Resumo Uma das técnicas de manejo utilizada nos greens (áreas finais dos buracos) de campo de golfe é a adubação. Para correto programa de adubação destas áreas deve-se conhecer o consumo de nutrientes ao longo do ciclo da planta. Objetivou-se determinar a exportação de nutrientes pelas aparas de grama bermuda Tifdwarf (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) utilizada em greens de campo de golfe, nas quatro estações climáticas, como informação para melhorar o manejo nutricional realizado. O experimento foi realizado em dois campos de golfe no estado de São Paulo. Foram estudados quatro greens em cada campo, pelo período de um ano, sendo adotado um fatorial 4x2 (estações climáticas x campos de golfe) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Foram avaliadas a produção de massa seca foliar e a concentração de nutrientes, calculando-se posteriormente a absorção e exportação de nutrientes pelas aparas das folhas. A quantidade exportada de nutrientes pelas aparas de grama foi diferente entre os dois campos de golfe. O verão foi a estação de maior acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes no FG, exceto para Fe. O outono foi a estação de maior acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes no FCA, exceto para Mn e Zn. Considerando a quantidade de nutrientes exportada pelas aparas da grama bermuda Tifdwarf dos greens nos dois campos de golfe estudados, os macronutrientes foram exportados na seguinte ordem: N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg (21,8; 4,3; 2,0; 1,9; 1,8; 0,7 g m-2) e os micronutrientes foram exportados na seguinte ordem: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B (257,8; 27,4; 23,6; 7,8; 6,0 mg m-2).

Abstract One of the management techniques used in greens (final areas of the holes) of golf course is the fertilizer. To correct fertilization program of these areas should know the consumption of nutrients throughout the plant cycle. The objective was to determine the export of nutrients by clipping of Tifdwarf bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt-Davey) used in golf courses greens in the four weather seasons, as information to improve nutritional management. The research project was conducted in two golf courses in Sao Paulo State. Four greens were studied in each field, for a period of one year, using a 4x2 factorial (weather seasons x golf courses) in a completely randomized design. The production of dry matter and nutrient concentration were evaluated, and the absorption and exportation of nutrients by leaf clippings was subsequently calculated. The amount of nutrients exported by turfgrass clippings was different between the two golf courses. The summer was the season of greatest accumulation and export of nutrients in FG, except for Fe. Autumn was the season of greatest accumulation and export of nutrients in FCA, except for Mn and Zn. Considering the amount of nutrients exported by the greens clippings of the Tifdwarf bermudagrass from the two golf courses studied, the macronutrients were exported in the following order: N>K>Ca>P>S>Mg (21.8, 4.3, 2.0, 1.9, 1.8, 0.7 g m-2) and the micronutrients were exported in the following order: Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B (257.8, 27.4, 23.6, 7.8, 6.0 mg m-2).

Abstract Sausage is one of the meat products most consumed in Brazil, although the incorporation of fat is necessary for its elaboration, influencing its technological and sensory characteristics and its caloric value. The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of resistant starch as a fat substitute in sausage on physicochemical properties and sensory acceptance. The analyses performed were the centesimal composition, emulsion stability, instrumental colour, texture profile analysis and sensorial acceptance. The resistant starch was evaluated for thermal properties, demonstrating that it required a high temperature for gelatinization, indicating that there was probably no gelatinisation of the starch in the cooking of the sausages. There was a significant difference between the treatments T1 and T2 with partial fat reduction and caloric value reduction. The study showed that the partial fat reduction positively influenced the reduction of caloric value, emulsion stability, colour parameters and texture profile analysis. All treatments were well accepted by the consumers. The incorporation of resistant starch in sausages did not influence the centesimal composition, texture profile analysis and sensory analysis, showing it to be a promising ingredient in the making of healthier meat products.

Resumo Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar se o uso de lodo de esgoto compostado na produção de grama esmeralda pode substituir parcial ou totalmente a adubação com uréia. O experimento foi conduzido em área de produção de grama, localizada em Itapetininga-SP. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições e parcelas experimentais de 5 m2 em esquema fatorial 2x6, sendo o primeiro fator a forma de aplicação, parcelada e não parcelada e o segundo fator a adubação com lodo de esgoto compostado e duas testemunhas (sem adubação e dose usual de adubação inorgânica). A dose de adubo inorgânico foi correspondente a 300 kg N ha-1 e as doses de lodo de esgoto compostado foram correspondentes a 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg N ha-1. O início do experimento ocorreu 60 dias após a colheita dos tapetes de grama esmeralda, com a realização de calagem em área total. Foram utilizados três métodos para avaliar a produção do tapete de grama esmeralda: taxa de cobertura do solo, intensidade de cor verde e análise foliar. Aos 212 dias após o início do experimento, a adubação orgânica com lodo de esgoto compostado, na dose de 30 Mg ha-1 (300 kg ha-1 de N), aplicado de forma não parcelada, permitiu formação do tapete de grama (100% taxa de cobertura do solo).

Abstract This study evaluated whether the use of composted sewage sludge in zoysia grass sod production can partially or completely substitute fertilization based on urea. The experiment was conducted on a sod farm located in Itapetininga, São Paulo State, Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block design with five replications and experimental plots of 5 m2 in a 2x6 factorial scheme. The first factor was the method of application (single or split), and the second factor was composted sewage sludge fertilization and two controls (no fertilization and a standard dose of conventional fertilizer). The conventional fertilizer (urea) dose corresponds to 300 kg N ha-1 and the sewage compost doses correspond to 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg N ha-1. The experiment began with the liming of the total area at 60 days after the previous harvest of zoysia grass sod. Three methods were used to evaluate sod production: soil cover rate, green color intensity, and leaf analysis. At 212 days after the beginning of the experiment, the compost treatment of 30 Mg ha-1 (300 kg ha-1 of N), applied in a single dose, allowed for complete sod formation (100% soil cover rate).