Violence has become a regular occurrence in the context of the South African student movement. However, to date there are no studies that investigate student wellbeing in the context of student movement violence. How are violence and wellbeing experienced in the context of the student movement? What resources do students draw upon to protect or restore their wellbeing during and in the aftermath of violence? This article discusses students' experiences of violence and wellbeing and particularly the resources that fostered their psychological wellbeing during and after experiences of violence related to the #FeesMustFall protests of 2015/16. The study used a photovoice methodology and worked with groups of former student activists from four universities in South Africa. Student psychological functioning in the midst of adverse circumstances is demonstrated in their ability to make meaning of their experiences by inventing knowledge spaces; creating spaces of inner harmony; having a sense of purpose; and protecting symbolic spaces of hope. It is also shown in their courage to challenge spaces of oppression. This study suggests that the co-production of social space for functioning occurs through an important psychological process of meaning-making that provides direction for student movement activities. Given our findings, it is recommended for student affairs and counselling services to m,./=-09864 facilitate the co-creation of spaces of knowledge and spaces of safety, spaces where students can experience being wanted and connected, and spaces where they can make sense of their experiences in the unfamiliar and potentially alienating higher education space.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of invasive alien species management in South Africa, and elsewhere, can be improved by ensuring there are strong links and feedbacks between science and management. The CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group (CAPE IAAWG) was established in 2008 to enhance cooperation among stakeholders such as implementing agencies and researchers, and thereby improve the management of invasive animals in the Greater Cape Floristic Region. OBJECTIVES: In this article we highlight where and how the working group has advanced our understanding of research and the implementation of management objectives and consider the working group's successes and failures. METHODS: We analyse the attendance of meetings by different stakeholders and the frequency of discussion topics on meeting agendas throughout the sequence of meetings from 2008 to 2019. We document insights based on published accounts or the experiences of the authors from eight different management projects. RESULTS: Meetings are attended by stakeholders from NGOs, universities, and local, provincial and national government agencies as well as private individuals. Topics of discussion ranged from details of specific alien animal invasions (e.g. the House Crow in Cape Town), to considering the risks posed by broad groups (e.g. earthworms), to specific management techniques (e.g. guidelines for trapping invasive alien birds). Through the eight projects described here the CAPE IAAWG has: (i) contributed to capacity building through funding and advising on post-graduate research projects; (ii) provided ad hoc support to staff of agencies that implement invasive alien animal control; (iii) acted as a focal point for a community of practice that is supportive of decision making and policy development; and (iv) played a vital role in linking research, management and policy in a manner accessible to a broader range of stakeholders. The projects undertaken by the group reveal several lessons for managing invasive animals: (i) the importance of logistics and contract efficiency, (ii) the need for effective stakeholder engagement by the project team, (iii) the need to effectively address conflicts between role players, and (iv) the importance of including ethical and animal rights considerations in the decision making processes. CONCLUSION: The CAPE IAAWG has been a valuable forum to improve management effectiveness and support implementation decisions. Due to its small cost and time footprint, the working group has remained viable and retained a core of committed members, ensuring ongoing institutional buy-in. The working group will remain successful so long as the group is supported by its members and their organisations.

SUMMARY: Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a multi-etiologic disability, accompanied by a wide range of symptoms, requiring a variety of therapies, with TMJ reconstruction considered the most severe. TMJ surgery is associated with many morbidities and limitations, especially in the elderly. Previous studies have determined the shape and dimensions of the Condylus mandibulae in children and adults, but a range of measurements in the elderly population has yet to be created. This study aims to establish a range of measurements and the morphology of the Condylus mandibulae in an older population using micro CT. 14 cadaveric Condylus mandibulaes (8 male, 6 female; average age, 83±8.6) were scanned with microCT and measured using Amira 4.1.1 modeling software. The anteroposterior length (LAP), mediolateral width (WML) and height (H) of each Condylus mandibulae was measured from 5 equidistant slices in the coronal, sagittal and axial planes. Additionally, each Condylus mandibulae was measured at its greatest anteroposterior length, mediolateral width and height using digital callipers on the cadaveric specimen. This study is the first to accurately describe the morphology of the Condylus mandibulae in an elderly population. The length and width measurements of digital calliper (10.51 ± 0.87; 18.33 ± 2.35) and corresponding micro-CT (11.46 ± 1.60; 17.62 ± 2.05) both showed high consistency and reliability. Our findings lay the foundation for the creation of an off-the-shelf Condylus mandibulae prosthesis or anatomically shaped Condylus mandibulae scaffold for elderly patients.

