BACKGROUND: Endemic and emerging respiratory viruses are a threat to public health, and a robust public health laboratory system is essential to ensure global health security OBJECTIVE: This program sought to expand molecular laboratory testing capacity to detect a broad range of respiratory pathogens in clinical respiratory specimens collected during disease surveillance and outbreak investigations METHODS: As a part of the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA), the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention utilised the equipment and training infrastructure already in place at the World Health Organization National Influenza Centers to expand testing capacity for respiratory viruses in laboratories in GHSA partner countries. This was done through the provision of quality assured reagents, including multiplex platforms and technical guidance for laboratory staff, as well as the assessment of laboratory testing accuracy CONCLUSION: Early findings illustrated that GHSA laboratories have been able to expand testing capacity using specimens from routine surveillance, as well as from outbreak situations

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar o papel do VPH-4 e suas características clínicas em crianças brasileiras com menos de dois anos de idade com infecções agudas do trato respiratório inferior. Métodos: Ensaios em tempo real foram utilizados para identificar tipos de VPH e outros vírus respiratórios comuns em aspirados nasofaríngeos. Mil e duas crianças com doença aguda do trato respiratório inferior foram inscritas para participar de fevereiro de 2008 a agosto de 2010. Resultados: 104 (10,4%) pacientes eram VPH positivos, dos quais 60 (57,7%) eram positivos para VPH-3, 30 (28,8%) para VPH-4, 12 (11,5%) para VPH-1 e dois (1,9%) para VPH-2. Sete (6,7%) pacientes apresentaram mais de um tipo de VPH detectado. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram tosse e taquipneia, semelhantes a outras infecções respiratórias virais. As manifestações clínicas não diferiram de forma significativa entre as infecções por VPH-1, -2, -3 e -4. Os VPH-1, -3 e -4 estavam presentes na população estudada ao longo dos três anos de vigilância, e o VPH-3 foi o tipo predominante identificado nos primeiros dois anos. Conclusão: Os VPHs contribuem substancialmente para a DRA pediátrica no Brasil com quase 30% dessa contribuição atribuível ao VPH-4.

Abstract Objective: Characterize the role of human parainfluenza virus and its clinical features in Brazilian children under 2 years of age presenting with acute lower respiratory tract infections. Methods: Real-time assays were used to identify strains of human parainfluenza virus and other common respiratory viruses in nasopharyngeal aspirates. One thousand and two children presenting with acute lower respiratory tract illnesses were enrolled from February 2008 to August 2010. Results: One hundred and four (10.4%) patients were human parainfluenza virus positive, of whom 60 (57.7%) were positive for human parainfluenza virus-3, 30 (28.8%) for human parainfluenza virus-4, 12 (11.5%) for human parainfluenza virus-1, and two (1.9%) for human parainfluenza virus-2. Seven (6.7%) patients had more than one strain of human parainfluenza virus detected. The most frequent symptoms were tachypnea and cough, similar to other viral respiratory infections. Clinical manifestations did not differ significantly between human parainfluenza virus-1, -2, -3, and -4 infections. Human parainfluenza virus-1, -3, and -4 were present in the population studied throughout the three years of surveillance, with human parainfluenza virus-3 being the predominant type identified in the first two years. Conclusion: Human parainfluenza viruses contribute substantially to pediatric acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Brazil, with nearly 30% of this contribution attributable to human parainfluenza virus-4.

Abstract A singular parent-support program is limited in its ability to address multiple child and family needs. One innovative solution is braiding, a process in which two evidence-based programs are systematically combined as a newly tailored, cohesive curriculum. In this paper we describe the systematic braiding of two parent-support curricula, Parents as Teachers®and SafeCare®. We highlight implementation challenges to inform future planning and braiding efforts. Based on qualitative data (n = 13), we discuss five lessons learned, including identifying a pedagogical approach and sustainability at the model- and site-level. Implications and future directions for braiding and implementation are also discussed.

Resumen El programa de apoyo parental en solitario se ve limitado por su capacidad para abordar las múltiples necesidades de niños y familias. Una solución innovadora es el braiding (enlazado), un proceso en el que se combinan sistemáticamente dos programas basados en evidencia, como currículo cohesivo y de nuevo diseño. En este documento describimos el braidingsistemático de dos currículos de apoyo parental, «Parents as Teachers®»y «SafeCare®». Hacemos hincapié en las dificultades de su introducción para informar sobre la planificación futura y los resultados del braiding. Basándonos en los datos cualitativos (n = 13), comentamos cinco lecciones aprendidas, incluyendo la identificación de un enfoque pedagógico y la sostenibilidad en relación con el modelo y la localización. También abordamos las direcciones futuras en cuanto a braiding y su introducción.

