmental (full sun and 50% shaded). The higher CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and carboxylation efficiency of Rubisco occurred in seedlings grown in full sun. The seedlings showed higher photochemical indicators in photosystem II in the shaded and with addition of 8.32 g kg-1 of CM. The intercellular CO2 concentration in leaves was lower with addition of 5.55 g kg-1 of CM. The leaves presented larger stomatal dimensions under shaded. The cultivation of A. edulis in full sun and the addition of about 4.16 g kg-1 of CM favored greater stomatal regulation and CO2 assimilation.

Resumo Este trabalho trata de uma experiência inovadora em relação a critérios para colheita de árvores em floresta natural degradada na Amazônia. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em 535,6 ha de floresta na Fazenda Shet, em Dom Eliseu - PA, usando a base de dados do censo florestal referente a árvores com DAP ≥ 25 cm. Os critérios para colheita das árvores consideraram, prioritariamente, os seguintes elementos: grau de sanidade, qualidade do fuste (2 e 3), diâmetro máximo a permanecer na floresta (DAP < 100 cm), árvores de menor diâmetro (25 ≥ DAP ≤ 55 cm), espécies com maior densidade de árvores por unidade de área, distribuição diamétrica, segundo o coeficiente de Liocourt, manutenção das espécies intensamente exploradas no passado e com população de árvores ≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1. Foram inventariadas 46.012 árvores, pertencentes a 106 espécies, e planejadas para colheita 23,19% (10.671 árvores), aos 12 anos após a exploração anterior. Baseando-se no planejamento da colheita e seguindo os critérios, a previsão de colheita em relação à população total inventariada teve como resultado: 2,16% árvores pelo critério de sanidade; 15,45% pela forma de fuste; 0,26% pelo diâmetro máximo; 93,93% pelo menor diâmetro; 57,5% pela densidade arbórea; e 5,04% pela manutenção das espécies. A colheita foi realizada em 98,79% das árvores com sanidade comprometida; 22,20% com fuste 2 e 3; 97,39% com diâmetro máximo; 95,02% com menor diâmetro; e 90,30% com maior densidade arbórea. Foram mantidas 98,14% das espécies Astronium lecointei, Cordia goeldiana, Copaifera sp., Hymenaea courbaril, Hymenolobium petraeum, Handroanthus serratifolius e Manilkara elata, intensivamente exploradas no passado, e 98,70% de outras 53 espécies com menor abundância (≤ 0,15 arv.ha-1). O planejamento da exploração seguindo os critérios de colheita propostos possibilitou a extração de árvores em ciclos de 10 a 12 anos, sendo um tempo menor que o previsto pela legislação. A manutenção da diversidade de espécies arbóreas e a conservação da floresta em pé, previstas com esses critérios técnicos, podem ser alternativas para o manejo florestal ecológica e economicamente viável.

Abstract This paper deals with an innovative experience regarding tree harvesting criteria in degraded natural forest in the Amazon. The research was carried out in 535.6 ha of forest at Fazenda Shet, in Dom Eliseu/PA state, using the database of forest census for trees with DBH ≥ 25 cm. Criteria for tree harvesting considered, as a priority, the following elements: degree of health, shape of stem (2 and 3), maximum diameter to remain in the forest (DBH = 100 cm), smaller diameter trees (25 ≥ DBH ≤ 55 cm), species with higher tree density per unit area, diameter distribution according to the Liocourt coefficient, maintenance of intensively exploited species in the past and tree population ≤ 0.15 arv.ha-1. A total of 46,012 trees belonging to 106 species were inventoried and planned for harvest 23.19% (10,671 trees) at 12 years after the previous harvest. Based on harvest planning and following the criteria, the harvest forecast in relation to the total inventoried population resulted in: 2.16% trees by the criterion of health; 15.45% for the shape of stem; 0.26% by the maximum diameter; 93.93% for the smallest diameter; 57.5% for the tree density; and 5.04% for the maintenance of the species. Harvesting was performed on 98.79% of trees with compromised health; 22.20% with stem 2 and 3; 97.39% with maximum diameter; 95.02% with smaller diameter; and 90.30% with higher tree density. Were kept 98.14% of the species Astronium lecointei, Cordia goeldiana, Copaifera sp., Hymenaea courbaril, Hymenolobium petraeum, Handrohanthus serratifolius and Manilkara elata, intensively exploited in the past, and 98.70% of 53 other species with less abundance (≤ 0.15 arv.ha-1). The exploration planning following the proposed harvesting criteria allowed the extraction of trees in cycles of 10 to 12 years, being a shorter time than the one foreseen by the legislation. The maintenance of tree species diversity and forest conservation, provided for with these technical criteria, may be alternatives to ecologically and economically viable forest management.