RESUMEN: El trastorno temporomandibular (TTM) es una discapacidad multi-etiológica, acompañada por una amplia gama de síntomas, que requieren una variedad de terapias, entre las cuales la reconstrucción de la articulación temporomandibular (ATM) es considerada una de las terapias más graves. La cirugía de la ATM se asocia con muchas morbilidades y limitaciones, especialmente en adultos mayores. Estudios previos han determinado la forma y las dimensiones del cóndilo de la mandíbula en niños y adultos, no obstante aún no se han identificado estas mediciones en una población de adultos mayores. Este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer un rango de mediciones y la morfología del cóndilo de la mandíbula en una población de adultos mayores mediante microtomografía computarizada (microCT). Se escanearon, con microCT, 14 mandíbulas cadavéricas (8 hombres, 6 mujeres; edad promedio: 83 ± 8,6 años), y se realizaron mediciones utilizando el software de modelado Amira 4.1.1. De cada cóndilo de la mandíbula se midió: longitud anteroposterior (LAP), ancho mediolateral (AML) y altura (A), a partir de 5 cortes equidistantes en los planos coronal, sagital y axial. Además, también se utilizaron calibradores digitales para realizar estas mismas mediciones. Este estudio es el primero en describir con precisión la morfología del cóndilo de la mandíbula en una población de adultos mayores. Las medidas de longitud y anchura del calibrador digital (10,51 ± 0,87; 18,33 ± 2,35) y el micro-CT correspondiente (11,46 ± 1,60; 17,62 ± 2,05) mostraron una alta consistencia y confiabilidad. Nuestros hallazgos sientan las bases para la creación de una prótesis de cóndilo de la mandíbula o un andamio condilar de forma anatómica para pacientes de edad avanzada.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional and energy compositions of cottonseed meal (CM), with or without enzyme supplementation, for broilers at different ages. A total of 672 male Cobb 500 chickens were distributed into four metabolism and ileal-digestibility trials. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates. The following treatments were tested: a corn- and soybean meal-based control diet without enzymes; control diet with enzyme addition; control diet with 25% replaced by CM; and control diet with enzyme addition and 25% replaced by CM. The following variables were investigated: apparent metabolizable energy (AME); nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn); apparent metabolizability coefficients of dry matter, gross energy, phosphorus, and calcium; apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus; and digestible protein of CM. Enzyme supplementation did not affect the energy values of CM. The average values obtained in the pre-starter, starter, grower, and finisher phases were 2,958; 2,554; 1,676, and 1,963 kcal kg-1 for AME and 2,519; 2,282; 1,423, and 1,680 kcal kg-1 for AMEn, respectively. Enzyme addition improves the apparent digestibility coefficients of phosphorus and calcium of cottonseed meal in the grower phase. However, enzyme supplementation does not affect the ileal digestibility coefficients of these ingredients in broilers.