Little is known about how the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of the public child welfare workforce influence implementation of evidence-based practice (EBP) as most research has focused on the private workforce. This paper reports on public child welfare staff knowledge, attitudes, and practices in a state implementing the EBP, SafeCare®. A survey of public child welfare staff (N = 222) was conducted to assess knowledge, familiarity, and referral barriers and practices. Knowledge of and familiarity with SafeCare were low, especially among front line staff (case managers). Attitudes toward SafeCare were fairly positive, but somewhat less so than attitudes toward a standard, non-evidenced based parenting program. Case managers were significantly less likely to have made a referral (15%) than other staff (46%). Job tenure had few effects on familiarity, knowledge, attitudes, or referrals. The strongest predictors of having made referrals were familiarity with SafeCare and job position.

Se sabe poco sobre cómo influyen el conocimiento, las actitudes y las conductas de los profesionales del sistema público de protección infantil en la implantación de programas basados en la evidencia (PBE), ya que gran parte de la investigación sobre este tema se ha centrado en el ámbito privado. Este artículo informa acerca de los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas de un equipo público de protección infantil que lleva la implantación en un Estado de EE.UU. de un PBE (SafeCare®). Se aplicó una encuesta a 222 profesionales que trabajaban en protección infantil para evaluar el conocimiento, la familiaridad y las dificultades y prácticas de derivación de casos. El conocimiento y la familiaridad con SafeCare® era bajo, especialmente entre profesionales de primera línea (responsables de casos). Las actitudes hacia SafeCare® eran bastante positivas, pero un poco menos que las actitudes hacia un programa utilizado habitualmente y no basado en la evidencia. Los responsables de casos tenían significativamente menos posibilidades de derivar (15%) que otros profesionales (46%). La antigüedad en el trabajo influye poco en el conocimiento, las actitudes o las derivaciones al programa. Los predictores que más influyeron en el número de derivaciones a SafeCare® fueron la familiaridad con el programa y el tipo de contrato laboral.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a relação entre a carga de trabalho de enfermagem (TISS-28) e as variáveis: gravidade da doença (APACHE II), sobrevida e, o tempo de permanência na UTI dos pacientes cirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: A coleta de dados realizada de setembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003, incluiu 143 pacientes de três UTIs de um Hospital Escola do município de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: os pacientes não sobreviventes obtiveram médias dos escores APACHE II e TISS-28, estatisticamente, mais elevadas quando comparadas às médias dos sobreviventes (p=0,001). Aqueles que permaneceram por mais tempo nas UTIs obtiveram escores TISS-28 mais elevados, mostrando maior número de horas de cuidados de enfermagem (CE) (p=0,005). Os pacientes com escores APACHE II mais elevados apresentaram médias de horas de CE estatisticamente superiores (p=0,05). CONCLUSÕES: a carga de trabalho de enfermagem relacionou-se com a gravidade da doença, a sobrevida e o tempo de permanência dos pacientes cirúrgicos na UTI.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among nursing workload, illness severity, and the survival and the length of stay of surgical patients in ICUs. METHODS: Data from 143 inpatients from three ICUs of a teaching hospital in São Paulo city were collected from September 2002 to February 2003. RESULTS: The results showed that patients who did not survive during the length of stay in the ICUs had higher scores on illness severity (APACHE II) and nursing workload (TISS-28) than those individuals who survived (p = 0.001). Patients who had longer length of stay in ICUs also had higher scores on nursing workload (TISS-28), which in turn required more hours of nursing care (p = 0.005). And, patients who had a higher score on illness severity (APACHE II) also required more hours of nursing care (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: nursing workload was related to illness severity and to the survival and length of stay in ICUs.