RESUMO: A ingestão de corpos estranhos, principalmente metálicos (CEM), pelos bovinos é frequente e pode levar à sua morte. Para fins diagnósticos, as provas de dor reticular são usados de forma rotineira, sendo ainda pouco usual a ferroscopia, mesmo como auxílio diagnóstico. Neste trabalho procurou-se validar a aplicação do detector de metais (DM), marca GMS 120 Professional BOSCH® no reconhecimento de CEM na espécie bovina, além de descrever seu uso em casos a campo. CEM (n=50) de forma, tamanho e peso variados foram selecionados e avaliados com o DM, inicialmente sobre uma superfície plana e inerte e depois in vivo em uma vaca com fístula ruminal. Retrospectivamente, acessou-se um banco de dados dos anos 2000 a 2017 com 122015 bovinos, com 31865 bovinos atendidos após a introdução do DM no ano de 2013. Prospectivamente, avaliaram-se 15 vacas positivas para o teste de dor reticular, oito vacas foram diagnosticadas com CEM através do DM. A distância média para a melhor detecção dos CEM na superfície inerte foi de 4,6 cm. Em vaca fistulada não foi possível detectar nenhum CEM, independentemente do tamanho e peso do material. A campo, após a introdução do uso do DM aumentou a capacidade de detecção dos CEM. O DM pode ser considerado um auxílio diagnóstico em situações específicas. Dependendo da condição corporal do bovino, falsos negativos podem ocorrer com o uso do aparelho GMS 120 Professional Bosch®.

ABSTRACT: The ingestion of foreign bodies, mainly metallic (MFB- metallic foreign body), by cattle is frequent and can lead to death. For diagnostic purposes, reticular pain tests are routinely used, and ferroscopy is still unusual, even as a diagnostic aid. The objective of this study was to validate the application of the GMS 120 Professional BOSCH® metal detector (MD) in the detection of MFB in the bovine species and describe its use in field cases. Fifty MFBs of varying shape, size, and weight were evaluated with an MD, initially on a flat and inert surface, and then in a permanent rumen fistulated cow. Retrospectively, a database from 2000 to 2017 with 122015 cattle was accessed, of which 31865 were examined after the introduction of MD usage in 2013. Fifteen cows positive for reticular pain tests were prospectively evaluated and eight cows were diagnosed with MFB through MD usage. The mean distance for MFB best detection on the inert surface was 4.6 cm. In the fistulated cow, it was not possible to detect any MFBs, regardless of the size or weight of the material. The MFB detection capacity increased with MD use, which can be considered a diagnostic aid in specific situations. Depending on the body condition of the bovine, false negatives may occur with the use of GMS 120 Professional Bosch® metal detector.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a dinâmica de perfilhamento e densidade populacional de perfilhos de capim Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, submetido a diferentes alturas de corte durante o período seco e chuvoso. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Na parcela principal alocaram-se as três alturas de corte (10, 20 e 30 cm) e nas subparcelas, os períodos: seco (outubro, novembro e dezembro) e chuvoso (abril, maio e junho). No período seco, na altura de 10 cm houve maior densidade populacional de perfilhos, com 1298,44 perfilhos/m2. A taxa de aparecimento foi maior em outubro para as alturas de 10 e 30 cm e no mês de dezembro na altura de 20 cm. A altura de 10 cm proporcionou maior taxa de mortalidade. A taxa sobrevivência e o índice de estabilidade foram superiores no mês de outubro, com 88,47% e 1,38, respectivamente. No período chuvoso, no mês de junho, o pasto obteve maior altura (130,06 cm). A taxa de aparecimento e o índice de estabilidade foram superiores no mês de abril e durante o mês de junho ocorreu maior mortalidade, enquanto que na altura de 20 cm, houve menor mortalidade e maior sobrevivência (85,71%) dos perfilhos. A altura de 20 cm de corte proporciona maior equilíbrio no desenvolvimento dos perfilhos.

ABTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the tillering dynamics and population density of Andropogon gayanus cv. Planaltina, submitted to different cutting heights during the dry and rainy season. A randomized block design was adopted in a split plot scheme. In the main plot, the three cutting heights (10, 20, and 30 cm) were allocated, while the subplots included the following periods: dry (October, November, and December) and rainy (April, May, and June). During the dry period at the height of 10 cm, there was a higher population density of tillers, with 1298.44 tillers m-2. The appearance rate was higher in October for heights of 10 and 30 cm and in December for 20 cm. The 10-cm height provided a higher mortality rate. The survival rate and the stability index were higher in October, with 88.47% and 1.38, respectively. In the rainy season, specifically June, the pasture had a higher height (130.06 cm). The rate of appearance and the stability index were higher in April and during June there was greater mortality, while at the 20-cm height, there was less mortality and greater survival (85.71%) of the tillers. The 20-cm cut height provides a higher survival rate and lower mortality rate of andropogon grass in the dry and rainy season.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different silicate rates and sources on soil chemical properties and soil contamination with heavy metals at different depths (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm). Also sugarcane leave micronutrient contents and heavy metals. The experiment was conducted on the Vargem farm, which belongs to Guaira Sugar Mill, Guaira, São Paulo, Brazil. The adopted experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The treatments had a factorial design 2 x 3 + 1, with two silicates (Holcim® and Agrosilício®) and three silicate rates (400, 800 and 1600 kg ha-1). The control treatment (control) had no silicate application. The RB92-5345 variety of sugarcane was planted on May 1, 2008. Foliar samples were taken at harvest and soil samples (depths: 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm) were taken after harvest. The following chemical attributes were assessed: pH, CaCl2, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, micronutrients: Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Si, and heavy metals: Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb. The use of industrial waste in the culture of sugar cane improved soil quality, providing plants with adequate nutrients levels. To use this as an alternative nutrient source does not promote contamination of soil at deeper depths. The Agrosilício® and Holcim® silicates increased pH when rates were larger. The Agrosilício® silicate increased soil Si content in the 0-15 cm soil ayer and Mn content at the 15-30 cm soil layer. The application of silicates did not cause soil contamination and sugarcane leaves were not contaminated with heavy metals.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes dosis y fuentes de silicato sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo, la contaminación del suelo con metales pesados en diferentes profundidades (0-15 cm, 15-30 cm y 30-45 cm) y el contenido de nutrientes y metales pesados en las hojas de caña de azúcar. El experimento fue realizado en la Fazenda da Vargem, que pertenece a la aratrop guaíra, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brasil. El diseño experimental fue en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos fueron distribuidos en factorial 2 x 3 + 1, con dos silicatos (Holcim® y silicato de Agrosilício®) y tres dosis de silicatos (400, 800 y 1600 kg ha-1). El tratamiento control (control) sin la aplicación de silicato. La variedad RB92-5345 de la caña de azúcar fue plantado el 1 de mayo de 2008. Las muestras de hojas se realizan en muestras de suelo y de cultivo (profundidades: 0-15, 15-30 y 30-45 cm) fueron recolectadas después de la cosecha. Los siguientes atributos químicos evaluados fueron: pH, CaCl2, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, los micronutrientes: Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, y metales pesados Cd, Cr, Ni y Pb. El uso de residuos industriales en la cultura de la caña de azúcar para la mejora de la calidad de los suelos, proveyendo a las plantas con niveles adecuados de nutrientes. Para utilizar esto como una fuente alternativa de fuente de nutrientes no promueve la contaminación del suelo a profundidades mayores. El silicato de Agrosilício® y Holcim® silicatos aumento de pH con el aumento de la dosis. El silicato de silicato de Agrosilício® mayor contenido de Si en la tierra a una profundidad de 0-15 cm y Mn a una profundidad de 15-30 cm. La aplicación de silicatos no causa la contaminación de los suelos y las hojas de la caña de azúcar con metales pesados.