Resumo Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com suínos na fase de crescimento (30-50 kg), o experimento I consistiu de um ensaio de digestibilidade, com objetivo de determinar o valor nutricional da torta de algodão com e sem adição de complexo enzimático através do método de coleta total de excretas. Foram utilizados 20 suínos, machos castrados, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas para realização da coleta das fezes e da urina. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, contendo quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. As dietas experimentais foram: ração referência e ração teste (70% de ração referência e 30% de torta de algodão), com e sem adição do complexo enzimático. Foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, da proteína bruta, da energia bruta, e do fósforo. Como também os valores de matéria seca digestível, proteína digestível, fósforo digestível, energia digestível e energia metabolizável da torta de algodão com e sem enzima. A adição das enzimas aumentou os teores de proteína digestível de 30,28 para 31,36% e energia digestível de 2.538 para 2.894 kcal/kg. No experimento II foi avaliado o desempenho de 20 suínos machos castrados alimentados com níveis crescentes de substituição da proteína do farelo de soja pela proteína da torta de algodão (0, 20, 40 e 60%) com complexo enzimático.O delineamento foi realizado em blocos casualizados constituído de quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Foi avaliado o desempenho, características de carcaça e parâmetros sanguíneos. Os resultados indicam que a proteína do farelo de soja pode ser substituída até 60% pela proteína da torta de algodão com o complexo enzimático em rações de suínos na fase de crescimento, sem prejudicar o desempenho e características de carcaça.

Abstract Two experiments were conducted with pigs in the growth phase (30–50 kg). Experiment I consisted of a digestibility trial to determine the nutritional value of cottonseed cake with and without addition of an enzyme complex through the method of total collection of excreta. Twenty barrows were used and housed in metabolic cages to collect the total collection of feces and urine. Four treatments and five replications randomized the experimental design completely. Two reference diets and two test diets were experimental (70% reference diet and 30% cottonseed cake), with and without the addition of an enzyme complex. The evaluated variables were: apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, of crude protein, of Gross energy, of phosphorus and the values of digestible dry matter, digestible protein, digestible phosphorus, digestible energy and metabolizable energy of cottonseed cake with and without enzymes. The addition of enzymes increased the levels of digestible protein to 0.302–0.313 kg/kg and digestible energy to 2,538–2,894 kcal/kg. Experiment II was conducted to assess barrow performance when they were fed diets containing increasing levels of cottonseed cake protein (0, 20, 40 and 60%), which replaced protein from soybean meal, with the enzyme complex. The design was a randomized block design consisting of four treatments and five replications. The performance, carcass characteristics and biochemical parameters of the blood were evaluated. These results indicate that the protein from soybean meal can be replaced up to 60% by the cottonseed cake protein with enzyme complex in diets for pigs in the growth phase, without sacrificing performance or carcass characteristics

RESUMO. A hibridação de diferentes genótipos de morangueiro e a seleção de plantas no Brasil pode resultar em novas cultivares com melhor adaptação ambiental. Objetivou-se neste trabalho desenvolver e selecionar novas plantas F1 de morangueiro com potencial produtivo superior. Foram avaliadas 12 populações híbridas a partir de cruzamentos entre as cultivares Aromas, Camarosa, Dover, Festival, Oso Grande, Sweet Charlie e Tudla e 42 híbridos F1 de cada população. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos aumentados. Foram avaliadas características de produtividade e calculada a heterose para cada uma delas. As populações provenientes dos cruzamentos ‘Dover x Aromas’ e ‘Camarosa x Aromas’, apresentaram 28,6% dos híbridos com massa total de frutos superior a cv. Aromas, e 9,5 e 14,3%, dos híbridos, superiores a cv. Camarosa, respectivamente. O cruzamento entre as cultivares ‘Camarosa x Aromas’ resultou em híbridos de alta produtividade e maior massa de frutos atingindo padrões comerciais. Os híbridos MCA12-93, MFA12-443 e MCA12-89 possuem elevado potencial produtivo e podem ser utilizados como genitores em programas de melhoramento genético do morangueiro.