OBJETIVOS: verificar la relación entre la carga de trabajo de enfermería (TISS-28) y las variables: gravedad de la enfermedad (APACHE II), supervivencia y, el tiempo de permanencia en la UCI de los pacientes quirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: La recolección de datos realizada de setiembre del 2002 a febrero del 2003, incluyó 143 pacientes de tres UCIs de un Hospital Docente del municipio de Sao Paulo. RESULTADOS: los pacientes no sobrevivientes obtuvieron medias de los escores APACHE II y TISS-28, estadísticamente, más elevadas cuando comparadas a las medias de los sobrevivientes (p=0,001). Aquellos que permanecieron por más tiempo en las UCIs obtuvieron escores TISS-28 más elevados, mostrando mayor número de horas de cuidados de enfermería (CE) (p=0,005). Los pacientes con escores APACHE II más elevados presentaron medias de horas de CE estadísticamente superiores (p=0,05). CONCLUSIONES: la carga de trabajo de enfermería se relacionó con la gravedad de la enfermedad, la supervivencia y el tiempo de permanencia de los pacientes quirúrgicos en la UCI.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships among nursing workload, illness severity, and the survival and the length of stay of surgical patients in ICUs. METHODS: Data from 143 inpatients from three ICUs of a teaching hospital in São Paulo city were collected from September 2002 to February 2003. RESULTS: The results showed that patients who did not survive during the length of stay in the ICUs had higher scores on illness severity (APACHE II) and nursing workload (TISS-28) than those individuals who survived (p = 0.001). Patients who had longer length of stay in ICUs also had higher scores on nursing workload (TISS-28), which in turn required more hours of nursing care (p = 0.005). And, patients who had a higher score on illness severity (APACHE II) also required more hours of nursing care (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: nursing workload was related to illness severity and to the survival and length of stay in ICUs.

OBJETIVOS: verificar la relación entre la carga de trabajo de enfermería (TISS-28) y las variables: gravedad de la enfermedad (APACHE II), supervivencia y, el tiempo de permanencia en la UCI de los pacientes quirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: La recolección de datos realizada de setiembre del 2002 a febrero del 2003, incluyó 143 pacientes de tres UCIs de un Hospital Docente del municipio de Sao Paulo. RESULTADOS: los pacientes no sobrevivientes obtuvieron medias de los escores APACHE II y TISS-28, estadísticamente, más elevadas cuando comparadas a las medias de los sobrevivientes (p=0,001). Aquellos que permanecieron por más tiempo en las UCIs obtuvieron escores TISS-28 más elevados, mostrando mayor número de horas de cuidados de enfermería (CE) (p=0,005). Los pacientes con escores APACHE II más elevados presentaron medias de horas de CE estadísticamente superiores (p=0,05). CONCLUSIONES: la carga de trabajo de enfermería se relacionó con la gravedad de la enfermedad, la supervivencia y el tiempo de permanencia de los pacientes quirúrgicos en la UCI.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar a relação entre a carga de trabalho de enfermagem (TISS-28) e as variáveis: gravidade da doença (APACHE II), sobrevida e, o tempo de permanência na UTI dos pacientes cirúrgicos. MÉTODOS: A coleta de dados realizada de setembro de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003, incluiu 143 pacientes de três UTIs de um Hospital Escola do município de São Paulo. RESULTADOS: os pacientes não sobreviventes obtiveram médias dos escores APACHE II e TISS-28, estatisticamente, mais elevadas quando comparadas às médias dos sobreviventes (p=0,001). Aqueles que permaneceram por mais tempo nas UTIs obtiveram escores TISS-28 mais elevados, mostrando maior número de horas de cuidados de enfermagem (CE) (p=0,005). Os pacientes com escores APACHE II mais elevados apresentaram médias de horas de CE estatisticamente superiores (p=0,05). CONCLUSÕES: a carga de trabalho de enfermagem relacionou-se com a gravidade da doença, a sobrevida e o tempo de permanência dos pacientes cirúrgicos na UTI.

In this work the modelling of a process of textile dyeing of a single cotton thread is presented. This thread moves at a constant velocity within a homogeneous dye solution under steady state conditions. The method of volume averaging is applied to obtain the mass transfer equations related to the diffusion and adsorption process inside the cotton thread on a small scale. The one-equation model is developed for the fiber and dye solution system, assuming the principle of local mass equilibrium to be valid. On a large scale, the governing equations for the cotton thread, including the expression for effective diffusivity tensor, are obtained. Solution of these equations permits the dye concentration profile for inside the cotton thread and in the dyeing batch to be obtained and the best conditions for the dyeing process to be chosen.

In this paper, the modeling of the mass transfer process in packed-bed reactors is presented and takes into account dispersion in the main fluid phase, internal diffusion of the reactant in the pores of the catalyst, and surface reaction inside the catalyst. The method of volume averaging is applied to obtain the governing equation for use on a small scale. The local mass equilibrium is assumed for obtaining the one-equation model for use on a large scale. The closure problems are developed subject to the length-scale constraints and the model of a spatially periodic porous medium. The expressions for effective diffusivity, hydrodynamic dispersion, total dispersion and the Darcy's law permeability tensors are presented. Solution of the set of final equations permits the variations of velocity and concentration of the chemical species along the packed-bed reactors to be obtained.