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar as variações anatômicas da aponeurose bicipital (lacertus fibrosus) e suas implicações na compressão do nervo mediano, que passa sob a aponeurose bicipital (AB) e se posiciona medialmente à artéria braquial. Método: Foram dissecados 60 membros superiores de 30 cadáveres adultos, 26 do sexo masculino e quatro do feminino; 15 haviam sido previamente preservados em formol e glicerina e 15 foram dissecados a fresco no Laboratório de Anatomia. Resultados: Em 55 membros, a AB recebia contribuição das cabeças curta e longa do musculo bíceps braquial, a contribuição mais significativa foi sempre da cabeça curta. Em três membros recebia contribuição exclusiva da cabeça curta. Em dois membros, a AB estava ausente. O comprimento da AB desde sua origem até sua inserção variou entre 4,5 e 6,2 cm e sua largura entre 0,5 e 2,6 cm. Em 42 membros, a AB apresentava-se espessada, em 27 apoiava-se diretamente sobre o nervo mediano e em 17 havia inserção alta da cabeça umeral do músculo pronador redondo, de forma que o músculo ficava interposto entre a AB e o nervo mediano. Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a AB espessada pode ser um dos fatores potenciais da compressão nervosa, por estreitar o espaço no qual passa o nervo mediano.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the anatomic variations of the bicipital aponeurosis (BA) (lacertus fibrosus) and its implications for the compression of the median nerve, which is positioned medially to the brachial artery, passing under the bicipital aponeurosis. Methods: Sixty upper limbs of 30 cadavers were dissected, 26 of which were male and four, female; of the total, 15 had been previously preserved in formalin and glycerine and 15 were dissected fresh in the Laboratory of Anatomy. Results: In 55 limbs, short and long heads of the biceps muscle contributed to the formation of the BA, and the most significant contribution was always from the short head. In three limbs, only the short head contributed to the formation of the BA. In two limbs, the BA was absent. The length of the bicipital aponeurosis from its origin to its insertion ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 cm and its width, from 0.5 to 2.6 cm. In 42 limbs, the BA was thickened; of these, in 27 it was resting directly on the median nerve, and in 17 a high insertion of the humeral head of the pronator teres muscle was found, and the muscle was interposed between the BA and the median nerve. Conclusion: These results suggest that a thickened BA may be a potential factor for nerve compression, by narrowing the space through which the median nerve passes.

Resumo A miniestaquia é uma técnica com grandes aplicações em várias culturas, devido, principalmente, ao aumento dos porcentuais e qualidade de enraizamento adventício, reduzindo o tempo para a formação da muda clonal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar níveis de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e substrato no enraizamento de miniestacas de mamoeiro híbrido UENF/CALIMAN 02. Para a realização do experimento, as miniestacas de mamoeiro foram retiradas de plantas matrizes cultivadas em vasos, em casa de vegetação, induzidas a produzir brotos por meio de podas e aplicações de reguladores vegetais. As miniestacas foram afixadas em substrato vermiculita ou fibra de coco em bandejas alveoladas de isopor com células de 4,5x4.5x5,0 cm. As bandejas de isopor foram então colocadas em bandejas plásticas contendo solução de Hoagland modificada onde foram adicionados diferentes níveis de AIB. Após 45 dias, os brotos enraizados foram avaliados e transplantados para vasos plásticos, de 600 mL de volume, com terra, areia e esterco bovino bem curtido, na proporção 3:1:1, nos quais permaneceram por mais 45 dias, quando foram retirados dos vasos e realizada a avaliação final, quando suas raízes foram lavadas cuidadosamente e foram coletados os dados de comprimento da parte aérea, comprimento da maior raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular e porcentagem de enraizamento. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial com cinco níveis de AIB: 0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1, dois substratos: vermiculita e fibra de coco, com três repetições e seis miniestacas por repetição. Os níveis de 5,0 mg L-1 AIB e o substrato vermiculita foram os mais adequados para o enraizamento de miniestacas de plantas hermafroditas de mamoeiro ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ em sistema semi-hidropônico, em bandejas alveoladas de isopor, com células de 4,5x4,5x5,0 cm.