ABSTRACT. Breeding different strawberry genotypes and plant selection in Brazil could result in new cultivars with better environmental adaptations. The aim was to develop and select new F1 strawberry plants with higher potential yields. Twelve hybrid populations were obtained from breeding the cultivars Aromas, Camarosa, Dover, Festival, Oso Grande, Sweet Charlie and Tudla, and 42 F1 hybrids were obtained from each population. An augmented randomized block design was used. Productive traits were measured and heterosis was calculated for all traits. The breedings Dover x Aromas and Camarosa x Aromas both showed 28.6% of their hybrids with a total fruit mass that was higher than that of cv. Aromas, and 9.5 and 14.3% were higher than that of cv. Camarosa, respectively. The breeding of Camarosa x Aromas produced hybrids with high potential yields and a large average fruit mass that reached the commercial standard. Hybrids MCA12-93, MFA12-443 and MCA12-89 showed high potential yields and can be used as parents in strawberry breeding programs.

INTRODUÇÃO: A forma cardíaca da doença de Chagas causa modificações orgânicas e funcionais, sendo o exercício físico aeróbio uma alternativa de proposta terapêutica. OBJETIVO: avaliar o exercício físico aeróbio em mulheres com doença de Chagas crônica. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Quatorze mulheres com doença de Chagas na faixa etária entre 40 e 60 anos, classe I da New York Heart Association (NYHA) foram divididas em dois grupos. Sete no G1 que realizaram exercício físico, com duas sessões diárias semanais por seis semanas e sete no G2 sem tal intervenção. O efeito do exercício físico foi avaliado por 27 variáveis fisioterapêuticas e ergoespirométricas no tempo zero (T0) e após seis semanas (T6). RESULTADO: No T6 em relação ao T0 a avaliação fisioterapêutica mostrou diferenças significativas na pressão arterial sistólica, no pico do fluxo expiratório, nas pressões inspiratória e expiratória máximas e na frequência cardíaca. Na ergoespirometria houve aumento significativo no DP máximo, no MET máximo, no estágio do protocolo de Bruce, no VO2 máximo, na duração do teste e na distância percorrida para as participantes de G1 e apenas na duração do teste para G2. Para G1 foi ainda observada em T6 uma diminuição significativa do duplo produto na intensidade moderada e alta na mesma carga de esforço. CONCLUSÃO: O treinamento aeróbio de curto período, de simples aplicação e com supervisão pode ser realizado com segurança, aumentando a tolerância ao exercício em pacientes com doença de Chagas crônica classe I da NYHA.

BACKGROUND: The cardiac form of Chagas disease causes changes organic and functional, being aerobic exercise an alternative proposal of therapy. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effect of aerobic physical exercise in women with chronic Chagas disease. METHODS: Fourteen women with Chagas' disease between the ages of 40 and 60, class I of the New York Heart Association (NYHA) were divided into two groups. Seven in the group G1, who carried out physical exercise, with two sessions per week for six weeks and seven in G2 without such intervention. The effect of exercise was evaluated by 27 physiotherapeutic and cardiopulmonary variables at time zero (T0) and after six weeks (T6). RESULTS: In T6 compared to T0 physiotherapeutic evaluation showed significant differences in systolic blood pressure, peak expiratory flow rate, maximum inspiration and expiratory pressures and heart frequency only for participants from G1. In ergospirometry there was significant increase in the maximum double product, maximum MET, stage of the protocol of Bruce, VO2 maximum, duration of the test and distance run to the participants of G1 and only in the duration of the test for G2. For G1 was also observed in T6 a significant decrease of double product in moderate and high intensity in the same load of effort. CONCLUSION: The aerobic training of short period, with simple application and under supervision is safe, improves cardiopulmonary functional capacity and increase tolerance to exercise in patients with chronic Chagas' disease class I of the NYHA.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the cost benefit of screening for sickle-cell disease among infants at district health centres in Uganda using sickling, solubility tests and the peripheral blood film method. METHODS: Pilot screening services were established at district health centres. Cost benefit analysis (CBA) was performed in four scenarios: A1 - where there are no sickle-cell screening services at district health centres and all children are referred either to Mulago national referral hospital or A2 - a regional hospital for haemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis; B1 - when there are screening services at district health centres, only positive samples are taken either to Mulago Hospital or B2 - the regional hospital for confirmation using haemoglobin electrophoresis. Calculations were done in Uganda shillings (USh). RESULTS: Initial operational costs were high for all scenarios but variably reduced in the subsequent years. Scenarios A1 and A2 were very sensitive compared with B1 and B2. Scenario A1 had the highest screening costs in the subsequent years, costing over 62 000 USh per test in both eastern and western Uganda. Scenario B2 was sensitive and cheaper when using the sickling test, but was expensive and insensitive when using the solubility test and more insensitive though cheaper when using the peripheral blood film method. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: Screening children in Mulago hospital using haemoglobin electrophoresis (A1) was very expensive although it was sensitive. Screening the children at four health centres using the sickling method and confirming positive samples at a regional hospital (B2) was both cheap and sensitive and is therefore recommended.

