ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the efficacy of the combination of propofol - fentanyl (P / F) with propofol - ketamine (P / K) in significantly painful procedures in a Pediatric Emergency Department (PED). Design: This was a randomized, controlled, open label trial, with evaluator blinding. Materials and Methods: Patients from 6 months to 18 years were included, with an ASA classification less than or equal to 3, undergoing sedation and analgesia for significantly painful procedures. Interventions: Subjects were randomized to receive propofol-fentanyl or propofol-ketamine. Complications were evaluated. The variables were: demographic data, procedure type, time to adequate sedation and analgesia, additional doses required, recovery time and adverse effects. Results: Sixty procedures were analyzed (30 per group). There were no differences in age, sex, procedure type, duration of infusion, duration of the procedure or recovery time. The time to achieve sedation (minutes) was higher with P / F than with P / K: 2 (1-4 interquartile range) vs. 1 (interquartile range to 1-1). The time (minutes) to achieve adequate analgesia with P / F was 2 (1-5 interquartile range) vs. 1 (1-1, 25 interquartile range). p <0.001. The P / F required more additional doses, 80% vs. 43%, p <0.004, and had more side effects, 46.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 70% to 100%) versus 20% (95% CI-2% to 59%), p <0.024. The proportion of serious adverse effects with P / F vs P / K was: 6% (95% CI-1.8% to 2%) versus 0% (95% CI-0 to 0%), p = 0.246. Conclusions: We conclude that the combinations of Propofol / Fentanyl and Propofol / Ketamine are effective in achieving sedoanalgesia in significantly painful and short-duration procedures, with the P / F combination having more side effects and requiring more time and additional doses to achieve the desired levels of sedoanalgesia.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar la eficacia de la combinación propofol - fentanilo (P / F) con propofol - ketamina (P / K) en procedimientos dolorosos mayores en un Departamento de Emergencias Pediátricas (DEP). Diseño: Ensayo aleatorizado, controlado, abierto, con cegamiento del evaluador. Material y Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes de 6 meses a 18 años, con una clasificación ASA menor o igual a 3, sometidos a sedación y analgesia para la realización de procedimientos dolorosos. Intervenciones: Los sujetos fueron asignados al azar para recibir propofol-fentanilo o propofol-ketamina. Se evaluaron las complicaciones. Las variables fueron: datos demográficos, tipos de procedimientos, tiempo hasta la adecuada sedación y analgesia, dosis adicionales requeridas, tiempo de recuperación y efectos adversos. Resultados: Se analizaron sesenta procedimientos (30 por grupo). No hubo diferencias en la edad, el sexo, el tipo de procedimiento, la duración de la infusión y la duración del procedimiento o el tiempo de recuperación. El tiempo para lograr la sedación (minutos) fue mayor con P / F que con P / K: 2 (1-4 rango intercuartilo) vs. 1 (rango intercuartil a 1-1). El tiempo (minutos) para lograr una analgesia adecuada con P / F fue 2 (1-5 rango intercuartilo) vs. 1 (1-1 ,25 rango intercuartilo). p <0,001. El P / F requirió más dosis adicionales, 80% frente a 43%, p <0,004, y tuvo más efectos secundarios, 46, 6% (intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%: 70% a 100%) versus 20% (95%). % CI-2% a 59%) p <0,024. La proporción de efectos adversos graves con P/F vs P/K fue: 6% (95% CI-1,8% a 2%) versus 0% (95% CI-0 a 0%) p 0.246. Conclusiones: Concluimos que las combinaciones de Propofol / Fentanilo y Propofol/Ketamina, son eficaces en alcanzar la sedoanalgesia en procedimientos muy dolorosos y cortos. Presentando la primera combinación más efectos secundarios y requiriendo más tiempo y dosis adicionales para lograr los niveles deseados de sedoanalgesia.