Abstract Mini-cutting is a technique with large applications in various crops, mainly due to the increase in the percentage and quality of adventitious roots, reducing time for the formation of clonal seedlings. The aim of this study was to evaluate IBA levels and substrates on the rooting of UENF/CALIMAN 02 hybrid papaya mini-cuttings. To perform the experiment, papaya mini-cuttings were taken from mother plants grown in pots in greenhouse, induced to produce shoots through pruning and growth regulator applications. Mini-cuttings were fixed in vermiculite or coconut fiver substrates placed in alveolate trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells, and styrofoam trays were placed in plastic trays where different IBA levels were added in a modified Hoagland solution. After 45 days, rooted buds were transplanted to plastic pots of 600 mL of volume with soil, sand, well-cured bovine fertilizer, in the proportion of 3:1:1, remaining for 45 days. When they were taken from pots, roots were carefully washed, and the length of shoots, length of the largest root, dried mass of shoots and radicular system and root percentage were measured. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block 5 x 2 factorial design, with 5 IBA levels: 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10 mg L-1, two substrates: vermiculite and coconut fiber, three replicates, with six plants per replicate. IBA levels of 5.0 mg L-1 and substrate vermiculite are the most adequate for the rooting of ‘UENF/CALIMAN 02’ papaya mini-cuttings in semi-hydroponic system in alveolate styrofoam trays with 4.5x4.5x5.0 cm cells.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar a frequência e as características anatômicas da arcada de Struthers e avaliar sua implicação clínica na neuropatia compressiva do nervo ulnar. MÉTODO: Para este trabalho foram dissecados 40 membros de 26 cadáveres, pertencentes à disciplina de anatomia da instituição. A extensão da arcada, a distância da margem inferior da arcada ao epicôndilo medial do úmero e sua relação com o nervo ulnar foram registradas. RESULTADOS: A arcada de Struthers foi identificada nos 40 membros dissecados (100%), Em dois membros (5%), o nervo ulnar passava anteriormente à arcada. Em 29 (72,5%), uma porção variável do músculo tríceps cobria o nervo ulnar. Em nove membros (22,5%), o nervo estava coberto pela expansão aponeurótica do tríceps. A extensão da arcada variou de 3,0 a 7,5 cm e a distância da margem inferior da arcada ao epicôndilo medial variou de 2,5 a 7,0 cm. CONCLUSÃO: A arcada de Struthers é um canal musculoaponeurótico que representa importante local (potencial) de compressão do nervo ulnar. A arcada, o septo intermuscular medial e o ligamento braquial interno devem ser seccionados nos procedimentos cirúrgicos de transposição anterior do nervo ulnar no cotovelo.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency and features of the arcade of Struthers, and to assess its clinical implication in ulnar nerve compression. METHOD: Forty arms from 26 cadaver specimens were dissected in the Anatomy Laboratory of this institution. The extension of the arcade, distance from the medial epicondyle, and relation with ulnar nerve were recorded. RESULTS: The arcade of Struthers was identified in 40 dissected arms (100%). In 29 (72.5%) the ulnar nerve was covered by a muscular arcade, in nine (22.5%) by an aponeurotic arcade, and in two (5%) the arcade was beneath the ulnar nerve. The extension of the arcade ranged from 3.0 to 7.5 cm, and the distance from the medial epicondyle ranged from 2.5 to 7.0 cm. CONCLUSION: The arcade of Struthers is a musculoaponeurotic canal that represents an important site of entrapment or compression of the ulnar nerve. The arcade, the intermuscular septum, and the internal brachial ligament should be released in patients submitted to ulnar nerve anterior transposition surgery.