A técnica de fio quente paralelo normalizada para a determinação da condutividade térmica de materiais cerâmicos foi empregada na determinação das propriedades térmicas de polímeros. As amostras foram preparadas em forma de paralelepípedos retangulares, com dimensões de (230x80x30)mm. Neste trabalho, a condutividade térmica e o calor específico foram simultaneamente determinados a partir do mesmo transiente térmico experimental e a difusividade térmica foi calculada a partir dessas duas propriedades. Cinco diferentes polímeros com diferentes estruturas a temperatura ambiente foram selecionados neste trabalho. Os cálculos foram feitos utilizando-se um método de ajuste por regressão não linear, de tal maneira que todos os pontos experimentais obtidos são considerados nos cálculos dessas propriedades térmicas. O equipamento utilizado neste trabalho é totalmente automatizado. A reprodutibilidade dos resultados foi muito boa com respeito à condutividade térmica, obtendo-se um desvio máximo de apenas 0,5% entre os valores máximo e mínimo para todas as amostras ensaiadas, mesmo introduzindo propositadamente alguns defeitos no arranjo experimental, em relação ao modelo teórico. Todavia, pequenos desvios do modelo teórico podem causar drásticas influências nos valores de calor específico, obtendo-se desvios de até 32% em relação ao arranjo experimental correto. Os resultados experimentais foram então comparados com aqueles encontrados na literatura. As discrepâncias observadas entre alguns desses valores podem estar associadas ao grau de cristalinidade ou à história térmica da amostra, ficando assim mostrada a aplicabilidade desta técnica na determinação das propriedades térmicas de polímeros.

The hot wire parallel technique standardized for determining thermal conductivity of ceramic materials was employed in the determination of thermal properties of polymers. Samples were prepared in shape of rectangular parallelepipeds. In this work the thermal conductivity and the specific heat were simultaneously determined from the same experimental thermal transient, and the thermal diffusivity is derived from these properties. Five different polymers with different structures at room temperature were selected and measurements were carried out at room temperature. A non-linear least squares fitting method was employed in the calculations, so that all the experimental points obtained are considered in the thermal properties calculations. The apparatus used in this work is fully automatic. The reproducibility is very good with respect to thermal conductivity, even with a defective experimental arrangement with respect to the theoretical model. However, deviations from the theoretical model causes severe influence on the specific heat values and consequently in the thermal diffusivity. Experimental results were compared with those available in literature, showing the applicability of this technique in the determination of thermal properties of polymers.