ABSTRACT. The objective of the current investigation work was to compare body condition score (BCS) to reproductive performance in milking dairy cows in Paraguay. We used 1169 dairy cows of 13 farms from October 2013 to August 2015. Data were analyzed using SAS Enterprise Guide version 4.3. BCS in early and mid lactation period were lower than in the late period (p < 0.05), although it had large variation. In addition, daily milk yields of Holstein cows were higher than cows mixed with various breed (p < 0.01); however, BCS between two breeds was mostly similar. In addition, we compared BCS between cows on farm with the calving interval less than 365 days (n = 243, good reproduction) and other cows (n = 710) except 6 farms without reproductive record. In cows with good reproductive performance, calving interval (p < 0.0001) and days open (p < 0.0001) were shorter and daily milk yield was lower (p < 0.0001) than cow of other farms. During the all lactation period, BCS of cows with good reproductive performance were higher than others (p < 0.05). In addition, BCS of cows with good reproductive performance did not decrease after calving, whereas BCS of cows on other farms decreased during early and peak lactation period compared with dry period (p < 0.05). Moreover, BCS did not differ between cows with higher and lower milk yield. In conclusion, the results under the running conditions of the experiment indicate that BCS affect reproductive performance of Holstein and crossbreed milking cows in eastern region of Paraguay. Our data suggests that controlling the decrease of BCS after calving for milk production may improve the reproductive performance.

RESUMEN. El objetivo del presente trabajo de investigación fue evaluar la condición corporal (CC) de vacas en lactación y comparar la CC de vacas con buen desempeño reproductivo (alta tasa de preñez) con vacas que tuvieron menor tasa de preñez en la Región Oriental del Paraguay. Fueron evaluadas 116 vacas de 13 diferentes establecimientos. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados usando el programa SAS Enterprise Guide versión 4.3. A pesar de la gran variación en la CC durante el periodo evaluado, la CC fue menor en la fase temprana y media de la lactación que en la fase tardía (p <0,05). La producción de leche fue mayor en vacas de fenotipos lecheros y otros fenotipos (p<0,01); sin embargo los cambios en la CC observados en las cruzas Holando y en las razas híbridas durante el presente trabajo fueron casi similares. Las vacas con mayor calificación de la CC tuvieron mejor desempeño reproductivo (intervalo entre partos y días abiertos más cortos) (p<0,0001), y la producción diaria de leche fue menor en vacas con mejor CC de otros tambos. Durante el periodo de lactación, la CC de vacas con buen desempeño reproductivo fue mayor que aquellas con baja CC. Además, la CC de vacas con buen desempeño reproductivo no se redujo después del parto, mientras la CC de vacas con menor desempeño reproductivo se redujo durante la fase temprana y el pico de lactación, comparado con el periodo seco (p<0,05). No se han observado diferencias en la CC entre vacas con mayor o menor producción de leche. Los resultados obtenidos bajo las condiciones experimentales, sugieren que la condición corporal afecta el desempeño reproductivo en vacas de fenotipos lecheros y de otros fenotipos, controlando la disminución de la CC en el periodo post-parto debido al efecto de la lactación se puede mejorar el desempeño reproductivo en vacas lecheras.

Resumo Introdução: A hipertensão é altamente prevalente pós-transplante renal e vários fatores estão associados incluindo o tratamento com imunossupressores e a predisposição genética. Objetivo: Os objetivos foram avaliar os efeitos do transplante do rim de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR) em ratos Wistar, e a possível transferência da ECA N-domínio de 80/90-kDa para os tecidos dos receptores. Métodos: Para isso, os dados dos animais Wistar receptores dos rins de SHR foram comparados aos dados dos Wistar submetidos ao tratamento com CsA e Wistar Sham. Resultados e Discussão: Apesar da pressão arterial permanecer inalterada nos estágios iniciais pós-transplante renal, a expressão da ECA de 80/90-kDa foi identificada na urina de ratos 7 e 15 dias após o transplante, e de forma mais intensa aos 30 dias após a cirurgia, quando os animais tornaram-se hipertensos. Conclusão: Nossos dados mostram que ECA N-domínio está associada ao desenvolvimento da hipertensão, e que este marcador pode ser identificado na urina pós-transplante renal antes mesmo de qualquer alteração da pressão arterial.

Abstract Introduction: Hypertension is nearly universal in kidney transplant and several factors are associated with post transplant hypertension, including immunosuppressive medications and genetic predisposition. Objective: The aims were to evaluate the effects of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) kidney transplantation in Wistar rats and the possible transference of 80/90-kDa N-domain ACE. Methods: To do so, the data from Wistar recipients of kidney from SHR were compared to data from transplanted Wistar submitted to CsA treatment and, to Wistar Sham. Results and Discussion: Despite the unaltered blood pressure observed at early stages, 80/90-kDa ACE was found expressed in the urine of rats 7 and 15 days after transplantation, which was intense when rats became hypertensive 30 days post-surgery. Conclusion: Our data show that this enzyme is associated with the development of hypertension, and this marker appears in the urine before any substantial blood pressure alteration.

ABSTRACT Egg production is an important economic activity in Brazil, with about 697 million eggs produced annually. The conventional cage system is commonly used for egg production. However, there has been a growing concern for the welfare of laying hens around the world. In this context, many countries have issued laws, protocols, and other normative technical specifications to ensure the welfare of layers. This study aims at identifying similarities and differences between international standards and Brazilian protocols using the Comparative Law perspective. This article reports an analytical study of selected protocols, performing three analyses using the Comparative Law method. The research concludes that some items of the Brazilian protocols of good egg production practices, such as farm inspection, treatment of diseases, temperature, ventilation, beak trimming, feed and water supply, correspond to international specifications, whereas others, such as housing, freedom movement, use of equipment, and transport, are less strict.

This article discusses the adsorption kinetics of a L-cysteine monolayer onto a gold surface by means of information obtained through the QCM technique. The results indicate that the adsorption process is rapid and follows the Langmuir isotherm, in which adsorption and desorption are considered. From these measurements the following parameter values were obtained: k d = (4.2 ± 0.4) x 10-3 s-1, k a = 75 ± 6 M-1 s-1, Keq=(1.8 ± 0.3) x 10(4) M-1 and ΔGads = - (5.8 ± 0.2) kcal mol-1.

The purpose of this paper was to study the sensory myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers found in the subepithelial lamina propria of tongue mucosa of aging rats. It was used the silver impregnation, transmission electron microscopy methods and morphometric measurements. The results revealed that subepithelial nerve fiber bundles of the anterior, medium and posterior regions of tongue were arise from deep muscular layer of tongue. The nerve fiber bundles were verified inside of the connective tissue of lamina propria. These nerve fibers branched several times and into the connective tissue papillae they form a single or ramified sensory nerve endings. The fungiform and vallate papillae contain numerous nerve terminals. The fine structure demonstrated that in the axoplasm were noted the presence of neurofilaments, mitochondria and microtubules. Although the morphometric data of myelinated fibers showed that about 44% having larger diameter between 3 to 4 µm and the mean value was 4.5 µm. The largest diameter was 12 µm and the smaller was 1.4 um. The smallest diameter ranges from 1 to 3 µm, being that the mean value was 2.33 µm. Concerning to the thickness of myelin sheets were revealed the values ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 µm being that the 90% present the values around 0.5 µm. The unmyelinated fibers showed the largest diameter (62%) varying from 0.25 to 0.75 µm. The mean value was 0.6 µm being the maximum value was 3.17 µm and the minimum was 0.2 µm. The smallest diameter was obtained in 44% of unmyelinated fibers which the diameter ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 µm.Then maximum value obtained was 1 µm and the minimum was 0.12 µm

El objetivo de esta investigación fue estudiar las fibras sensitivas mielinizadas y amielínicas localizadas en la lámina propia subepitelial de la mucosa lingual de ratas. Se usó el método de impregnación argéntica, microscopía MET y mediciones morfométricas. Los resultados revelaron que los fascículos de fibras subepiteliales de las regiones anterior, media y posterior de la lengua provenían de su capa muscular profunda. Los grupos de fibras fueron localizados dentro del tejido conectivo de la lámina propia. Estas fibras nerviosas se ramificaron varias veces y en el tejido conectivo de las papilas formaron terminaciones simples o ramificados. Las papilas fungiformes y valadas contenían numerosas terminaciones nerviosas. La ultraestructura demostró en el axoplasma la presencia de neurofilamentos, mitocondrias y microtúbulos; aunque los registros morfométricos de las fibras mielinizadas mostraron que alrededor del 44% tenían un diámetro entre 3 y 4 µm, el valor promedio fue de 4.5 µm. El diámetro mayor fue de 12 µm y el menor de 1.4 um. Los rangos de menores diámetros fueron de 1 a 3 µm, siendo el promedio de 2.33 µm. En relación al espesor de las vainas de mielina, los valores obtenidos fueron de 0.2 a 0.8 um siendo el valor promedio de alrededor de 0,5 µm, en el 90% de ellas. En las fibras amielínicas los mayores diámetros (62%) variaron entre 0.25 y 0.75 µm. El valor promedio fue de 0.6 µm, siendo el valor máximo 3.17 µm y el mínimo 0.2 µm. El menor diámetro fue obtenido en 44% de las fibras amielínicas y los rangos variaron entre 0.2 y 0.4 µm. El valor máximo obtenido fue de 1 µm y el mínimo 0.12 µm