A determinação precisa das propriedades térmicas de um polímero é fundamental em muitos processos e projetos de engenharia. A difusividade térmica, em particular, é importante em problemas envolvendo estado não-estacionário, como no aquecimento e resfriamento de um polímero. Em processamento é uma propriedade fundamental no processo de moldagem por injeção, para a determinação do tempo de ciclo de moldagem. Neste trabalho, a técnica de pulso de energia, normalmente aplicada para materiais cerâmicos e metálicos, é empregada na determinação da difusividade térmica de materiais poliméricos. As amostras foram preparadas em forma de discos, tendo aproximadamente 1cm de diâmetro e 0,3 a 1mm de espessura. Os resultados experimentais obtidos foram comparados com dados existentes na literatura, e com aqueles obtidos pela técnica de fio quente. A concordância entre esses resultados e a reprodutibilidade das medidas mostrou a viabilidade da utilização desta técnica experimental para materiais poliméricos.

The accurate determination of the thermal properties of a polymer is of fundamental importance in many processes and engineering projects. Specifically, the thermal diffusivity is an important property in the case of non-steady state problems, which occur during the heating and cooling of a polymer. In the extrusion process, the knowledge of the thermal properties is crucial in order to describe and analyse the extrusion process. In this work, the thermal diffusivity of some polymeric materials is determined by using the thermal diffusivity flash technique. The samples are prepared in the shape of discs, 1 cm in diameter and 0.3 to 1 mm thickness. The experimental results obtained are compared with those found in the literature. The reproducibility of the data is very good and they are in excellent agreement with the results obtained by the hot wire method.

There is developing interest in the analytical use of human hair from archaeological contexts in key research areas such as DNA, trace elemental and isotopic analyses. Other human tissues, especially bone, that have been used for trace element, isotopic and DNA analyses have had extensive study concerning their diagenesis, but this has not been done for hair. Consideration must be given to the complex interaction of hair with its buried environment, thereby laying a firm basis for the use of hair in future research. Since human hair is known to survive under a diverse range of environmental conditions, a pilot study has investigated the basic processes of hair degradation, using samples from different climatic zones and burial types. Variation in the degree of preservation of archaeological hair was characterized by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and FT-Raman spectroscopy, relating morphological change of the surface and internal structure of hair to its biochemical integrity. The results demonstrate a breakdown of cortical cell boundaries and disruption of the cuticular layering, coupled with infiltration of material from the burial matrix that suggests a progressive loss of cohesion that is in part due to microbiological activity. Medullated hair is shown to be more susceptible to physical breakdown by providing two routes for microbial and environmental attack. At the molecular level the proteinaceous component undergoes alteration, and the S-S cystine linkages, responsible for the strength and resilience of hair in living individuals, are lost

Existe un gran interés en el uso analítico del pelo humano de contextos arqueológicos en áreas claves de investigación como los análisis de ADN, elementos traza e isótopos. Otros tejidos humanos, especialmente el hueso, que han sido usados para los análisis de ADN, elementos químicos e isótopos, han sido estudiados en relación a su diagénesis, pero esto no se ha realizado en pelo. Es necesario considerar la compleja interacción entre el pelo y el ambiente del entierro, creando así una base firme para el uso de éste en futuras investigaciones. A causa de que el pelo humano sobrevive bajo un rango diverso de condiciones ambientales, un estudio piloto ha investigado los procesos básicos de la degradación del pelo usando muestras de distintas zonas climáticas y tipos diferentes de entierros. La variación en el grado de preservación del pelo arqueológico fue caracterizada por microscopía de luz, microscopía de scanner electrónico y espectroscopía FT-Raman, relacionando el cambio morfológico de la superficie y la estructura interna con su integridad bioquímica. Los resultados demuestran una desintegración de los bordes de células corticales y la ruptura de las capas cuticulares, junto a la infiltración de materia de la matriz del entierro, que sugiere una pérdida progresiva de cohesión que se debe parcialmente a actividad microbiológica. El pelo medulado demuestra ser más susceptible a desintegración física dado que provee dos rutas para el ataque microbial y ambiental. Al nivel molecular, el componente proteico pasa por alteración, y se pierden las conexiones de S-S cystine que son responsables de la fuerza y elasticidad del pelo en individuos vivos